Preface to the First Edition |
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xi | |
Preface to the Second Edition |
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xiii | |
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xv | |
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1 Structural Basis of Movement across Cell Membranes |
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1 | (36) |
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1.1 Membrane Structure: Electron Microscopy of Biological Membranes |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Chemical Composition of Biological Membranes |
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3 | (3) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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1.2.3 Membrane Carbohydrates |
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5 | (1) |
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1.3 Membrane Phospholipid Structures and Their Self-Assembly |
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6 | (1) |
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1.4 Phase Transitions in Biological Membranes |
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7 | (5) |
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1.5 Membrane Proteins: Their Structure and Arrangement |
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12 | (3) |
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1.5.1 Proteins That Span the Membrane Only Once |
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13 | (1) |
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1.5.2 Proteins That Span the Membrane More Than Once |
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14 | (1) |
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1.6 Synthesis of Membrane Proteins |
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15 | (5) |
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1.7 Quantitation of Membrane Dynamics |
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20 | (4) |
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1.8 Traffic Across the Plasma Membrane |
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24 | (8) |
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1.9 The Cell Membrane as a Barrier and as a Passage |
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32 | (5) |
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33 | (4) |
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2 Simple Diffusion of Nonelectrolytes and Ions |
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37 | (44) |
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2.1 Diffusion as a Random Walk |
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37 | (9) |
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2.2 The Electrical Force Acting on an Ion |
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46 | (5) |
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2.3 Permeability Coefficients and Partition Coefficients |
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51 | (5) |
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2.4 Measurement of Permeability Coefficients |
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56 | (6) |
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2.5 Analysis of Permeability Data |
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62 | (3) |
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2.6 The Membrane as a Hydrophobic Sieve |
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65 | (3) |
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2.7 Osmosis and the Diffusion of Water |
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68 | (5) |
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2.8 Comparison of Osmotic and Diffusive Flow of Water |
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73 | (8) |
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79 | (2) |
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3 Ion Channels across Cell Membranes |
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81 | (50) |
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3.1 The Gramicidin Channel |
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82 | (5) |
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3.2 The Acetylcholine Receptor Channel |
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87 | (3) |
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3.3 Conductances and Cross-Sectional Areas of Single Channels |
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90 | (7) |
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3.4 An Experimental Interlude |
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97 | (5) |
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3.4.1 Identification of Channels by Patch-Clamping |
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97 | (3) |
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3.4.2 Measurements of Membrane Potential by Using Intracellular Microelectrodes or by Following Dye Distribution |
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100 | (2) |
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3.5 Diffusion Potentials: Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation |
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102 | (4) |
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3.6 Regulation and Modulation of Channel Opening |
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106 | (25) |
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3.6.1 The Potassium Channel of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum |
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106 | (2) |
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3.6.2 Sodium and Potassium Channels of Excitable Tissue |
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108 | (10) |
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3.6.3 The Cell-to-Cell Channel or Gap Junction |
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118 | (1) |
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3.6.4 Regulation and Modulation of Some Other Channels |
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119 | (8) |
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127 | (4) |
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4 Carrier-Mediated Transport: Facilitated Diffusion |
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131 | (48) |
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4.1 Inhibition of Mediated Transport Systems |
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132 | (4) |
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4.2 Kinetics of Carrier Transport |
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136 | (8) |
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4.2.1 The Zero-Trans Experiment |
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137 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Competitive and Noncompetitive Inhibition of Transport |
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139 | (2) |
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4.2.3 The Equilibrium Exchange Experiment |
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141 | (1) |
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4.2.4 Stimulation of Transport by Trans Concentrations of Substrate |
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142 | (2) |
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144 | (1) |
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4.4 Valinomycin: An Artificial Membrane Carrier That Works by a Solubility-Diffusion Mechanism |
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145 | (3) |
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4.5 Two Conformations of the Carrier |
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148 | (1) |
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4.6 A Deeper Analysis of the Kinetics of Carrier Transport |
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149 | (3) |
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4.6.1 Some Relations Between the Transport Parameters for the Different Experimental Procedures |
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150 | (2) |
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4.6.2 Carrier Systems May Behave Asymmetrically |
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152 | (1) |
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4.7 Electrogenic Aspects of Carrier Transport |
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152 | (6) |
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4.8 Some Individual Transport Systems |
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158 | (7) |
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4.8.1 GLUT4: The Insulin-Regulated Glucose Transporter |
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158 | (2) |
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4.8.2 The Amino Acid Carriers |
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160 | (2) |
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4.8.3 The Organic Cation Transporters: The OCTs |
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162 | (3) |
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4.9 An Overall View of the Membrane Carriers |
