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El. knyga: Chemical Process Industries: Environmental and Health Risk Calculations [Taylor & Francis e-book]

(Utah State University, Logan, USA), (TheodoreTutorials, USA)
  • Formatas: 398 pages, 20 Tables, black and white; 50 Line drawings, black and white; 50 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 30-Dec-2022
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003283454
  • Taylor & Francis e-book
  • Kaina: 147,72 €*
  • * this price gives unlimited concurrent access for unlimited time
  • Standartinė kaina: 211,02 €
  • Sutaupote 30%
  • Formatas: 398 pages, 20 Tables, black and white; 50 Line drawings, black and white; 50 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 30-Dec-2022
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003283454
The rapid growth and expansion of the chemical process industry during the past century have been accompanied by a simultaneous rise in human health problems as well as material and property losses because of fires, explosions, hazardous and toxic spills, equipment failures, other accidents, and business interruptions. Concern over the potential consequences of emissions of harmful chemicals (along with catastrophic accidents) has sparked interest at both the industrial and regulatory levels in obtaining a better understanding of the potential for environmental health risks in chemical and related industries. This practical book presents and examines the environmental and health risk assessment calculations as they apply to various chemical process industries.

Chemical Process Industries: Environmental and Health Risk Calculations can be used as a college text designed to provide new engineers and scientists some comprehension of the industries into which they may enter. It also serves as a useful reference for practitioners and will help them better understand the health risk aspects of various industrial operations. The chemical process industries employ mechanical, electrical, and civil engineers and a host of other scientists; these professions should also benefit from material in this book that applies to their fields of work.
About the Authors xxi
Contributor xxiii
Preface xxv
PART I Introduction to Environmental and Health Risk
Chapter 1 Definitions/Glossary of Environmental and Health Risk Terms
3(6)
1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.2 Terms and Definitions
3(4)
1.3 Illustrative Examples
7(2)
1.3.1 Illustrative Example 1
7(1)
1.3.2 Illustrative Example 2
7(1)
1.3.3 Illustrative Example 3
7(1)
1.3.4 Illustrative Example 4
7(1)
Problems
8(1)
References
8(1)
Chapter 2 Introduction to Environmental and Health Risk
9(12)
2.1 Introduction
9(1)
2.2 Risk Variables and Categories
10(1)
2.2.1 Risk Variables
10(1)
2.2.2 Risk Categories
11(1)
2.3 Financial Risk
11(2)
2.4 Sports Risk
13(1)
2.5 Environmental and Health Risk Terms
14(2)
2.6 Risk Errors
16(2)
2.7 Illustrative Examples
18(3)
2.7.1 Illustrative Example 1
18(1)
2.7.2 Illustrative Example 2
18(1)
2.7.3 Illustrative Example 3
19(1)
2.7.4 Illustrative Example 4
19(1)
Problems
19(1)
References
20(1)
Chapter 3 Environmental and Health Risk Analysis
21(22)
3.1 Introduction
21(2)
3.2 Health Risk Assessment/Analysis
23(5)
3.2.1 Health Problem Identification
24(1)
3.2.2 Toxicity and Dose-response Assessment
25(1)
