| Acknowledgments |
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xiii | |
| Note on Language |
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xv | |
| Introduction: Deconstructing the Intertwined Chinese National Ideals of Manchukuo |
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1 | (21) |
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External and Internal Forces of Manchukuo's Creation: Thesis and Focus |
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3 | (2) |
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Protecting Japan's Continental Lifeline: Manchuria and the Japanese |
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5 | (2) |
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Cultivating the Manchu Ancestral Laud with Han Power: Manchuria and the Han Chinese |
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7 | (2) |
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Creating Manchukuo with Dissidents from China: Manchuria's Problems after 1928 |
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9 | (2) |
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Overlooking the Significance of Manchukuo's Chinese Officials: Historiography |
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11 | (2) |
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Ten Figures and Five Categories: Structures, Sources, and Notes on "Collaboration" |
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13 | (2) |
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15 | (3) |
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18 | (4) |
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1 Contested Japanese Ideals in the State of Manchukuo: The National Policies of Itagaki Seishiro, Komai Tokuzo, Ishiwara Kanji, and Kasagi Yoshiaki |
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22 | (17) |
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Cultivating New Japanese Territories: The Ideal of Itagaki Seishiro |
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23 | (2) |
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Helping the Chinese Govern Their Lands: The Ideal of Komai Tokuzo |
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25 | (3) |
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Creating an East Asian Block against the West: The Ideal of Ishiwara Kanji |
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28 | (3) |
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Promoting Autonomy in Manchukuo and Revitalizing Asia: Kasagi Yoshiaki's Ideal |
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31 | (3) |
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Ideological Contest Rather than Military Coercion:
Chapter Conclusion |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (4) |
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2 Inviting the Japanese to Help Revive the Manchu Order in China: The Imperial Ambitions of Puyi and Xixia in Manchukuo |
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39 | (35) |
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Siding with the Japanese Emperor: Aixin-Jueluo Puyi in Manchukuo |
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40 | (17) |
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Miserable Life in Exile: The Early Life of Puyi |
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42 | (2) |
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A Tough Way to Manchuria: Puyi's Departure from Tianjin to Xinjing |
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44 | (2) |
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The Advent of Hayashide Kenjiro and Top Secret Meeting Records |
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46 | (2) |
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Anxious Pride: Puyi's Ambition for Power and Imperial Restoration |
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48 | (2) |
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Greeting the Showa Emperor and His Family Members: Puyi's Official Visit to Japan |
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50 | (2) |
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Carrying Forward East Asia's Moralities with Japan: Puyi's Increasing National Ambition |
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52 | (3) |
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Sharing the Fate with Japan: Puyi's National Ideal after 1937 |
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55 | (2) |
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A Desperate Call for Restoration: Aixin-Jueluo Xixia's Ironic Career in Manchukuo |
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57 | (9) |
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Unable to Forget the Qing Dynasty: Xixia's Early Life |
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58 | (2) |
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Confronting Domestic Enemies with Foreign Force: Xixia and the Creation of Manchukuo |
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60 | (1) |
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Confronting Non-Manchu Forces: Xixia's Frictions with Zheng Xiaoxu and the Japanese |
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61 | (3) |
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A Failed Dream of Revival: Xixia's Later Life |
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64 | (2) |
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Unconsciously Making the Japanese Decide the Future of the Manchus:
Chapter Conclusion |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (7) |
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3 "Reviled" Loyalists to China's Imperial and Cultural Order: Zheng Xiaoxu and Luo Zhenyu in the State of Manchukuo |
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74 | (35) |
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Utopian Idea, Tragic Result: Zheng Xiaoxu's Dream of the Open Door and the Kingly Way |
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75 | (16) |
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For the Sake of Zhongguo: Zheng Xiaoxu's Early Life and View of China |
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76 | (3) |
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To "Win the Lasting Gratitude of the Countless Blameless Chinese": The Origin of the Open Door |
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79 | (1) |
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Relying on the Financial Assistance of Foreign Powers: Zheng's View of the Open Door |
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80 | (2) |
