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El. knyga: Chlamydiae and Chlamydial Infections

  • Formatas: 504 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 01-Sep-2022
  • Leidėjas: River Publishers
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000796209
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Chlamydiae and Chlamydial InfectionsDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 504 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 01-Sep-2022
  • Leidėjas: River Publishers
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000796209
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Chlamydiae are a group of obligate intracellular microorganisms with a homogeneous group-specific antigenic structure, and a unique mode of development. The infections caused by them are unprecedented and wide-spread throughout the world, including a broad range of hosts among domestic and animal species and humans, and a variety of clinical manifestations. The uniqueness of chlamydia pathology consists mainly in the fact that the agents of the individual diseases are so close in their biological properties that they are represented only by the single genus Chlamydia, which includes all currently recognized species.

Although chlamydiae and chlamydial infections were discovered a long time ago, they are still under-researched and relatively unknown to broad circles of microbiologists, virologists, epidemiologists and clinicians. A number of issues relating to molecular biology, pathogenesis, mechanisms of Chlamydia development and their interactions with cells, as well as their genetic conditioning and regulation, remain unclear. The same is true for ambiguities, problems and contradictions related to epidemiology, diagnostic approaches, immunity and vaccines. Based on scientific facts and the analysis of literature, and the experience of the author, Chlamydiae and Chlamydial Infections attempts to shed light on the cited problems, in terms of modern microbiology, cell biology and molecular biology. The scientific topics discussed include:

- Biological, morphological and antigenic properties of Chlamydia spp
- Genes, genomic structure and genetic regulations
- Conventional diagnostic methods and examinations
- Detection and differentiation of Chlamydia organisms by DNA detection systems
- Clinical forms and manifestations and drug therapy
- Pathology
- Epidemiological peculiarities of Chlamydia - induced diseases in animals and humans
- Immunity and vaccines.
Preface xv
List of Figures xvii
List of Tables xxix
List of Abbreviations xxxiii
Introduction 1(6)
1 Historical Notes 7(4)
2 Nature of Chlamydial Organisms and Taxonomy 11(6)
3 Morphology, Mode of Development, and Interaction with the Cells 17(38)
3.1 Morphology of Chlamydiae in Light Microscopy
17(1)
3.2 Electron Microscopic Morphology
18(1)
3.3 Initial Bodies, Condense Bodies, and Reticulate Bodies
19(1)
3.4 Aberrant Forms, Chlamydial Membranes, and Miniature Particles
20(1)
3.5 Fine Structure of Chlamydia Organisms
21(2)
3.6 Mode of Development of Chlamydia in Chicken Embryos and Cell Cultures
23(4)
3.7 Degenerative Changes in the Infected Cells
27(1)
3.8 Morphological and Morphogenetic Features of Chlamydia in Clinical and Pathological Materials of Infected Animals and Humans
27(1)