3.2.3 Exposure Assessment
26(1)
3.2.4 Health Risk Characterization
27(1)
3.3 Hazard Risk Assessment/Analysis
28(5)
3.3.1 Hazard/event Problem Identification
30(1)
3.3.2 Hazard/event Probability
31(1)
3.3.3 Hazard/event Consequences
32(1)
3.3.4 Hazard Risk Characterization
32(1)
3.4 Risk Uncertainties/Limitations
33(4)
3.4.1 Health Risk
34(1)
3.4.2 Hazard Risk
35(2)
3.5 Environmental Regulations
37(2)
3.5.1 Air
38(1)
3.5.2 Water
38(1)
3.5.3 Solid Waste
38(1)
3.5.4 Pollution Prevention
39(1)
3.6 Illustrative Examples
39(4)
3.6.1 Illustrative Example 1
39(1)
3.6.2 Illustrative Example 2
40(1)
3.6.3 Illustrative Example 3
40(1)
3.6.4 Illustrative Example 4
40(1)
Problems
40(1)
References
41(2)
Chapter 4 Introduction to Probability and Statistics
43(18)
4.1 Introduction
43(1)
4.2 Probability Definitions and Interpretations
43(3)
4.3 Basic Probability Theory
46(3)
4.4 Median, Mean, and Standard Deviation
49(2)
4.5 Random Variables
51(1)
4.6 Linear Regression
51(5)
4.7 Illustrative Examples
56(5)
4.7.1 Illustrative Example 1
56(1)
4.7.2 Illustrative Example 2
57(1)
4.7.3 Illustrative Example 3
57(1)
4.7.4 Illustrative Example 4
58(1)
Problems
59(1)
References
59(2)
Chapter 5 Probability Distributions
61(40)
5.1 Introduction
61(1)
5.2 Discrete Probability Distributions
62(12)
5.2.1 Binomial Distribution
64(1)
5.2.2 Multinominal Distribution
65(1)
5.2.2.1 Permutations and Combinations
65(4)
5.2.2.2 Multinomial Theorem
69(1)
5.2.3 Hypergeometric Distribution
70(2)
5.2.4 Poisson Distribution
72(2)
5.3 Continuous Probability Distributions
74(19)
5.3.1 Weibull Distribution
76(6)
5.3.2 Normal Distribution
82(5)
5.3.3 Exponential Distribution
87(2)
5.3.4 Log-normal Distribution
89(3)
5.3.5 Other Continuous Probability Distributions
92(1)
5.4 Illustrative Examples
93(8)
5.4.1 Illustrative Example 1
93(1)
5.4.2 Illustrative Example 2
94(1)
5.4.3 Illustrative Example 3
94(1)
5.4.4 Illustrative Example 4
95(1)
5.4.5 Illustrative Example 5
96(1)
5.4.6 Illustrative Example 6
96(1)
5.4.7 Illustrative Example 7
97(1)
Problems
97(1)
References
98(3)
PART II Chemical Process Industries
Chapter 6 Definitions/Glossary of Chemical Process Terms
101(24)
Emma Parente
6.1 Introduction
101(1)
6.2 Terms and Definitions
102(18)
6.3 Illustrative Examples
120(5)
6.3.1 Illustrative Example 1
120(1)
6.3.2 Illustrative Example 2
121(1)
6.3.3 Illustrative Example 3
121(1)
6.3.4 Illustrative Example 4
121(1)
6.3.5 Illustrative Example 5
122(1)
6.3.6 Illustrative Example 6
122(1)
6.3.7 Illustrative Example 7
122(1)
6.3.8 Illustrative Example 8
122(1)
Problems
123(1)
References
123(2)
Chapter 7 History
125(10)
7.1 Introduction
125(1)
7.2 Early History
125(1)
7.3 The Role of Science
126(2)
7.4 The Modern Chemical Process Industry
128(1)
7.5 The History of Engineering
129(1)
7.6 Sources of Information for the CPI
130(2)
7.6.1 Traditional Sources
130(1)
7.6.2 Engineering and Science Sources
131(1)
7.6.3 Internet Sources
131(1)
7.6.4 Personal Experience
132(1)
7.7 Illustrative Examples
132(3)
7.7.1 Illustrative Example 1
132(1)
7.7.2 Illustrative Example 2
132(1)
7.7.3 Illustrative Example 3
133(1)
7.7.4 Illustrative Example 4
133(1)
Problems
134(1)
References
134(1)
Chapter 8 Chemical Process Equipment
135(42)
8.1 Introduction
135(1)
8.2 Chemical Reactors
135(3)
8.2.1 Reactor Definition
135(1)
8.2.2 Reactor Type
136(2)
8.3 Heat Exchangers
138(2)
8.4 Mass Transfer Equipment
