Preface |
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xi | |
How to Use this Book |
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xiii | |
About the Companion Website |
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xiv | |
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1 | (20) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Environmental Pollution |
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2 | (1) |
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1.3 Drivers of Environmental Pollution |
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2 | (1) |
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1.4 Pollution and Environmental Health |
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3 | (1) |
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1.5 Chemicals and Pollution |
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4 | (6) |
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1.6 Health and Environmental Effects of Chemicals |
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10 | (3) |
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1.7 Science of Pollution: Assessment and Management |
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13 | (8) |
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18 | (3) |
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2 Environmental Pollutants |
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21 | (20) |
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21 | (1) |
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2.2 Environmental Pollutants |
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21 | (5) |
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26 | (6) |
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2.4 Some Special Classes of Pollutants |
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32 | (2) |
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2.5 Global Production, Emissions, and Releases of Chemicals and Hazardous Wastes |
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34 | (5) |
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39 | (2) |
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40 | (1) |
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3 Pollutants, Health, and Environment |
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41 | (22) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (2) |
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3.4 Environmental Pollution and Burden of Disease |
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44 | (7) |
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3.5 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services |
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51 | (1) |
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3.6 Human Impacts on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services |
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52 | (4) |
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3.7 Environmental Assessment and Management of Pollution |
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56 | (3) |
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59 | (4) |
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60 | (3) |
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4 Chemodynamics of Pollutants |
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63 | (28) |
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63 | (1) |
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4.2 Some Fundamental Properties of Chemical Pollutants and Environmental Phases |
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63 | (3) |
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4.3 Fundamental Principles of Partition Behavior |
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66 | (1) |
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4.4 Relationships Describing Partition Behavior |
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67 | (1) |
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4.5 Partitioning Behavior in the Laboratory |
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68 | (1) |
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4.6 Pollutant Behavior in Different Environmental Compartments |
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69 | (3) |
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4.7 Models for Bioconcentration |
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72 | (2) |
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4.8 The Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Long-Range Transport |
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74 | (2) |
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4.9 Bioaccumulation of Metals and Metalloids |
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76 | (1) |
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4.10 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment |
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77 | (4) |
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4.11 Transport Processes: Advection, Diffusion, and Leaching |
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81 | (1) |
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4.12 Transformation and Degradation Processes |
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82 | (1) |
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4.13 Redox Conditions in the Environment |
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83 | (1) |
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4.14 Kinetics of Transformation and Degradation |
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84 | (1) |
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4.15 Acidification Processes in the Environment |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (4) |
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88 | (3) |
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5 Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology |
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91 | (22) |
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91 | (1) |
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5.2 Exposure Pathways for Humans and Natural Biota |
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92 | (2) |
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5.3 Toxicant Behavior in Organisms |
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94 | (1) |
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5.4 Relationships Between Exposure to a Toxicant as Dose or Environmental Concentration and the Resultant Biological Effects |
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95 | (7) |
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5.5 Models for the Distribution of Exposure Dose or Concentration |
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102 | (1) |
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5.6 Relationships Between Exposure Level and Exposure Time Resulting in an Adverse Effect |
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102 | (1) |
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5.7 Dose-Response and Dose Thresholds |
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103 | (1) |
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5.8 Toxicity Due to Exposure to Multiple Toxicants |
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104 | (1) |
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5.9 Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSARs) |
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104 | (2) |
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5.10 Lethal and Sublethal Effects |
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106 | (2) |
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5.11 Types and Classification of Toxicants |
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108 | (1) |
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5.12 Effects on Populations and Ecosystems |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (3) |
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111 | (2) |
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6 Genetic Toxicology and Endocrine Disruption: Environmental Chemicals |