3.9 Light Microscopic Examinations
28(3)
3.10 Electron Microscopic Examinations
31(1)
3.11 Ultrastructure of Mammalian and Avian Chlamydia
32(5)
3.12 Ultrastructure of Chlamydia trachomatis
37(6)
3.13 Comparative Analysis of the Electron Microscopic Morphology of Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis
43(2)
3.14 Morphogenetic Features of C. psittaci and C. trachomatis
45(3)
3.15 Electron Microscopic Diagnostics of Chlamydiae
48(4)
3.16 Morphology as a Method of Indication and Identification of Chlamydial Organisms
52(1)
3.17 Interaction of Chlamydial Organisms with the Host Cell
52(3)
4 Genomic Structure, Genes, and Molecular Regulation of the Development of Chlamydiae 55(6)
5 Isolation and Cultivation of Chlamydia 61(48)
5.1 Introduction
61(17)
5.1.1 Chicken Embryos
61(4)
5.1.2 Cell Cultures
65(4)
5.1.3 White Mice
69(3)
5.1.4 Guinea Pigs
72(1)
5.1.5 Rabbits
73(1)
5.1.6 Cats
74(1)
5.1.7 Pigs
74(1)
5.1.8 Primates
75(2)
5.1.9 Other Animals
77(1)
5.1.10 Identification of Chlamydial Isolates
77(1)
5.2 Isolation of Chlamydia from Different Animal Species and Humans
78(39)
5.2.1 Strains Isolated from Sheep
78(8)
5.2.1.1 Abortions, premature births, stillbirths and non-viable lambs
78(6)
5.2.1.2 Pneumonia in sheep
84(1)
5.2.1.3 Conjunctivitis in sheep
84(1)
5.2.1.4 Arthritis in sheep
85(1)
5.2.1.5 Orchitis and orchiepididimytis
86(1)
5.2.2 Strains Isolated from Goats
86(5)
5.2.2.1 Abortions, stillbirths and non-viable kids
86(2)
5.2.2.2 Pneumonia in goats
88(1)
5.2.2.3 Arthritis in goats
89(2)
5.2.3 Strains Isolated from Cattle
91(3)
5.2.3.1 Abortions, stillbirths and non-viable Calves
91(1)
5.2.3.2 Polyarthritis in calves
92(1)
5.2.3.3 Keratoconjunctivitis
93(1)
5.2.3.4 Latent chlamydial infection
94(1)
5.2.4 Strains Isolated from Pigs
94(3)
5.2.4.1 Pericarditis
94(2)
5.2.4.2 Abortions
96(1)
5.2.4.3 Other clinical conditions in Pigs
97(1)
5.2.5 Strains Isolated from Dogs
97(1)
5.2.6 Strains Isolated from Cats
97(1)
5.2.7 Strains Isolated from Guinea Pigs
97(1)
5.2.8 Strains Isolated from Birds
98(3)
5.2.9 Strains Isolated from Humans
101(42)
5.2.9.1 Chlamydia trachomatis
101(5)
5.2.9.2 Chlamydia pneumoniae
106(1)
5.2.9.3 Chlamydia psittaci
106(1)
5.2.9.4 Chlamydia abortus
107(2)
6 Virulence and Pathogenicity 109(8)
7 Chlamydial Antigens and Antigenic Analysis 117(10)
7.1 Genus-specific (Group-specific) Antigen
117(2)
7.2 Species-specific Antigens
119(1)
7.3 Sub-species (Type-specific) Antigens
120(2)
7.4 Toxic Antigens
122(1)
7.5 Non-specific Antigens
123(1)
7.6 Antigenic Analysis
124(3)
8 Immunity and Antibodies 127(16)
8.1 Introduction
127(1)
8.2 Cellular Immunity and Immunomorphology
128(4)
8.3 Humoral Immunity
132(1)
8.4 Polyclonal Antibodies
133(5)
8.5 Monoclonal Antibodies
138(5)
9 Serology 143(48)
9.1 Serological Assays
143(10)
9.1.1 Complement Fixation Test
143(4)
9.1.2 Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
147(4)
9.1.3 Reaction Immunofluorescence
151(1)
9.1.4 Other Serological Tests
152(1)
9.2 Serological Examinations
153(38)
9.2.1 Serological Examinations in Sheep
153(9)
9.2.1.1 Serological status of Chlamydial infection in the sheep population in Bulgaria
153(2)
9.2.1.2 Serological examinations in sheep with abortions and related conditions of the pathology of pregnancy
155(4)
9.2.1.3 Serological examination of sheep respiratory diseases
159(3)
