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El. knyga: Chemical Admixtures for Concrete

(National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada), (California State University, Pomona, California, USA), (California State Polytechnic University, California, USA),
  • Formatas: 456 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 24-Jun-1999
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781135812508
  • Formatas: 456 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 24-Jun-1999
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781135812508

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Chemical admixtures are used in concrete mixtures to produce particular engineering properties such as rapid hardening, water-proofing or resistance to cold. Chemical Admixtures for Concrete surveys recent developments in admixture technology, explaining the mechanisms by which admixtures produce their effects, the various types of admixtures available, their selection and use.
Because of the economies they can offer, admixtures are being used increasingly in civil engineering projects worldwide. The book pays particular attention to good practice and includes a detailed chapter on the international standards currently in force.
Disclaimer xiv
Foreword to third edition xv
Acknowledgements xviii
Water-reducing agents
1(76)
Background and definitions
1(4)
The chemistry of water-reducing admixtures
5(6)
Lignosulfonates
5(4)
Hydroxycarboxylic acids
9(2)
Hydroxylated polymers
11(1)
The effects of water-reducing admixtures on the water--cement system
11(19)
Rheological considerations
12(2)
Initial surface effects
14(8)
Effects on the products and kinetics of hydration
22(7)
Interpretation in terms of a mode of action
29(1)
The effects of water-reducing admixtures on the properties of concrete
30(1)
The effects of water-reducing admixtures on the properties of plastic concrete
30(15)
Air entrainment
30(1)
Workability
30(1)
Workability loss
31(5)
Water reduction
36(4)
Setting characteristics of fresh concrete containing water-reducing admixtures
40(1)
The stability of fresh concrete containing water-reducing admixtures
41(2)
Mix design considerations
43(2)
The effects of water-reducing admixtures on the properties of hardened concrete
45(32)
Structural design parameters
45(5)
Durability aspects
50(22)
Durability guidelines
72(1)
References
73(4)
Superplasticizers
77(27)
Background and definitions
77(1)
The chemistry of superplasticizers
77(4)
Sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde
78(1)
Sulfonated melamine formaldehyde
79(1)
polyacrylates
80(1)
Effects on the water--cement system
81(8)
Rheological effects
81(1)
Zeta potential
82(1)
Adsorption
83(1)
Effects on the products and kinetics of hydration
84(4)
Interpretation in terms of a mode of action
88(1)
Effects of superplasticizers on the properties of concrete
89(1)
The effects of superplasticizers on the properties of plastic concrete
90(3)
Air entrainment
90(1)
workability
91(2)
Setting time
93(1)
The effects of superplasticizers on the properties of hardened concrete
93(11)
Compressive strength
94(5)
Shrinkage and creep
99(2)
Freeze--thaw durability
101(1)
Sulfate resistance
101(1)
References
101(3)
Air-entraining agents
104(45)
Background and definitions
104(2)
Durability
104(1)
Cohesion
105(1)
Density
105(1)
The chemistry of air-entraining agents
106(2)
Neutralized wood resins
106(1)
Fatty-acid salts
107(1)
Alkyl-aryl sulfonates
107(1)
Alkyl sulfates
107(1)
Phenol ethoxylates
108(1)
The effects of air-entraining agents on the water--cement system
108(12)
Rheology
109(1)
Air content and characteristics
110(5)
Distribution between solid and aqueous phases
115(1)
Effects on the hydration chemistry of cement
116(3)
Interpretation as a mechanism of action
119(1)
The effect of air-entraining agents on the properties of plastic concrete
120(15)
Volume of air entrained
120(8)
The stability of the entrained air
128(4)
Workability
132(1)
Water reduction
132(1)
Mix stability
133(1)
Mix design requirements
133(2)
The effects of air-entraining agents on the properties of hardened concrete
135(14)
Structural design parameters
135(2)
Durability aspects
137(10)
References
147(2)
Concrete dampproofers
149(13)
Background and definitions
149(1)
The chemistry of concrete dampproofers
150(3)
Materials which react with cement hydration products
151(1)
Materials which coalesce on contact with cement hydration products
152(1)
Finely divided hydrophobic materials
152(1)
The effects of dampproofers on the water--cement system
153(3)
Bleeding of cement pastes
153(1)
Hydration of cement pastes
153(1)
Effects on the capillary system of hardened paste
153(3)
The effects of dampproofers on the properties of plastic concrete
156(1)
The effects of dampproofers on the properties of hardened concrete
157(5)
Structural design parameters
157(1)
durability aspects
158(2)
References
160(2)
Accelerators
162(37)
Background and definitions
162(1)
The chemistry of accelerators
163(1)
Calcium chloride