140(3)
8.4.1 Distillation
140(1)
8.4.2 Adsorption
141(1)
8.4.3 Absorption
142(1)
8.4.4 Evaporation
142(1)
8.4.5 Extraction
143(1)
8.4.6 Drying
143(1)
8.5 Fluid Flow Equipment
143(5)
8.5.1 Pipes and Tubing
144(1)
8.5.2 Ducts
144(1)
8.5.3 Fittings
145(1)
8.5.4 Valves
146(1)
8.5.5 Fans and Blowers
146(1)
8.5.6 Pumps
147(1)
8.5.7 Compressors
147(1)
8.5.8 Stacks
148(1)
8.6 Ancillary Equipment
148(3)
8.6.1 Electricity
148(1)
8.6.2 Steam
149(1)
8.6.3 Water
149(1)
8.6.3.1 Cooling Water
149(1)
8.6.3.2 Potable and General Use Water
149(1)
8.6.3.3 Demineralized Water
150(1)
8.6.4 Refrigeration
150(1)
8.6.5 Compressed Air
150(1)
8.6.6 Inert Gas Supplies
150(1)
8.7 Material Transportation and Storage Equipment
151(1)
8.7.1 Gases
151(1)
8.7.2 Liquids
151(1)
8.7.3 Solids
152(1)
8.8 Instrumentation and Controls
152(3)
8.8.1 Feedback Loop Instrumentation and Control Systems
153(1)
8.8.2 Automatic Trip Systems and Interlocks
154(1)
8.9 Process Diagrams
155(13)
8.9.1 Block Diagrams
156(1)
8.9.2 Graphic Flow Diagrams
157(1)
8.9.3 Process Flow Diagrams
157(2)
8.9.4 Process P&IDs
159(6)
8.9.5 Tree Diagrams
165(1)
8.9.5.1 Fault Tree Analysis
165(1)
8.9.5.2 Event Tree Analysis
165(1)
8.9.6 Preparing Flow Diagrams
165(3)
8.10 Illustrative Examples
168(9)
8.10.1 Illustrative Example 1
168(1)
8.10.2 Illustrative Example 2
169(1)
8.10.3 Illustrative Example 3
170(2)
8.10.4 Illustrative Example 4
172(1)
8.10.5 Illustrative Example 5
172(1)
Problems
173(1)
References
174(3)
Chapter 9 Chemical Processes: Fundamentals and Principles
177(18)
9.1 Introduction
177(1)
9.2 The Chemical Process
177(1)
9.3 The Conservation Law
178(2)
9.4 Conservation of Mass, Energy, and Momentum
180(2)
9.5 Stoichiometry
182(2)
9.6 Limiting and Excess Reactants
184(1)
9.7 Optimum Process Design
185(2)
9.8 Problem Solving
187(3)
9.8.1 Generic Problem-solving Techniques
187(1)
9.8.2 A Specific Problem-solving Approach
188(1)
9.8.3 Some General Comments
189(1)
9.9 Illustrative Examples
190(5)
9.9.1 Illustrative Example 1
190(1)
9.9.2 Illustrative Example 2
191(1)
9.9.3 Illustrative Example 3
192(1)
9.9.4 Illustrative Example 4
192(1)
9.9.5 Illustrative Example 5
193(1)
9.9.6 Illustrative Example 6
193(1)
9.9.7 Illustrative Example 7
193(1)
Problems
193(1)
References
193(2)
Chapter 10 Industry-Specific Processes
195(1)
10.1 Introduction
195(1)
10.2 The Early CPI
195(2)
10.3 TheShreveCPI
197(1)
10.4 The Theodore-Dupont CPI
198(1)
10.5 Illustrative Examples
198(3)
10.5.1 Illustrative Example 1
198(1)
10.5.2 Illustrative Example 2
198(1)
10.5.3 Illustrative Example 3
199(1)
10.5.4 Illustrative Example 4
199(1)
Problems
199(1)
Reference
199(2)
Chapter 11 Emergency Planning and Response
201(24)
11.1 Introduction
201(1)
11.2 The Need for Emergency Response Planning
202(1)
11.3 The Planning Committee
203(4)
11.4 Hazard Surveys
207(2)
11.5 Planning for Emergencies
209(3)
11.6 Training of Personnel
212(1)
11.7 Notification of Public and Regulatory Officials
213(2)
11.8 Plan Implementation
215(1)
11.9 Illustrative Examples
216(9)
11.9.1 Illustrative Example 1
216(1)
11.9.2 Illustrative Example 2
216(1)
11.9.3 Illustrative Example 3
217(1)
11.9.4 Illustrative Example 4
217(1)
11.9.5 Illustrative Example 5
218(1)
11.9.6 Illustrative Example 6
218(1)
11.9.7 Illustrative Example 7
219(1)
Problems
220(1)
References
221(4)
PART III Health Risk Calculations for Specific Chemical Process Industries
