| Preface |
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xv | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
| Acknowledgments for permissions to use illustrations |
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xviii | |
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1 Fuels and the global carbon cycle |
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1 | (9) |
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8 | (2) |
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2 Catalysis, enzymes, and proteins |
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10 | (9) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (6) |
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17 | (2) |
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3 Photosynthesis and the formation of polysaccharides |
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19 | (16) |
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3.1 Water splitting in photosynthesis |
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20 | (4) |
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3.2 Carbon dioxide fixation |
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24 | (3) |
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3.3 Glucose, cellulose, and starch |
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27 | (8) |
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32 | (3) |
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35 | (18) |
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4.1 Fermentation chemistry |
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35 | (3) |
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4.2 Commercial production of ethanol via fermentation |
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38 | (4) |
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4.3 Ethanol as a motor vehicle fuel |
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42 | (5) |
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4.4 Issues affecting possible large-scale production of fuel ethanol |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (5) |
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49 | (4) |
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5 Plant oils and biodiesel |
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53 | (16) |
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5.1 Biosynthesis of plant oils |
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53 | (4) |
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5.2 Direct use of vegetable oils as diesel fuel |
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57 | (2) |
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5.3 Transesterification of plant oils |
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59 | (3) |
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62 | (7) |
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66 | (3) |
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6 Composition and reactions of wood |
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69 | (18) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (3) |
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79 | (2) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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6.4 Wood saccharification and fermentation |
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83 | (4) |
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84 | (3) |
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87 | (16) |
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7.1 Bond formation and dissociation |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (6) |
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7.2.1 Initiation reactions |
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89 | (2) |
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7.2.2 Propagation reactions |
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91 | (3) |
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7.2.3 Termination reactions |
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94 | (1) |
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7.3 Radical reactions with oxygen |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (3) |
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7.5 Hydrogen redistribution |
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100 | (3) |
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101 | (2) |
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8 Formation of fossil fuels |
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103 | (29) |
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8.1 Diagenesis: from organic matter to kerogen |
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104 | (5) |
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8.2 Catagenesis: from kerogen to fossil fuels |
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109 | (2) |
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8.3 Catagenesis of algal and liptinitic kerogens |
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111 | (6) |
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8.4 Catagenesis of humic kerogen |
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117 | (10) |
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127 | (5) |
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128 | (4) |
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9 Structure-property relationships among hydrocarbons |
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132 | (29) |
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9.1 Intermolecular interactions |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (8) |
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142 | (3) |
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9.4 Density and API gravity |
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145 | (3) |
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148 | (3) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (4) |
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9.8 The special effects of aromaticity |
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156 | (5) |
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158 | (3) |
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10 Composition, properties, and processing of natural gas |
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161 | (13) |
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164 | (6) |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (2) |
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10.1.3 Separation of C2+ hydrocarbons |
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168 | (2) |
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10.2 Natural gas as a premium fuel |
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170 | (4) |
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171 | (3) |
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11 Composition, classification, and properties of petroleum |
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174 | (18) |
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174 | (7) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (2) |
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177 | (2) |
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11.1.4 Heteroatomic compounds |
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179 | (1) |
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11.1.5 Inorganic components |
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180 | (1) |
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11.2 Classification and properties of petroleums |
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181 | (6) |
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181 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Carbon preference index |
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181 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Age-depth relationships |
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182 | (1) |
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11.2.4 Composition relationships |
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183 | (4) |
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11.3 Asphalts, oil sands, and other unconventional oils |
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187 | (5) |
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189 | (3) |
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12 Petroleum distillation |
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192 | (14) |
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193 | (1) |
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12.2 Principles of distillation |
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194 | (4) |
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12.3 Refinery distillation operations |
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198 | (2) |
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12.3.1 Atmospheric-pressure distillation |
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198 | (1) |
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12.3.2 Vacuum distillation |
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199 | (1) |
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12.4 Introduction to petroleum distillation products |
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200 | (6) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (2) |
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13 Heterogeneous catalysis |
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206 | (18) |
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207 | (3) |
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13.1.1 The active species |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (2) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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13.2 Adsorption on catalyst surfaces |
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210 | (6) |
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13.3 Mechanisms of catalytic reactions |
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216 | (1) |
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13.4 Measures of catalyst performance |
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217 | (2) |
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13.5 Surface effects on catalysts |
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219 | (5) |
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221 | (3) |
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14 Catalytic routes to gasoline |
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224 | (32) |
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224 | (5) |
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14.2 Specifications and properties of gasoline |
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229 | (2) |
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14.3 Refinery routes to enhanced yield and quality |
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231 | (1) |
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14.4 Alkylation and polymerization |
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232 | (2) |
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234 | (11) |
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14.5.1 Cracking catalysts |
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235 | (6) |
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14.5.2 Cracking reactions |
