About the Authors |
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xxi | |
Contributor |
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xxiii | |
Preface |
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xxv | |
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PART I Introduction to Environmental and Health Risk |
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Chapter 1 Definitions/Glossary of Environmental and Health Risk Terms |
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3 | (6) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 Terms and Definitions |
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3 | (4) |
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1.3 Illustrative Examples |
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7 | (2) |
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1.3.1 Illustrative Example 1 |
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7 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Illustrative Example 2 |
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7 | (1) |
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1.3.3 Illustrative Example 3 |
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7 | (1) |
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1.3.4 Illustrative Example 4 |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 Introduction to Environmental and Health Risk |
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9 | (12) |
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9 | (1) |
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2.2 Risk Variables and Categories |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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2.5 Environmental and Health Risk Terms |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (2) |
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2.7 Illustrative Examples |
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18 | (3) |
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2.7.1 Illustrative Example 1 |
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18 | (1) |
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2.7.2 Illustrative Example 2 |
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18 | (1) |
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2.7.3 Illustrative Example 3 |
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19 | (1) |
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2.7.4 Illustrative Example 4 |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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Chapter 3 Environmental and Health Risk Analysis |
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21 | (22) |
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21 | (2) |
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3.2 Health Risk Assessment/Analysis |
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23 | (5) |
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3.2.1 Health Problem Identification |
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24 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Toxicity and Dose-response Assessment |
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25 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Exposure Assessment |
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26 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Health Risk Characterization |
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27 | (1) |
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3.3 Hazard Risk Assessment/Analysis |
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28 | (5) |
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3.3.1 Hazard/event Problem Identification |
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30 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Hazard/event Probability |
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31 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Hazard/event Consequences |
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32 | (1) |
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3.3.4 Hazard Risk Characterization |
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32 | (1) |
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3.4 Risk Uncertainties/Limitations |
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33 | (4) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (2) |
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3.5 Environmental Regulations |
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37 | (2) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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3.5.4 Pollution Prevention |
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39 | (1) |
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3.6 Illustrative Examples |
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39 | (4) |
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3.6.1 Illustrative Example 1 |
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39 | (1) |
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3.6.2 Illustrative Example 2 |
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40 | (1) |
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3.6.3 Illustrative Example 3 |
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40 | (1) |
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3.6.4 Illustrative Example 4 |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 Introduction to Probability and Statistics |
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43 | (18) |
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43 | (1) |
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4.2 Probability Definitions and Interpretations |
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43 | (3) |
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4.3 Basic Probability Theory |
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46 | (3) |
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4.4 Median, Mean, and Standard Deviation |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (5) |
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4.7 Illustrative Examples |
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56 | (5) |
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4.7.1 Illustrative Example 1 |
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56 | (1) |
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4.7.2 Illustrative Example 2 |
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57 | (1) |
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4.7.3 Illustrative Example 3 |
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57 | (1) |
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4.7.4 Illustrative Example 4 |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 Probability Distributions |
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61 | (40) |
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61 | (1) |
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5.2 Discrete Probability Distributions |
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62 | (12) |
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5.2.1 Binomial Distribution |
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64 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Multinominal Distribution |
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65 | (1) |
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5.2.2.1 Permutations and Combinations |
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65 | (4) |
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5.2.2.2 Multinomial Theorem |
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69 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Hypergeometric Distribution |
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70 | (2) |
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5.2.4 Poisson Distribution |
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72 | (2) |
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5.3 Continuous Probability Distributions |
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74 | (19) |
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5.3.1 Weibull Distribution |
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76 | (6) |
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5.3.2 Normal Distribution |
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82 | (5) |
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5.3.3 Exponential Distribution |
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87 | (2) |
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5.3.4 Log-normal Distribution |
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89 | (3) |
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5.3.5 Other Continuous Probability Distributions |
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92 | (1) |
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5.4 Illustrative Examples |
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93 | (8) |
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5.4.1 Illustrative Example 1 |
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93 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Illustrative Example 2 |
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94 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Illustrative Example 3 |
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94 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Illustrative Example 4 |
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95 | (1) |
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5.4.5 Illustrative Example 5 |
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96 | (1) |
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5.4.6 Illustrative Example 6 |
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96 | (1) |
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5.4.7 Illustrative Example 7 |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (3) |
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PART II Chemical Process Industries |
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Chapter 6 Definitions/Glossary of Chemical Process Terms |
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101 | (24) |
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101 | (1) |
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6.2 Terms and Definitions |
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102 | (18) |
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6.3 Illustrative Examples |
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120 | (5) |
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6.3.1 Illustrative Example 1 |