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165 | (8) |
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4.10 The Full Equation for Carrier Transport |
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173 | (6) |
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177 | (2) |
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5 Coupling of Flows of Substrates: Antiporters and Symporters |
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179 | (68) |
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5.1 Countertransport on the Simple Carrier |
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180 | (1) |
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5.2 Exchange-Only Systems: The Antiporters |
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181 | (24) |
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5.2.1 The Kinetics of Antiport |
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182 | (3) |
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5.2.2 Slippage and Leakage in Coupled Transport Systems |
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185 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Asymmetry of Antiporters |
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186 | (1) |
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5.2.4 How the Stoichiometry of Substrate Binding Determines the "Intensity" of Concentration |
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186 | (1) |
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5.2.5 Some Particular Antiporter Systems |
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187 | (5) |
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5.2.6 How the Structural Basis of the Antiporters Is Beginning to Be Elucidated |
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192 | (13) |
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5.3 The Symporters, Cotransport Systems Where Two (or More) Substrates Ride Together in Symport on a Simple Carrier |
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205 | (42) |
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5.3.1 Crane's Gradient Hypothesis |
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207 | (3) |
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5.3.2 V and K Kinetics in Cotransport |
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210 | (2) |
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5.3.3 Cis and Trans Inhibition between Cosubstrates as Tests of the Cotransport (Symport) Model |
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212 | (2) |
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5.3.4 Stoichiometry of Symtransport |
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214 | (1) |
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5.3.5 Electrogenic Aspects of Cotransport: The Equilibrium Potential of a Cotransport System |
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215 | (2) |
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5.3.6 Some Individual Cotransporters Described |
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217 | (9) |
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5.3.7 How the Structural Basis of the Symporters Is Beginning to Be Elucidated |
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226 | (16) |
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242 | (5) |
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6 Primary Active Transport Systems |
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247 | (82) |
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6.1 The Sodium Pump of the Plasma Membrane |
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247 | (8) |
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6.1.1 The Function of the Sodium Pump |
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247 | (8) |
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6.2 The Calcium Pump of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum |
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255 | (18) |
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6.2.1 Structural Studies on the Calcium ATPase (SERCA1a) |
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259 | (5) |
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6.2.2 Structural Studies on the Na+, K+-ATPase |
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264 | (9) |
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6.3 The Calcium Pump of the Plasma Membrane |
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273 | (4) |
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6.4 The H+, K+-ATPase of Gastric Mucosa: The Proton Pump of the Stomach |
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277 | (5) |
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6.4.1 The P-Type ATPases in the Context of Protein Evolution |
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279 | (3) |
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282 | (14) |
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6.5.1 Structure of the Rotary ATPases |
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283 | (4) |
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6.5.2 Mechanism of Action of the F0F1ATPases |
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287 | (9) |
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6.6 The Vacuolar Proton-Activated ATPase |
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296 | (1) |
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6.7 Bacteriorhodopsin: A Light-Driven Proton Pump |
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296 | (6) |
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302 | (27) |
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6.8.1 The Discovery of MDR |
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302 | (2) |
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6.8.2 The ABC Superfamily |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (5) |
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309 | (5) |
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314 | (2) |
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6.8.6 Substrates and Inhibitors of P-gp---Clarification of Concepts |
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316 | (5) |
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6.8.7 Catalytic Cycle of P-gp |
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321 | (2) |
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323 | (2) |
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325 | (4) |
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7 Regulation and Integration of Transport Systems |
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329 | (66) |
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7.1 Regulation of Cell Volume |
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330 | (26) |
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7.1.1 How the Post-Jolly Equation (Relating Cell Volume, Cell Content, and the Pump-Leak Ratio, Together with the Donnan Distribution), Determines the Cell Volume in the Long Term |
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332 | (7) |
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7.1.2 Short-Term Regulation of Cell Volume |
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339 | (17) |
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7.2 Integration of Transport Systems |
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356 | (27) |
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7.2.1 Epithelia, with Special Reference to the Kidney |
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356 | (9) |
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7.2.2 A Tight Epithelium: The Collecting Duct |
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365 | (2) |
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7.2.3 An "Intermediate" Epithelium: The Thick Ascending Limb of the Mammalian Kidney |
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367 | (2) |
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7.2.4 A Leaky Epithelium: The Proximal Tubule |
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369 | (4) |
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7.2.5 Tight, Intermediate, and Leaky Epithelia Compared |
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373 | (1) |
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7.2.6 The Control of Glucose Transport Across the Intestine |
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373 | (4) |
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7.2.7 Transporters and the Control of Cell Migration |
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377 | (4) |
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7.2.8 Vectorial Assembly and Sorting of Membrane Transport Systems in Epithelia |
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381 | (2) |
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383 | (12) |
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391 | (4) |
Appendix: Fundamental Constants, Conversion Factors, and Some Useful Approximations |
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395 | (2) |
Index |
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397 | |