163(1)
Calcium formate
163(1)
Triethanolamine
164(1)
The effects of accelerators on the water--cement system
164(14)
Rheological effects
164(1)
Chemical effects
164(3)
Effects on cement hydration
167(9)
Mechanism of action
176(2)
The effects of accelerator on the properties of plastic concrete
178(3)
Effects on heat evolution
178(2)
Effects on setting time
180(1)
The effects of accelerators on the properties of hardened concrete
181(18)
Structural design parameters
181(1)
Durability aspects
182(15)
References
197(2)
Special purpose admixtures
199(77)
Introduction
199(1)
Alkali--aggregate expansion-reducing admixtures
200(8)
Alkali--aggregate reaction
200(1)
Types of admixtures
201(5)
Mode of action
206(1)
Effects on the plastic and hardened properties of mortar and concrete
207(1)
Antifreeze admixtures
208(4)
Chemical composition and mode of action
209(3)
Antiwashout admixtures
212(7)
Categories
212(2)
Formulating non-dispersible underwater concrete
214(1)
Effects produced on plastic and hardened concrete
215(1)
Factors affecting the performance of antiwashout admixtures
216(1)
Mixture and storage
217(2)
Applications
219(1)
Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures
219(8)
Material parameters
220(1)
Types of corrosion inhibitors
220(6)
Research on other corrosion inhibitors
226(1)
Calcium-sulfoaluminate-based expanding admixtures
227(8)
Chemical composition
228(1)
Mode of action
228(2)
Mix proportioning, mixing and curing
230(1)
Factors influencing the reaction
231(3)
Effects on the plastic and hardened properties of mortar and concrete
234(1)
Application
235(1)
Polymer-based admixtures
235(14)
Categories
236(2)
Material parameters influencing performance
238(1)
Modification of the cementitious matrix
239(2)
Mix proportioning
241(1)
Mixing, placing and curing
242(1)
Properties of latex-modified mortar and concrete
243(5)
Applications
248(1)
Standards and specifications
249(1)
Admixtures for recycling concrete waste
249(3)
Chemical composition and mechanism of action
252(1)
Effects on hardened properties of concrete
252(1)
Shotcrete admixtures
252(13)
Types of admixtures and mode of action
255(5)
Factors influencing the effects of the admixture
260(1)
Effects on the plastic and hardened properties of concrete and mortars
261(2)
Guidelines for use
263(2)
Shrinkage-reducing admixtures
265(11)
Effects on the fresh concrete properties
268(1)
Effects on the hardened properties of concrete
268(1)
Factors affecting the performance of shrinkage-reducing admixtures
269(2)
References
271(5)
Applications of admixtures
276(155)
Introduction
276(2)
Reasons for use of admixtures
278(1)
Air-entraining admixtures
278(10)
Control measures used to ensure proper air entrainment
281(2)
Methods of placing
283(1)
Air-entraining admixture/superplasticizer compatibility
284(1)
Composite air-entraining--water-reducing admixtures
285(3)
Normal-setting water-reducing admixtures
288(12)
Ready-mixed concrete
289(3)
High-strength/high-performance concrete
292(5)
High-workability mixes
297(1)
Pumping
297(2)
`Watertight' concrete
299(1)
Piling
300(1)
Set-retarding and water-reducing admixtures
300(12)
Retarded concrete for large pours
301(3)
Slip-forming
304(5)
Marine structures
309(2)
Tilt-up construction
311(1)
Accelerating admixtures
312(2)
Purpose and advantages resulting from the use of accelerators
312(1)
Non-chloride admixtures
313(1)
Accelerators for use in blended cement (fly ash or slag) mixtures
313(1)
Superplasticizers (high-range water reducers)
314(26)
Flowing concrete
315(10)
High-range water-reduced concrete
325(4)
High-performance concrete and mortar
329(11)
Viscosity-enhancing admixtures
340(9)
Grouting applications
341(4)
Underwater concrete
345(3)
Formulation of construction products
348(1)
Damp-proofing admixtures
349(1)
Recycling of cementitious wastes
350(1)
Hot-weather concreting
351(8)
Cold-weather concreting
359(8)
Acceleration of hydration and depression of freezing point of the water mix
362(3)
Reduction of freezable water
365(1)
Case studies
366(1)
Economic aspects of admixture use
367(10)
Economies in mix proportioning
368(1)
Economies from improved durability
369(1)
Economies from improved placing characteristics and construction methods
370(2)
Precast concrete
372(3)
Economic benefits of cold-weather admixtures
375(2)
Economic benefits from the recycling of plastic concrete and wash water
377(1)
Guidelines for the use of admixtures
377(25)
Evaluation and selection
378(2)
Admixture uniformity
380(1)
Precautions in the use of admixtures
380(2)
Mix proportioning using computers
382(1)
Safety and hygienic aspects in the handling of admixtures
383(1)
Admixture problems--limitations and incompatibility
383(19)
Batching and dispensing of admixtures
402(29)
Manufacture
403(1)
Packaging and delivery
404(2)
Labels
406(1)
Storage
407(2)
Dispensing of admixtures
409(3)
Dispensing equipment
412(9)
Calibration and maintenance of batching systems
421(1)
Computer batching
422(2)
References
424(7)
Index 431
Noel P. Mailvaganam and M.R. Rixom