9.2.1.4 Serological examinations of Rams
162(1)
9.2.2 Serological Examinations in Goats
162(7)
9.2.2.1 Serological status of Chlamydial infection among goats in Bulgaria
162(2)
9.2.2.2 Serological examinations of goats with abortions, stillbirths, and deliveries of nonviable kids
164(3)
9.2.2.3 Serological investigations in goats with pneumonia
167(2)
9.2.3 Serological Examinations in Cattle
169(5)
9.2.3.1 Serological status of Chlamydial infection among cattle in Bulgaria
169(2)
9.2.3.2 Serological testing of cows with miscarriages, stillbirths, and births of nonviable calves
171(1)
9.2.3.3 Serological examinations of bulls
172(2)
9.2.4 Serological Examinations of Buffaloes
174(1)
9.2.5 Serological Examinations in Pigs
174(4)
9.2.6 Serological Testing of Horses
178(1)
9.2.7 Serological Examinations of Dogs
178(1)
9.2.8 Serological Survey of Cats
178(2)
9.2.9 Serological Investigations in Birds
180(3)
9.2.9.1 Chlamydiosis (ornithosis) in ducks
180(1)
9.2.9.2 Chlamydiosis (ornithosis) in geese
181(1)
9.2.9.3 Chlamydiosis (ornithosis) in hens
182(1)
9.2.9.4 Psittacosis in parrots
182(1)
9.2.10 Serological Examinations of Wild Mammals and Birds
183(1)
9.2.11 Serological Examinations of Humans for Chlamydia spp
183(14)
9.2.11.1 Infections with C. psittaci
184(2)
9.2.11.2 Infections with C. trachomatis
186(2)
9.2.11.3 Infections with C. pneumoniae
188(3)
10 Detection and Differentiation of Chlamydia Microorganisms by DNA Detection Systems 191(26)
10.1 Conventional PCR
191(2)
10.2 Real-time PCR
193(4)
10.3 Our Experience in the Development, Adaptation and Application of PCR Techniques
197(17)
10.3.1 Normal (Conventional) PCR
197(2)
10.3.2 REP-PCR in Chlamydiae of Different Species and Nosological Origin
199(3)
10.3.3 REP-PCR. Comparative Analysis of Strains Chlamydia spp., Coxiella burnetii, Brucella and Representatives of α-1 (Rickettsiae) and α-2 Subdivisions of Proteobacteria
202(5)
10.3.4 ERIC-PCR
207(1)
10.3.5 RAPD-PCR
208(4)
10.3.6 Other PCR Techniques
212(2)
10.4 DNA Microarray Technology
214(3)
11 Clinical Picture 217(64)
11.1 Clinical Observations in Domestic Mammals
217(28)
11.1.1 Latent Chlamydiosis
217(1)
11.1.2 Chlamydial Abortions, Premature Births, Stillbirths and Non-viable Offspring
218(3)
11.1.3 Chlamydial Respiratory Diseases
221(3)
11.1.4 Chlamydial Conjunctivitis and Keratoconjunctivitis in Sheep
224(1)
11.1.5 Chlamydial Polyarthritis in Sheep
225(2)
11.1.6 Chlamydial Arthritis in Goats
227(1)
11.1.7 Chlamydial Polyarthritis in Cattle
228(1)
11.1.8 Chlamydial Encephalomyelitis in Cattle and Buffaloes
228(1)
11.1.9 Chlamydial Mastitis in Cattle
229(2)
11.1.10 Intestinal Chlamydial Infections in Ruminants
231(2)
11.1.11 Chlamydial Pericarditis in Pigs
233(1)
11.1.12 Chlamydial Abortions, Stillbirths, and Deliveries of Unviable Offspring in Pigs
233(1)
11.1.13 Chlamydial Vaginitis in Pigs
234(1)
11.1.14 Chlamydial Polyarthritis in Pigs
234(1)
11.1.15 Reproductive Disorders in Sows
234(1)
11.1.16 Chlamydial Conjunctivitis in Pigs
235(1)
11.1.17 Chlamydial Pneumonia in Pigs
236(1)
11.1.18 Chlamydiosis in Boars
237(1)
11.1.19 Intestinal Chlamydial Infections in Pigs
237(1)
11.1.20 Latent Chlamydiosis
238(1)
11.1.21 Prevention, Treatment and Control of Chlamydioses in Pigs
239(1)
11.1.22 Clinical Observations in Horses
239(1)
11.1.23 Clinical Observations in Dogs
240(2)