Chapter 12 Inorganic Chemicals
225(12)
12.1 Introduction
225(1)
12.2 General Comments
225(2)
12.3 Sulfuric Acid
227(1)
12.4 Hydrochloric Acid
227(1)
12.5 Ammonium Nitrate
228(1)
12.6 Sodium Chloride
229(1)
12.7 Cement
230(1)
12.8 Glass
231(1)
12.9 Illustrative Examples
232(5)
12.9.1 Illustrative Example 1
232(1)
12.9.2 Illustrative Example 2
233(1)
12.9.3 Illustrative Example 3
233(1)
12.9.4 Illustrative Example 4
234(1)
Problems
234(1)
References
235(2)
Chapter 13 Organic Chemicals
237(10)
13.1 Introduction
237(1)
13.2 General Comments
237(1)
13.3 Phenol
238(2)
13.4 Ethyl Acetate
240(1)
13.5 Plastic
241(1)
13.6 Paper
242(1)
13.7 Rubber
243(1)
13.8 Illustrative Examples
243(4)
13.8.1 Illustrative Example 1
243(1)
13.8.2 Illustrative Example 2
244(1)
13.8.3 Illustrative Example 3
244(1)
13.8.4 Illustrative Example 4
245(1)
Problems
245(1)
References
246(1)
Chapter 14 Petroleum Refining
247(12)
14.1 Introduction
247(1)
14.2 Drilling
248(1)
14.3 Refining/Processing
249(3)
14.4 Petrochemicals
252(1)
14.5 Transportation/Transmission
253(2)
14.5.1 Pipelines
254(1)
14.5.2 Ships
254(1)
14.5.3 Trains
254(1)
14.6 Illustrative Examples
255(4)
14.6.1 Illustrative Example 1
255(1)
14.6.2 Illustrative Example 2
255(1)
14.6.3 Illustrative Example 3
256(1)
14.6.4 Illustrative Example 4
256(1)
Problems
257(1)
References
257(2)
Chapter 15 Energy and Power
259(14)
15.1 Introduction
259(1)
15.2 Fossil Fuels
259(2)
15.2.1 Coal
260(1)
15.2.2 Oil
260(1)
15.2.3 Natural Gas
260(1)
15.2.4 Oil Shale
261(1)
15.3 Nuclear Energy
261(1)
15.4 Solar Energy
262(1)
15.5 Hydroelectric and Geothermal Energy
263(1)
15.6 Power Generation
264(1)
15.7 Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
265(2)
15.7.1 Air Conditioning
265(1)
15.7.2 Refrigeration
266(1)
15.8 Illustrative Examples
267(6)
15.8.1 Illustrative Example 1
267(1)
15.8.2 Illustrative Example 2
267(1)
15.8.3 Illustrative Example 3
268(1)
15.8.4 Illustrative Example 4
269(1)
15.8.5 Illustrative Example 5
269(1)
15.8.6 Illustrative Example 6
270(1)
Problems
270(1)
References
271(2)
Chapter 16 Pharmaceuticals
273(12)
16.1 Introduction
273(1)
16.2 General Comments (Barboza et al. 1977)
273(1)
16.3 History
274(1)
16.4 PhRMA
275(1)
16.5 Research and Development
275(1)
16.6 Process Descriptions
276(2)
16.6.1 Chemical Synthesis
277(1)
16.6.2 Fermentation
277(1)
16.6.3 Extraction
278(1)
16.6.4 Formulation
278(1)
16.7 Other Operation and Facility Considerations
278(2)
16.7.1 Storage and Transfer
278(1)
16.7.2 Power and Steam Generation
279(1)
16.7.3 Waste Disposal
279(1)
16.7.4 Wastewater Treatment
279(1)
16.7.5 QA/QC
280(1)
16.8 Illustrative Examples
280(5)
16.8.1 Illustrative Example 1
280(1)
16.8.2 Illustrative Example 2
280(1)
16.8.3 Illustrative Example 3
281(1)
16.8.4 Illustrative Example 4
282(1)
Problems
283(1)
References
284(1)
Chapter 17 Food Products Industry
285(12)
17.1 Introduction
285(1)
17.2 History
285(1)
17.3 The Food and Drug Administration
286(1)
17.4 Food Processing and Preservation
287(2)
17.4.1 Canning
288(1)
17.4.2 Freezing
288(1)
17.4.3 Dehydration
288(1)
17.4.4 Miscellaneous Methods
289(1)
17.5 Refrigeration
289(2)
17.6 Food Additives
291(1)
17.7 Illustrative Examples
291(6)
17.7.1 Illustrative Example 1
292(1)
17.7.2 Illustrative Example 2
293(1)
17.7.3 Illustrative Example 3
294(1)
17.7.4 Illustrative Example 4
294(1)