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113 | (12) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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6.3 Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity |
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114 | (4) |
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6.4 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (4) |
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122 | (3) |
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124 | (1) |
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7 Some Principles of Pollution Ecology and Ecotoxicology |
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125 | (18) |
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125 | (1) |
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7.2 Controlling Factors in Natural and Human Systems |
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126 | (2) |
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7.3 Classes and General Effects of Pollutants |
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128 | (1) |
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7.4 Ecology of Deoxygenation and Nutrient Enrichment of Aquatic Systems |
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129 | (3) |
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7.5 Ecotoxicology of Toxic Substances |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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7.8 Pathogenic Microorganisms |
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135 | (1) |
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7.9 Biotic Responses to Pollution at Different Environmental Temperatures and Latitudes |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (3) |
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7.11 Indicator Species, Ecological Indicator Species, Chemical Monitor Species, and Biomarkers |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (4) |
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140 | (3) |
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8 Pollutants in the Oceans, Estuaries, and Freshwater Systems |
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143 | (36) |
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143 | (1) |
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8.2 Deoxygenating Substances |
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144 | (16) |
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8.3 Nutrient Enrichment and Eutrophication |
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160 | (14) |
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174 | (5) |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (52) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (3) |
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9.3 Nature and Properties of Various Pesticides |
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182 | (1) |
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9.4 Major Groups of Pesticides |
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183 | (6) |
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9.5 Sources and Emissions of Pesticides |
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189 | (1) |
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9.6 Environmental Behavior and Fate of Pesticides |
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190 | (8) |
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9.7 Environmental Exposures to Pesticides |
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198 | (2) |
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9.8 Absorption, Distribution, Biotransformation, and Excretion (ADBE) of Pesticides in Humans and Wildlife |
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200 | (4) |
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9.9 Toxic Effects of Pesticides on Biota |
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204 | (6) |
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9.10 Toxic Action of Pesticides |
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210 | (1) |
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9.11 Ecological Effects of Pesticides on Populations and Communities of Biota |
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211 | (5) |
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9.12 Human Health Effects of Pesticides |
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216 | (6) |
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222 | (9) |
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225 | (6) |
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10 Petroleum, Coal, and Biofuels |
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231 | (24) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (4) |
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235 | (2) |
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10.4 Physiochemical Properties of Fuels and Chemical Components |
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237 | (1) |
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10.5 Sources, Emissions, and Releases of Petroleum-Derived Hydrocarbons |
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237 | (2) |
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10.6 Environmental Behavior and Fate of Fossil Fuels and Biofuels |
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239 | (3) |
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10.7 Environmental Exposures |
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242 | (1) |
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10.8 Uptake, Metabolism, and Bioaccumulation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons |
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243 | (1) |
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10.9 Environmental Toxicities of Petroleum and Biofuels |
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244 | (2) |
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10.10 Ecosystem Effects of Petroleum Oils |
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246 | (3) |
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10.11 Effects on Human Health and Ecosystem Services |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (4) |
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253 | (2) |
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11 Toxic Organic Pollutants |
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255 | (48) |
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255 | (1) |
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11.2 Toxic Organic Chemicals |
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255 | (2) |
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11.3 Classification of Toxic Organic Chemicals |
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257 | (2) |
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11.4 Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Chemicals |
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259 | (2) |
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11.5 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) |
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261 | (6) |
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11.6 Less-Persistent and Emerging Toxic Organic Chemicals |
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267 | (7) |
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11.7 Sources and Emissions of Toxic Organic Chemicals |
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274 | (3) |
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11.8 Behavior and Fate in the Environment |
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277 | (5) |
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11.9 Environmental Exposures to Toxic Organic Chemicals |
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282 | (2) |
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11.10 Biological Processes Affecting Toxic Organic Chemicals in Wildlife and Humans |
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284 | (4) |
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11.11 Environmental Toxicity of Organic Chemicals |
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288 | (2) |
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11.12 Effects of Toxic Organic Chemicals on Wildlife Populations and Communities |
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290 | (2) |