11.1.24 Treatment of Dogs
242(1)
11.1.25 Clinical Observations in Cats
243(1)
11.1.26 Treatment of Cats
244(1)
11.2 Clinical Observations in Birds
245(3)
11.2.1 Chlamydiosis in Waterfowl
245(1)
11.2.2 Chlamydiosis in Hens
246(1)
11.2.3 Chlamydiosis in Turkeys
246(1)
11.2.4 Chlamydiosis in Decorative Birds
247(1)
11.2.5 Chlamydiosis in Pigeons
248(1)
11.3 Clinical Observations in Guinea Pigs
248(1)
11.4 Clinical Observations in Humans
249(7)
11.4.1 Human Infections Caused by Chlamydia Psittaci with Avian Origin
249(2)
11.4.2 Clinical Data for Chlamydiosis Epidemics in Humans Associated with Outbreaks of Avian Chlamydiosis in Waterfowl
251(1)
11.4.3 Sporadic Morbidity from Ornithosis in Humans
251(1)
11.4.4 Chlamydiae of Mammalian Origin and their Importance for Human Health
252(4)
11.5 Infections Caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis
256(6)
11.5.1 Chlamydial Urethritis (Non-gonococcal Urethritis - NGU) in Men
256(1)
11.5.2 Post-Gonococcal Chlamydial Urethritis (PGU)
257(2)
11.5.3 Chlamydial Prostatitis
259(1)
11.5.4 Chlamydial Vesiculitis
260(1)
11.5.5 Chlamydial Epididymitis, Orchitis, and Orchiepididymitis
260(2)
11.5.6 Paraurethrits
262(1)
11.6 Chlamydial Infections in Women
262(14)
11.6.1 Chlamydial Cervicitis
262(3)
11.6.2 Chlamydial Vaginitis
265(1)
11.6.3 Chlamydial Urethritis, Urethral Syndrome, and Paraurethritis in Women
266(1)
11.6.4 Chlamydial Bartholinitis
266(1)
11.6.5 Chlamydial Endometritis
267(1)
11.6.6 Chlamydial Salpingitis
268(1)
11.6.7 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
269(1)
11.6.8 Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome (FRCS)
270(2)
11.6.9 Chlamydia Trachomatis Placental Inflammation
272(1)
11.6.10 Reiter's Syndrome and Reactive Arthritis
272(3)
11.6.11 Infection with C. trachomatis in Newborn Children
275(1)
11.6.12 Use of Immuno-stimulator Urostim in Chronic Recurrent Andrologic Infections with Chlamydial Etiology
275(1)
11.7 Infections Caused by Chlamydia Pneumoniae
276(1)
11.7.1 Atypical Pneumonia
276(1)
11.7.2 Chlamydia Pneumoniae and Asthma
276(1)
11.8 Clinical Manifestations of Chlamydial Infections in Other Animal Species
277(4)
12 Pathology 281(28)
12.1 Macroscopic Observations
281(8)
12.1.1 Domestic Ruminants
281(4)
12.1.1.1 Chlamydial abortion in goats
282(1)
12.1.1.2 Chlamydial abortion in cows
282(1)
12.1.1.3 Stillborn lambs, kids, and calves
283(1)
12.1.1.4 Premature births in sheep, goats and cows
283(1)
12.1.1.5 Chlamydial polyarthritis in sheep
283(1)
12.1.1.6 Chlamydial polyarthritis in cattle
284(1)
12.1.1.7 Chlamydial conjunctivitis in sheep
284(1)
12.1.1.8 Chlamydial pneumonia in sheep
284(1)
12.1.1.9 Chlamydial respiratory diseases in goats and kids
285(1)
12.1.2 Swine
285(2)
12.1.2.1 Chlamydial pericarditis
285(1)
12.1.2.2 Chlamydial vaginitis
286(1)
12.1.2.3 Chlamydial epizootic abortion
287(1)
12.1.2.4 Chlamydial pneumonia in pigs
287(1)
12.1.3 Birds
287(1)
12.1.3.1 Chlamydiosis (ornithosis) in ducks
287(1)
12.1.3.2 Chlamydiosis (ornithosis) in hens
288(1)
12.1.3.3 Chlamydiosis (ornithosis) in pigeons
288(1)
12.1.3.4 Psittacosis in psittacine birds
288(1)
12.1.4 Guinea Pigs
288(1)
12.1.4.1 Guinea-Pig Inclusion Conjunctivitis (GPIC)
288(1)
12.2 Microscopic Findings
289(20)
12.2.1 Chlamydial Abortion in Sheep
289(7)
12.2.1.1 Placentas
289(4)
12.2.1.2 Fetuses
293(3)