17.7.5 Illustrative Example 5
294(1)
Problems
295(1)
References
295(2)
Chapter 18 Nanotechnology
297(24)
18.1 Introduction
297(1)
18.2 Nanotechnology
297(4)
18.2.1 Nanomaterials
298(1)
18.2.2 Nanomaterial Production
299(1)
18.2.2.1 High-Temperature Processes
300(1)
18.2.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
300(1)
18.2.2.3 Electrodeposition
300(1)
18.2.2.4 Sol-Gel Synthesis
300(1)
18.2.2.5 Mechanical Crushing Via Ball Milling
301(1)
18.2.2.6 Naturally Occurring Materials
301(1)
18.3 Current Applications
301(1)
18.4 Environmental Implications
302(2)
18.5 Health Risk Assessment
304(2)
18.6 Hazard Risk Assessment
306(1)
18.7 Environmental Regulations
307(3)
18.8 Future Trends
310(1)
18.9 Illustrative Examples
311(10)
18.9.1 Illustrative Example 1
311(1)
18.9.2 Illustrative Example 2
311(1)
18.9.3 Illustrative Example 3
312(1)
18.9.4 Illustrative Example 4
313(1)
18.9.5 Illustrative Example 5
313(5)
Problems
318(1)
References
319(2)
Chapter 19 Military and Terrorism
321(14)
19.1 Introduction
321(1)
19.2 The US Military
321(1)
19.3 Explosives
322(2)
19.4 Terrorism
324(5)
19.4.1 International Terrorism
325(1)
19.4.2 The Need for Emergency Response Planning
326(2)
19.4.3 Anti-Terrorism Efforts
328(1)
19.5 Current Risks and Prioritization for Risk Reduction
329(1)
19.6 Illustrative Examples
330(5)
19.6.1 Illustrative Example 1
330(1)
19.6.2 Illustrative Example 2
331(1)
19.6.3 Illustrative Example 3
331(1)
19.6.4 Illustrative Example 4
332(1)
19.6.5 Illustrative Example 5
332(1)
Problems
333(1)
References
333(2)
Chapter 20 Weather and Climate
335(14)
20.1 Introduction
335(1)
20.2 History
335(1)
20.3 Climate
336(1)
20.4 Meteorological Factors
337(3)
20.4.1 Plume Rise
338(1)
20.4.2 Effective Stack Height
339(1)
20.5 Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling
340(1)
20.6 The National Weather Service
341(1)
20.7 Weather Observations
341(1)
20.8 Weather Forecasting
342(2)
20.9 Illustrative Examples
344(5)
20.9.1 Illustrative Example 1
344(1)
20.9.2 Illustrative Example 2
344(1)
20.9.3 Illustrative Example 3
345(1)
20.9.4 Illustrative Example 4
345(1)
Problems
346(1)
References
347(2)
Chapter 21 Architecture and Urban Planning
349(12)
21.1 Introduction
349(1)
21.2 History
350(2)
21.3 Current Debate on the Need for Sustainable Architecture
352(1)
21.4 Siting
353(1)
21.5 Design Considerations
353(3)
21.6 Materials Considerations
356(1)
21.7 Illustrative Examples
356(5)
21.7.1 Illustrative Example 1
357(1)
21.7.2 Illustrative Example 2
357(1)
21.7.3 Illustrative Example 3
357(1)
21.7.4 Illustrative Example 4
358(1)
Problems
358(1)
Reference
359(2)
Chapter 22 Environmental Considerations
361(30)
22.1 Introduction
361(1)
22.2 Air Pollutants
362(8)
22.2.1 Ozone and Carbon Monoxide
362(1)
22.2.2 Airborne Particulates
363(1)
22.2.3 Sulfur Dioxide and Acid Rain
364(1)
22.2.4 Hazardous Air Pollutants
365(1)
22.2.5 Indoor Air Pollutants
366(1)
22.2.5.1 Radon
367(1)
22.2.5.2 Secondhand Smoke
367(1)
22.2.5.3 Other Combustion Products
368(1)
22.2.5.4 Volatile Organic Compounds
369(1)
22.2.5.5 Biologicals
369(1)
22.3 Water Pollutants
370(9)
22.3.1 Drinking Water Supplies
370(1)
22.3.1.1 Lead
371(1)
22.3.1.2 Arsenic
372(1)
22.3.1.3 Radionuclides
372(1)
22.3.1.4 Microbiological Contaminants
373(2)
22.3.1.5 Disinfection By-products
375(1)
22.3.2 Surface Water Pollutants
376(1)
22.3.2.1 Point Sources
376(2)