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11.13 Human Health Effects of Toxic Organic Chemicals |
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292 | (4) |
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296 | (7) |
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298 | (5) |
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303 | (28) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (2) |
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12.3 Sources and Emissions of Metals |
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305 | (1) |
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12.4 Behavior and Fate of Metals in the Environment |
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306 | (4) |
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12.5 Environmental Exposures of Metals to Organisms |
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310 | (1) |
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12.6 Absorption, Distribution, Transformation, and Excretion in Organisms |
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311 | (3) |
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12.7 Toxic Effects of Metals on Organisms |
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314 | (7) |
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12.8 Ecological Effects of Metals |
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321 | (1) |
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12.9 Human Health Effects of Metals |
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322 | (2) |
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324 | (7) |
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326 | (5) |
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331 | (34) |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (2) |
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13.3 Air Pollution, Weather, and Climate |
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333 | (1) |
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13.4 Outdoor and Indoor Air Pollutants |
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333 | (5) |
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13.5 Sources and Emissions of Air Pollutants into the Atmosphere |
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338 | (2) |
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13.6 Behavior and Fate of Pollutants in the Atmospheric Environment |
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340 | (7) |
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13.7 Exposures from Pollutants in the Atmospheric Environment |
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347 | (2) |
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13.8 Effects of Air Pollutants on Wildlife and Natural Systems |
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349 | (3) |
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13.9 Human Health Effects of Air Pollutants |
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352 | (6) |
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13.10 Global Impacts and Risks of Air Pollutants |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (6) |
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360 | (5) |
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14 Greenhouse Gases, Global Warming, and Climate Change |
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365 | (32) |
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365 | (1) |
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14.2 The Greenhouse Effect |
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366 | (4) |
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14.3 Greenhouse Gases and Atmospheric Particles |
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370 | (3) |
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14.4 Sources, Emissions, and Sinks of Greenhouse Gases |
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373 | (4) |
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14.5 Environmental Exposures from Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases |
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377 | (1) |
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14.6 Greenhouse Gases, Climate Change Processes, and Metrics |
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377 | (6) |
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14.7 Past Climate Changes |
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383 | (2) |
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14.8 Observed and Projected Climate Change Impacts for the Environment and Human Health |
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385 | (5) |
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14.9 Global Risks from Climate Warming and Climate Change |
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390 | (1) |
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391 | (6) |
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393 | (4) |
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15 Soil and Goundwater Pollution |
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397 | (24) |
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397 | (1) |
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15.2 Soil and Groundwater Systems and Key Environmental Properties |
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397 | (3) |
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15.3 Types and Properties of Soil and Groundwater Contaminants |
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400 | (1) |
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15.4 Sources and Releases of Soil and Groundwater Contaminants |
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400 | (5) |
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15.5 Environmental Behavior and Fate of Soil and Groundwater Contaminants |
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405 | (6) |
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15.6 Exposure Assessment of Soil and Groundwater Contaminants |
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411 | (1) |
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15.7 Biological Uptake and Bioaccumulation of Soil Contaminants |
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411 | (1) |
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15.8 Environmental Effects of Soil and Groundwater Contaminants |
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412 | (3) |
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15.9 Human Health Effects of Soil and Groundwater Contaminants |
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415 | (3) |
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418 | (3) |
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419 | (2) |
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16 Solid, Liquid, and Hazardous Wastes |
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421 | (22) |
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421 | (1) |
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16.2 Wastes: Types and Hazardous Characteristics |
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422 | (1) |
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16.3 Waste Sources, Generation, and Emissions |
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423 | (1) |
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424 | (6) |
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16.5 Environmental Behavior and Fate of Waste Contaminants |
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430 | (1) |
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16.6 Exposures to Contaminants from Wastes |
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430 | (2) |
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16.7 Environmental Effects and Risks from Wastes |
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432 | (3) |
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16.8 Human Health Effects from Waste Management |
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435 | (5) |
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440 | (3) |
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441 | (2) |
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17 Pollution Monitoring, and Assessment |