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Demanding Foreign Economic Assistance and Guidance: The Component of International Supervision in Zheng's Open Door Policy |
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82 | (1) |
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A Path to the Realm of Benevolence: Explaining the Kingly Way |
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83 | (1) |
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Recovering China and Pacifying the World: Practicing the Kingly Way |
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84 | (2) |
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"Is Heaven the Only One Who Understands Me": The Failure of Zheng's National Ideals |
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86 | (3) |
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Becoming a Religious Totem of Manchukuo: The of Death Zheng and Beyond |
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89 | (2) |
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A Scholar Who Is Loyal to China's Imperial Order: The National Ideals of Luo Zhenyu |
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91 | (3) |
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The Beginning of a "Life-Long Bitterness": Luo's Early Life |
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93 | (1) |
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Foreign Friend and Domestic Foe: Luo's Attitude toward Japan and Republicanism |
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94 | (7) |
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Time to Revive the Monarchy: Luo and the Creation of Manchukuo |
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97 | (1) |
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Rectifying "the Mistakes of the Past": Luo's Later Life |
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98 | (3) |
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Chapter Conclusion: "Different Dreams in the Same Bed" |
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101 | (2) |
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103 | (6) |
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4 Ambivalent Images of Treason and Heroism Surrounding Manchukuo's Two Military Leaders: The Ideals of Zhang Jinghui and Ma Zhanshan |
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109 | (31) |
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A Pawn of the ROC and the Japanese: Manchukuo's Second Prime Minister Zhang Jinghui |
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110 | (10) |
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Peace as Priority: Zhang's Early Life |
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112 | (1) |
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Facing Japanese: Zhang and the Mauchurian Incident |
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113 | (2) |
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Endorsing Japanese Decisions: Zhang as the Manchukuo Prime Minister |
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115 | (2) |
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From Prisoner to Traitor: Zhang Jinghui during the Collapse of Manchukuo and Beyond |
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117 | (3) |
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Formation of an Anti-Japan Hero: Ma Zhanshan in the Era of Manchukuo |
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120 | (13) |
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An Ordinary Past: Ma's Early Life |
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121 | (1) |
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A Hopeless Struggle: Ma and the Battle of Nenjiang Bridge |
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121 | (3) |
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Antagonist Suppressed Protagonist: Ma's (Calculation and Plight |
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124 | (2) |
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Better Cooperate than Fight: Ma's Negotiation and (Cooperation with the Japanese |
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126 | (2) |
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Better Fight than Cooperate: Complicated Reasons behind Ma's Defection |
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128 | (2) |
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Redeeming the Dignity of a Constructed Hero: Ma's Helpless Second Resistance against the Japanese and Beyond |
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130 | (3) |
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A Concealed Power Contest between the ROC and the Japanese:
Chapter Conclusion |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (6) |
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5 Preserving Warlord Manchuria: Yu Chonghan's and Zang Shiyi's Service in Manchukuo |
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140 | (27) |
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Empowering the Powerless Masses of Manchuria: Yu Chonghan and His Dream of Regional Autonomy |
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141 | (10) |
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Road to a Prominent Civil Official of the Fengtian Faction: Yu's Early Life |
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143 | (1) |
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Protecting the Territory and the People of Manchuria: Yu's Civil Reforms |
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144 | (1) |
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Kingly Way Requires No Army: Yu's Doctrine of Nonmilitarization |
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145 | (1) |
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Empty-Handed Masses Need Protection: Yu's Justification for Autonomy |
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146 | (1) |
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Clothing and Food Matters to One's Daily Life: Yu's Financial Observations |
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147 | (1) |
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Rectifying the Existing Official Faults of Fengtian: Yu's Government Reforms |
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148 | (1) |
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A Respected Exit from Politics: Yu's Ephemeral Career in Manchukuo and Death |
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149 | (2) |
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Unspeakable Bitterness: Zang Shiyi and His Cooperation with the Japanese in Manchukuo |