22.3.2.2 Nonpoint Sources
378(1)
22.4 Solid Waste
379(2)
22.4.1 Non-Hazardous Waste
379(1)
22.4.2 Hazardous Waste
380(1)
22.5 Toxic Substances
381(4)
22.5.1 New and Existing Chemicals Program
382(2)
22.5.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls Program
384(1)
22.5.3 Asbestos Program
384(1)
22.5.4 Lead-Based Paint Program
384(1)
22.5.5 Formaldehyde
385(1)
22.6 Illustrative Examples
385(6)
22.6.1 Illustrative Example 1
385(1)
22.6.2 Illustrative Example 2
386(1)
22.6.3 Illustrative Example 3
387(1)
22.6.4 Illustrative Example 4
387(1)
Problems
388(1)
References
389(2)
Index 391
Dr. Louis Theodore, over the past 50 years, was a successful educator at Manhattan College (holding the rank of full professor of chemical engineering), graduate program director, researcher, professional innovator, and communicator in the engineering field. During this period, he was primarily responsible for his program achieving a no. 2 ranking by US News & World Report. He has authored over 100 text/reference books and over 100 technical papers. He currently serves as a part-time consultant to the US EPA and runs Theodore Tutorials. He is a member of Phi Lambda Upsilon, Sigma Xi, Tau Beta Pi, American Chemical Society, American Society of Engineering Education, Royal Hellenic Society, and a fellow of the International Air & Waste Management Association. Dr. Theodore is the recipient of the AWMAs prestigious Ripperton award that is presented to an outstanding educator, who, through example, dedication, and innovation has so inspired students to achieve excellence in their professional endeavors. He was also the recipient of the ASEEs AT&T Foundation award for excellence in the instruction of engineering students.

Dr. R. Ryan Dupont has near 40 years of experience teaching and conducting applied and basic research in environmental engineering at the Utah Water Research Laboratory at Utah State University. His main research areas have addressed soil and groundwater bioremediation, stormwater management via green infrastructure, field remediation technology demonstration and treatment system performance verification, and water reuse technology performance and risks. He received a BS degree in Civil Engineering, and MS and PhD degrees in Environmental Health Engineering from the University of Kansas, Lawrence. Dr. Dupont has been a Full Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at USU since 1995, served as the Head of the Environmental Engineering Division for 10 years, was instrumental in establishing an Undergraduate Degree in Environmental Engineering at USU, and has been responsible for attracting more than $7 million in extramural funding through the Water Research Lab since joining the faculty in 1982. Dr. Dupont is a member of Sigma Xi, Tau Beta Pi, Chi Epsilon, the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Society of Engineering Educators, the Water Environment Federation, the Solid Waste Association of North America, Engineers without Borders, and the Air and Waste Management Association. Dr. Dupont was recognized as an Outstanding Young Engineering Educator by the American Society of Engineering Education, and was a 2015 recipient of the Richard I. Stessel Waste Management Award, for "distinguished achievement as an educator in the field of waste management" from the Air and Waste Management Association.