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241 | (2) |
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243 | (2) |
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245 | (6) |
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14.6.1 Reforming catalysts |
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245 | (1) |
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14.6.2 Reforming reactions |
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246 | (3) |
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249 | (2) |
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14.7 Methanol to gasoline |
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251 | (5) |
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253 | (3) |
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15 Middle distillate fuels |
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256 | (25) |
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15.1 Middle distillate fuel products |
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256 | (10) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (4) |
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260 | (5) |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (15) |
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15.2.1 Hydrodesulfurization |
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267 | (5) |
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15.2.2 Hydrodenitrogenation |
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272 | (1) |
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15.2.3 Hydrodemetallation |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (2) |
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276 | (1) |
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15.2.7 Sources of hydrogen |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (3) |
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16 Thermal processing in refining |
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281 | (14) |
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281 | (3) |
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284 | (2) |
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286 | (9) |
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287 | (5) |
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16.3.2 Fluid coking and Flexicoking |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (2) |
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17 Composition, properties, and classification of coals |
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295 | (28) |
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17.1 Classification of coal by rank |
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295 | (3) |
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17.2 The caking behavior of bituminous coals |
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298 | (1) |
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17.3 Elemental composition |
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299 | (7) |
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17.4 The macromolecular structures of coals |
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306 | (6) |
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17.5 Coals as heterogeneous solids |
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312 | (2) |
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314 | (9) |
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320 | (3) |
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18 The inorganic chemistry of coals |
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323 | (19) |
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18.1 The origin of inorganic components in coals |
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324 | (1) |
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18.2 Inorganic composition of coals |
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324 | (2) |
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18.3 Minerals in coals and their reactions |
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326 | (3) |
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329 | (5) |
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18.5 Behavior of inorganic components during coal utilization |
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334 | (8) |
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340 | (2) |
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19 Production of synthesis gas |
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342 | (21) |
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19.1 Steam reforming of natural gas |
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342 | (2) |
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19.2 Partial oxidation of heavy oils |
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344 | (1) |
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19.3 Coal and biomass gasification |
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345 | (18) |
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19.3.1 Fundamentals of the carbon-steam and related reactions |
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346 | (6) |
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19.3.2 Coal gasification processes |
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352 | (2) |
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19.3.3 Fixed-bed gasification |
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354 | (2) |
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19.3.4 Fluidized-bed gasification |
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356 | (1) |
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19.3.5 Entrained-flow gasification |
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357 | (2) |
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19.3.6 Underground coal gasification |
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359 | (1) |
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19.3.7 Biomass gasification |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (2) |
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20 Gas treatment and shifting |
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363 | (12) |
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363 | (2) |
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365 | (6) |
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371 | (4) |
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373 | (2) |
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375 | (21) |
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375 | (1) |
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375 | (3) |
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378 | (3) |
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21.4 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis |
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381 | (8) |
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389 | (1) |
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390 | (1) |
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391 | (1) |
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21.8 The potential of synthesis gas chemistry |
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392 | (4) |
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393 | (3) |
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22 Direct production of liquid fuels from coal |
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396 | (19) |
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396 | (2) |
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398 | (4) |
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22.3 Direct coal liquefaction |
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402 | (13) |
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402 | (4) |
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22.3.2 Direct liquefaction processing |
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406 | (7) |
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413 | (2) |
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23 Carbonization and coking of coal |
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415 | (20) |
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23.1 Thermal decomposition of coals |
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415 | (2) |
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23.2 Low- and medium-temperature carbonization |
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417 | (1) |
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23.3 The special case of bituminous coals |
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418 | (2) |
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23.4 Chemistry of coke formation |
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420 | (6) |
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23.5 Industrial production of metallurgical coke |
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426 | (9) |
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432 | (3) |
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24 Carbon products from fossil and biofuels |
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435 | (18) |
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435 | (5) |
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24.2 Aluminum-smelting anodes |
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440 | (3) |
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443 | (2) |
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445 | (8) |
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445 | (1) |
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24.4.2 Graphitization processes |
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446 | (1) |
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447 | (2) |
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24.4.4 High-density isotropic graphites |
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449 | (1) |
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450 | (3) |
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453 | (19) |
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25.1 Carbon capture and storage |
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455 | (13) |
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455 | (2) |
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457 | (2) |
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25.1.3 Chemical uses of CO2 |
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459 | (1) |
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25.1.4 Coalbed methane recovery |
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460 | (1) |
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25.1.5 Enhanced oil recovery |
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461 | (1) |
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25.1.6 Mineral carbonation |
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462 | (2) |
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464 | (2) |
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25.1.8 Underground injection |
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466 | (1) |
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467 | (1) |
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468 | (4) |
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469 | (3) |
| Index |
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472 | |
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