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443 | (22) |
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443 | (1) |
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17.2 Monitoring Objectives |
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443 | (1) |
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17.3 Monitoring Strategies |
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444 | (6) |
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17.4 Environmental Metrics of Pollution Monitoring |
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450 | (1) |
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17.5 Monitoring Programs and Methods |
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450 | (7) |
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17.6 Remote Sensing for Pollution Monitoring |
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457 | (1) |
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17.7 Monitoring and Assessment of Disease Impacts From Pollution |
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458 | (2) |
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460 | (5) |
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461 | (4) |
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18 Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment |
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465 | (22) |
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465 | (2) |
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18.2 Risk Assesssment Processes and Principles |
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467 | (1) |
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18.3 Semiquantitative Risk Assessment |
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468 | (2) |
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18.4 Human Health Risk Assessment |
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470 | (9) |
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18.5 Ecological Risk Assessment |
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479 | (3) |
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18.6 Risk Assessment Using Probabilistic Techniques |
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482 | (2) |
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484 | (3) |
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485 | (2) |
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19 Management of Hazardous Chemicals |
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487 | (22) |
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487 | (1) |
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19.2 Goals and Strategies for Managing Chemicals |
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487 | (2) |
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19.3 Collection of Data on Chemicals |
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489 | (1) |
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19.4 Laboratory and Field Testing of Chemicals |
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490 | (3) |
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19.5 Regulation and Assessment of Chemicals |
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493 | (7) |
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19.6 Risk Characterization Example (19.1) |
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500 | (2) |
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19.7 Managing Chemicals to 2020 and Beyond |
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502 | (2) |
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504 | (5) |
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506 | (3) |
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20 Pollution: Moving Toward a Healthy and Sustainable Future |
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509 | (25) |
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509 | (1) |
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509 | (8) |
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20.3 Pollution and Planetary Health |
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517 | (7) |
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20.4 Pollution, Health, and Sustainable Solutions |
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524 | (7) |
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531 | (3) |
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532 | (2) |
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Supplementary Chapters S21-S24 are available in the online website www.wiley.com/go/toxicologyofpollution2e |
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534 | (37) |
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535 | (8) |
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535 | (1) |
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535 | (6) |
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541 | (2) |
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542 | (1) |
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543 | (14) |
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522.1 Introduction to Radiation and Radionuclides |
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543 | (1) |
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522.2 Nuclear Energy and Reactions |
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544 | (2) |
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522.3 Sources and Exposures of Ionizing Radiation |
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546 | (2) |
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522.4 Environmental Behavior and Fate of Radionuclides |
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548 | (1) |
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549 | (1) |
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522.6 Ecological Effects of Radionuclides |
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550 | (1) |
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522.7 Ionizing Radiation Exposures and Human Health Effects |
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550 | (3) |
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553 | (4) |
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555 | (2) |
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557 | (6) |
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557 | (1) |
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523.2 Sediment Types and Properties |
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557 | (1) |
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523.3 Sources and Releases to the Environment |
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558 | (1) |
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523.4 Environmental Behavior and Fate of Sediments |
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558 | (1) |
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523.5 Environmental Effects of Sediment Pollution |
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559 | (1) |
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523.6 Ecological Effects of Sediments |
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560 | (3) |
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561 | (2) |
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563 | (8) |
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563 | (1) |
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524.2 Chemistry of Salinity |
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563 | (1) |
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524.3 Sources and Extent of Salinity |
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564 | (1) |
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524.4 Environmental Behavior and Fate of Salinity |
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565 | (2) |
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524.5 Environmental Exposures and Effects of Salinity |
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567 | (1) |
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524.6 Human Health Effects Due to Salinity |
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568 | (1) |
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569 | (2) |
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569 | (2) |
Index |
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571 | |