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120 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Illustrative Example 2 |
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121 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Illustrative Example 3 |
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121 | (1) |
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6.3.4 Illustrative Example 4 |
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121 | (1) |
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6.3.5 Illustrative Example 5 |
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122 | (1) |
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6.3.6 Illustrative Example 6 |
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122 | (1) |
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6.3.7 Illustrative Example 7 |
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122 | (1) |
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6.3.8 Illustrative Example 8 |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (2) |
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125 | (10) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (2) |
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7.4 The Modern Chemical Process Industry |
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128 | (1) |
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7.5 The History of Engineering |
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129 | (1) |
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7.6 Sources of Information for the CPI |
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130 | (2) |
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7.6.1 Traditional Sources |
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130 | (1) |
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7.6.2 Engineering and Science Sources |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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7.6.4 Personal Experience |
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132 | (1) |
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7.7 Illustrative Examples |
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132 | (3) |
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7.7.1 Illustrative Example 1 |
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132 | (1) |
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7.7.2 Illustrative Example 2 |
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132 | (1) |
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7.7.3 Illustrative Example 3 |
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133 | (1) |
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7.7.4 Illustrative Example 4 |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Chapter 8 Chemical Process Equipment |
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135 | (42) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (3) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (2) |
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8.4 Mass Transfer Equipment |
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140 | (3) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (5) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (3) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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8.6.3.2 Potable and General Use Water |
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149 | (1) |
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8.6.3.3 Demineralized Water |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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8.7 Material Transportation and Storage Equipment |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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8.8 Instrumentation and Controls |
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152 | (3) |
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8.8.1 Feedback Loop Instrumentation and Control Systems |
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153 | (1) |
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8.8.2 Automatic Trip Systems and Interlocks |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (13) |
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156 | (1) |
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8.9.2 Graphic Flow Diagrams |
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157 | (1) |
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8.9.3 Process Flow Diagrams |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (6) |
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165 | (1) |
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8.9.5.1 Fault Tree Analysis |
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165 | (1) |
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8.9.5.2 Event Tree Analysis |
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165 | (1) |
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8.9.6 Preparing Flow Diagrams |
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165 | (3) |
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8.10 Illustrative Examples |
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168 | (9) |
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8.10.1 Illustrative Example 1 |
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168 | (1) |
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8.10.2 Illustrative Example 2 |
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169 | (1) |
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8.10.3 Illustrative Example 3 |
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170 | (2) |
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8.10.4 Illustrative Example 4 |
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172 | (1) |
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8.10.5 Illustrative Example 5 |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (3) |
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Chapter 9 Chemical Processes: Fundamentals and Principles |
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177 | (18) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (2) |
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9.4 Conservation of Mass, Energy, and Momentum |
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180 | (2) |
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182 | (2) |
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9.6 Limiting and Excess Reactants |
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184 | (1) |
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9.7 Optimum Process Design |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (3) |
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9.8.1 Generic Problem-solving Techniques |
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187 | (1) |
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9.8.2 A Specific Problem-solving Approach |
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188 | (1) |
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9.8.3 Some General Comments |
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189 | (1) |
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9.9 Illustrative Examples |
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190 | (5) |
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9.9.1 Illustrative Example 1 |
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190 | (1) |
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9.9.2 Illustrative Example 2 |
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191 | (1) |
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9.9.3 Illustrative Example 3 |
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192 | (1) |
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9.9.4 Illustrative Example 4 |
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192 | (1) |
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9.9.5 Illustrative Example 5 |
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193 | (1) |
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9.9.6 Illustrative Example 6 |
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193 | (1) |
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9.9.7 Illustrative Example 7 |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (2) |
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Chapter 10 Industry-Specific Processes |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (1) |
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10.4 The Theodore-Dupont CPI |
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198 | (1) |
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10.5 Illustrative Examples |
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198 | (3) |
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10.5.1 Illustrative Example 1 |
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198 | (1) |
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10.5.2 Illustrative Example 2 |
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198 | (1) |
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10.5.3 Illustrative Example 3 |
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199 | (1) |
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10.5.4 Illustrative Example 4 |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (2) |
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Chapter 11 Emergency Planning and Response |
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201 | (24) |
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201 | (1) |
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11.2 The Need for Emergency Response Planning |
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202 | (1) |
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11.3 The Planning Committee |
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203 | (4) |
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207 | (2) |
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11.5 Planning for Emergencies |
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209 | (3) |
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11.6 Training of Personnel |
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212 | (1) |
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11.7 Notification of Public and Regulatory Officials |
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213 | (2) |
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215 | (1) |
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11.9 Illustrative Examples |
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216 | (9) |
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11.9.1 Illustrative Example 1 |
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216 | (1) |