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151 | (8) |
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A Path to the Aide of Zhang Xueliang: Zang's Early Life |
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153 | (1) |
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Tormented Decisions Facing Japanese Threats: Zang during the Manchurian Incident |
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153 | (2) |
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Fourteen Years of Silence: Zang's Career in the State of Manchukuo |
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155 | (3) |
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From Celebrity to Prisoner: Zang's Later Life |
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158 | (1) |
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Traitorous on the Surface; Helpless at the Core:
Chapter Conclusion |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (6) |
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6 Reforming China's Political and Legal Systems Based on Showa Japan's Experiences: Zhao Xinbo and Feng Hanqing as Manchukuo's Government Leaders |
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167 | (35) |
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Raised in China and Educated in Japan: Zhao Xinbo and His Struggles for Sino-Japan Cooperation |
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168 | (16) |
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"A Dissertation of Tears and Vengeance": Zhao's Early Life |
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170 | (2) |
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Strengthening the Ties between the ROC and Japan: Zhao's Attitude toward Japan |
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172 | (2) |
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Refusing to become "an Egq in a Falling Nest": Zhao's Break with Zhang Xueliang |
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174 | |
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Protecting the Chinese Residents of Fengtian under Chinese Condemnation: Zhao's Service as the Mayor of Fcngtian, October 1931--March 1932 |
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173 | (4) |
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Identifying the New State: Zhao's View of Manchukuo and Its Officialdom's Principles |
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177 | (2) |
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Liberating the East with Japan: Zhao's View of a Japanese-Supervised Asian Solidarity |
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179 | (1) |
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An Unsuccessful Struggle for Power: Zhao's Dismissal and Removal from Office |
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180 | (2) |
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A Lingering Influence on Sino-Japanese Relations: Highly Publicized Disputes over Zhao's Properties in Japan, 1951--1984 |
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182 | (2) |
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Passionate Scholar of Law: Manchukuo's First Minister of Justice, Feng Hanqing |
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184 | (10) |
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Modern Scholar in a Tumultuous Era: Feng's Early Life |
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185 | (1) |
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Shaping Manchukuo's Judicial Order: Feng's Attitude toward Judicial Integrity |
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186 | (3) |
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Not Another Korea: Feng's View of Manchukuo and the Japanese Presence |
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189 | (2) |
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A Quiet and Bitter Exit from History: Feng's Mysterious Later Life |
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191 | (3) |
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A One-Sided Wish for Sino-Japanese Cooperation:
Chapter Conclusion |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (6) |
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Conclusion: Overcoming the National, Ethnic, and Emotional Boundaries in the Study of Manchukuo |
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202 | (14) |
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Betraying the National Interests of China: PRC studies on Manchu Aristocrats |
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203 | (1) |
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Treating the Year 1931 as a Watershed: Chinese-Language Studies on Qing Loyalists |
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204 | (1) |
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Shameless Betrayal versus National Salvation: PRC Studies on Military Leaders |
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205 | (1) |
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Fading into Obscurity: PRC Studies on Civil Elites and Modern Intellectuals |
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206 | (1) |
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Unable to Problematize the Notion of Betrayal: Section Summary |
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206 | (1) |
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Constructing Japanese Manchukuo: The May 1937 Reform and Its Significance |
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207 | (2) |
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Either Becoming Abandoned Pawns or Silent Followers of the Japanese: The Dilemma of Manchukuo's Chinese Government Leaders |
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209 | (2) |
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Epilogue: The Way of Approaching Manchuria and Manchukuo |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (4) |
| Appendix 1 Manchukuo's Top-Level Government Structure in March 1932 |
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216 | (2) |
| Appendix 2 Manchukuo's Major Government Institutions after May 1937 |
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218 | (2) |
| Appendix 3 Time Line of Relevant Events in This Book |
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220 | (9) |
| Bibliography |
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229 | (13) |
| Index |
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242 | |
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