12.2.2 Chlamydial Polyarthritis in Sheep
296(1)
12.2.3 Chlamydial Polyarthritis in Calves
296(1)
12.2.4 Chlamydial Encephalitis in Cattle and Buffalos
297(1)
12.2.5 Chlamydial Pneumonia in Sheep and Cattle
298(1)
12.2.6 Chlamydial Enteritis in Calves
298(1)
12.2.7 Chlamydial Pericarditis in Pigs
299(1)
12.2.8 Chlamydial Conjunctivitis and Keratoconjunctivitis in Pigs
299(3)
12.2.9 Chlamydial Pneumonia in Pigs
302(1)
12.2.10 Chlamydial Abortion in Pigs
303(1)
12.2.11 Chlamydiosis in Ducks
303(3)
12.2.12 Chlamydiosis in Hens
306(3)
13 Epidemiology 309(24)
13.1 Sero-epizootiology and Nosogeography of Chlamydial Infections in Bulgaria
309(3)
13.2 General Characteristics of Foci of Chlamydial Infections Among Domestic Ruminants
312(2)
13.3 Epizootiology of Chlamydial Abortions and Related Conditions of Pathology of Pregnancy
314(5)
13.4 Epizootiological Aspects of Chlamydial Respiratory Diseases
319(1)
13.5 Epizootiological Aspects of Chlamydial Keratoconjunctivitis and Arthritis
320(1)
13.6 Epizootiological Studies of Swine Chlamydiosis
321(2)
13.7 Epizootiological and Epidemiological Studies of Avian Chlamydiosis
323(10)
13.7.1 Epizootics of Ornithosis in Ducks - Trustenik (P1), 1991
326(1)
13.7.2 Epizootics of Ornithosis in Ducks - Kostinbrod (SF), 1991
326(1)
13.7.2.1 Technological and sanitary analysis
326(1)
13.7.3 Analysis of C. psittaci Infection and Mortality
326(1)
13.7.4 Other Epizootics and Enzootics of Chlamydiosis in Waterfowl
327(1)
13.7.5 Epidemiological Analysis of the Diseases of Psittacosis-Ornithosis in Humans
328(5)
14 Vaccines for Chlamydia-induced Diseases 333(32)
14.1 Introduction
333(1)
14.2 Avian Chlamydiosis
333(1)
14.3 Chlamydial Abortion in Sheep
334(26)
14.3.1 Method for the Preparation of PM-3 Vaccine Against Chlamydial Miscarriage in Sheep
341(19)
14.3.1.1 Chlamydial strains
341(1)
14.3.1.2 Preparation of suspensions
341(1)
14.3.1.3 Electron microscopic examination of suspensions
341(1)
14.3.1.4 Bacteriological control of suspensions
341(1)
14.3.1.5 Centrifuging the suspension at 1500 g for 40 min
342(1)
14.3.1.6 EM-control of the aggregate sediment and the pooled supernatant after centrifugation at 1500g
342(1)
14.3.1.7 Inactivation of the chlamydiae
343(1)
14.3.1.8 Determination of the antigenic content in the aggregate sediment and the pooled supernatant after centrifugation at 1500g
344(1)
14.3.1.9 Determination of antigenic content in inactivated chlamydial suspensions
345(3)
14.3.1.10 Treatment of the suspensions by ultrasound
348(1)
14.3.1.11 Infectivity control
348(1)
14.3.1.12 Determination of antigenic content in the ultrasound treated suspension
348(1)
14.3.1.13 Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting
349(1)
14.3.1.14 Deposition with aluminum hydroxide
350(1)
14.3.1.15 Sterility controls
351(1)
14.3.1.16 Innocuousness control
351(7)
14.3.1.17 Challenge inoculation
358(1)
14.3.1.18 Other clinical observations
359(1)
14.3.1.19 Storage of the vaccine
359(1)
14.4 Vaccines for Cattle
360(1)
14.5 Vaccines Against Chlamydial Infections in Cats
361(1)
14.6 Attempts to Develop Vaccines Against C. trachomatis-induced Diseases in Humans
362(3)
Bibliography 365(92)
Index 457(10)
About the Author 467
Svetoslav P. Martinov, National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute Sofia, Bulgaria
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