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11.9.2 Illustrative Example 2 |
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216 | (1) |
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11.9.3 Illustrative Example 3 |
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217 | (1) |
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11.9.4 Illustrative Example 4 |
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217 | (1) |
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11.9.5 Illustrative Example 5 |
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218 | (1) |
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11.9.6 Illustrative Example 6 |
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218 | (1) |
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11.9.7 Illustrative Example 7 |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (4) |
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PART III Health Risk Calculations for Specific Chemical Process Industries |
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Chapter 12 Inorganic Chemicals |
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225 | (12) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (2) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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12.9 Illustrative Examples |
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232 | (5) |
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12.9.1 Illustrative Example 1 |
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232 | (1) |
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12.9.2 Illustrative Example 2 |
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233 | (1) |
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12.9.3 Illustrative Example 3 |
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233 | (1) |
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12.9.4 Illustrative Example 4 |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (2) |
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Chapter 13 Organic Chemicals |
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237 | (10) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (2) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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13.8 Illustrative Examples |
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243 | (4) |
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13.8.1 Illustrative Example 1 |
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243 | (1) |
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13.8.2 Illustrative Example 2 |
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244 | (1) |
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13.8.3 Illustrative Example 3 |
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244 | (1) |
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13.8.4 Illustrative Example 4 |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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Chapter 14 Petroleum Refining |
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247 | (12) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (3) |
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252 | (1) |
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14.5 Transportation/Transmission |
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253 | (2) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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14.6 Illustrative Examples |
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255 | (4) |
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14.6.1 Illustrative Example 1 |
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255 | (1) |
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14.6.2 Illustrative Example 2 |
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255 | (1) |
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14.6.3 Illustrative Example 3 |
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256 | (1) |
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14.6.4 Illustrative Example 4 |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (2) |
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Chapter 15 Energy and Power |
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259 | (14) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (2) |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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15.5 Hydroelectric and Geothermal Energy |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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15.7 Air Conditioning and Refrigeration |
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265 | (2) |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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15.8 Illustrative Examples |
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267 | (6) |
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15.8.1 Illustrative Example 1 |
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267 | (1) |
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15.8.2 Illustrative Example 2 |
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267 | (1) |
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15.8.3 Illustrative Example 3 |
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268 | (1) |
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15.8.4 Illustrative Example 4 |
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269 | (1) |
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15.8.5 Illustrative Example 5 |
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269 | (1) |
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15.8.6 Illustrative Example 6 |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (2) |
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Chapter 16 Pharmaceuticals |
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273 | (12) |
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273 | (1) |
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16.2 General Comments (Barboza et al. 1977) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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16.5 Research and Development |
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275 | (1) |
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16.6 Process Descriptions |
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276 | (2) |
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16.6.1 Chemical Synthesis |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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16.7 Other Operation and Facility Considerations |
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278 | (2) |
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16.7.1 Storage and Transfer |
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278 | (1) |
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16.7.2 Power and Steam Generation |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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16.7.4 Wastewater Treatment |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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16.8 Illustrative Examples |
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280 | (5) |
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16.8.1 Illustrative Example 1 |
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280 | (1) |
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16.8.2 Illustrative Example 2 |
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280 | (1) |
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16.8.3 Illustrative Example 3 |
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281 | (1) |
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16.8.4 Illustrative Example 4 |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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Chapter 17 Food Products Industry |
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285 | (12) |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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17.3 The Food and Drug Administration |
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286 | (1) |
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17.4 Food Processing and Preservation |
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287 | (2) |
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288 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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17.4.4 Miscellaneous Methods |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (1) |
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17.7 Illustrative Examples |
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291 | (6) |
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17.7.1 Illustrative Example 1 |
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292 | (1) |
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17.7.2 Illustrative Example 2 |
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293 | (1) |
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17.7.3 Illustrative Example 3 |
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294 | (1) |
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17.7.4 Illustrative Example 4 |
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294 | (1) |
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17.7.5 Illustrative Example 5 |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (2) |
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Chapter 18 Nanotechnology |
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297 | (24) |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (4) |
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298 | (1) |
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18.2.2 Nanomaterial Production |
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299 | (1) |
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18.2.2.1 High-Temperature Processes |
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300 | (1) |
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18.2.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) |
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300 | (1) |
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18.2.2.3 Electrodeposition |
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300 | (1) |
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18.2.2.4 Sol-Gel Synthesis |
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300 | (1) |
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18.2.2.5 Mechanical Crushing Via Ball Milling |
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301 | (1) |
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18.2.2.6 Naturally Occurring Materials |
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301 | (1) |
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18.3 Current Applications |
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301 | (1) |
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18.4 Environmental Implications |
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302 | (2) |
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18.5 Health Risk Assessment |
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304 | (2) |
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18.6 Hazard Risk Assessment |
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306 | (1) |
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18.7 Environmental Regulations |
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307 | (3) |
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310 | (1) |
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18.9 Illustrative Examples |
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311 | (10) |
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18.9.1 Illustrative Example 1 |
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311 | (1) |
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18.9.2 Illustrative Example 2 |
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311 | (1) |
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18.9.3 Illustrative Example 3 |
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312 | (1) |
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18.9.4 Illustrative Example 4 |
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313 | (1) |
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18.9.5 Illustrative Example 5 |
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313 | (5) |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (2) |
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Chapter 19 Military and Terrorism |
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321 | (14) |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (2) |
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324 | (5) |
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19.4.1 International Terrorism |
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325 | (1) |
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19.4.2 The Need for Emergency Response Planning |
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326 | (2) |
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19.4.3 Anti-Terrorism Efforts |
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328 | (1) |
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19.5 Current Risks and Prioritization for Risk Reduction |
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329 | (1) |
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19.6 Illustrative Examples |
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|
330 | (5) |
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19.6.1 Illustrative Example 1 |
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330 | (1) |
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19.6.2 Illustrative Example 2 |
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331 | (1) |
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19.6.3 Illustrative Example 3 |
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331 | (1) |
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19.6.4 Illustrative Example 4 |
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332 | (1) |
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19.6.5 Illustrative Example 5 |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (2) |
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Chapter 20 Weather and Climate |
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335 | (14) |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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20.4 Meteorological Factors |
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337 | (3) |
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338 | (1) |
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20.4.2 Effective Stack Height |
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339 | (1) |
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20.5 Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling |
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|
340 | (1) |
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20.6 The National Weather Service |
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341 | (1) |
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20.7 Weather Observations |
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|
341 | (1) |
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342 | (2) |
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20.9 Illustrative Examples |
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|
344 | (5) |
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20.9.1 Illustrative Example 1 |
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|
344 | (1) |
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20.9.2 Illustrative Example 2 |
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|
344 | (1) |
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20.9.3 Illustrative Example 3 |
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|
345 | (1) |
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20.9.4 Illustrative Example 4 |
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|
345 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (2) |
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Chapter 21 Architecture and Urban Planning |
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|
349 | (12) |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (2) |
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21.3 Current Debate on the Need for Sustainable Architecture |
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|
352 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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21.5 Design Considerations |
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353 | (3) |
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21.6 Materials Considerations |
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|
356 | (1) |
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21.7 Illustrative Examples |
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|
356 | (5) |
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21.7.1 Illustrative Example 1 |
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|
357 | (1) |
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21.7.2 Illustrative Example 2 |
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357 | (1) |
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21.7.3 Illustrative Example 3 |
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|
357 | (1) |
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21.7.4 Illustrative Example 4 |
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|
358 | (1) |
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|
358 | (1) |
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359 | (2) |
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Chapter 22 Environmental Considerations |
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|
361 | (30) |
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|
361 | (1) |
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|
362 | (8) |
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22.2.1 Ozone and Carbon Monoxide |
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|
362 | (1) |
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22.2.2 Airborne Particulates |
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|
363 | (1) |
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22.2.3 Sulfur Dioxide and Acid Rain |
|
|
364 | (1) |
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22.2.4 Hazardous Air Pollutants |
|
|
365 | (1) |
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22.2.5 Indoor Air Pollutants |
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|
366 | (1) |
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|
367 | (1) |
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22.2.5.2 Secondhand Smoke |
|
|
367 | (1) |
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22.2.5.3 Other Combustion Products |
|
|
368 | (1) |
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22.2.5.4 Volatile Organic Compounds |
|
|
369 | (1) |
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|
369 | (1) |
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|
370 | (9) |
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22.3.1 Drinking Water Supplies |
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|
370 | (1) |
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|
371 | (1) |
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|
372 | (1) |
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|
372 | (1) |
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22.3.1.4 Microbiological Contaminants |
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|
373 | (2) |
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22.3.1.5 Disinfection By-products |
|
|
375 | (1) |
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22.3.2 Surface Water Pollutants |
|
|
376 | (1) |
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|
376 | (2) |
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22.3.2.2 Nonpoint Sources |
|
|
378 | (1) |
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379 | (2) |
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22.4.1 Non-Hazardous Waste |
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|
379 | (1) |
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|
380 | (1) |
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381 | (4) |
|
22.5.1 New and Existing Chemicals Program |
|
|
382 | (2) |
|
22.5.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls Program |
|
|
384 | (1) |
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|
384 | (1) |
|
22.5.4 Lead-Based Paint Program |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
385 | (1) |
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22.6 Illustrative Examples |
|
|
385 | (6) |
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22.6.1 Illustrative Example 1 |
|
|
385 | (1) |
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22.6.2 Illustrative Example 2 |
|
|
386 | (1) |
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22.6.3 Illustrative Example 3 |
|
|
387 | (1) |
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22.6.4 Illustrative Example 4 |
|
|
387 | (1) |
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|
388 | (1) |
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|
389 | (2) |
Index |
|
391 | |