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El. knyga: Clastic Hydrocarbon Reservoir Sedimentology

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This book presents a comprehensive assessment of clastic sedimentology and its application to reservoir geology. It covers the theoretical foundations of the topic and its use for scientists as well as professionals in the field. Further, it addresses all aspects of reservoir sedimentology, clastic sequence stratigraphy, sedimentation, reservoir diagenesis and heterogeneity, as well as depositional systems (alluvial, fluvial, lacustrine, delta, sandy coast, neritic, deep-water) in detail.

The research team responsible for this book has been investigating clastic sedimentology for more than three decades and consists of highly published and cited authors. The Chinese edition of this book has been a great success, and is popular among sedimentologists and petroleum geologists alike.
1 Introduction
1(20)
1.1 Formation and Development of Modern Sedimentology
1(3)
1.1.1 Emerging Phase (1830-1894)
2(1)
1.1.2 Initial Formation Phase (1894-1931)
2(2)
1.1.3 Professional Study Phase (1932-1950)
4(1)
1.2 Development and Features of Modern Sedimentology
4(11)
1.2.1 Basic Maturity Phase (1950s-1960s)
4(3)
1.2.2 Summary and Improvement Phase (1970s)
7(2)
1.2.3 Theory Sublimation Phase (1980s)
9(4)
1.2.4 Discipline Permeation Phase (1990s)
13(2)
1.3 Related Concepts, Connotations, and Development of Sedimentology
15(6)
1.3.1 Sedimentary Environment
15(1)
1.3.2 Formation and Development of Concept of Depositional Facies and Depositional System
16(1)
1.3.3 Depositional Model
17(1)
References
18(3)
2 Formation, Development, and Trends in Reservoir Sedimentology
21(28)
2.1 Concept, Nature, and Task of Reservoir Sedimentology
21(4)
2.1.1 Rise of Reservoir Sedimentology
21(1)
2.1.2 Definitions and Related Concepts
22(3)
2.1.3 Tasks, Objectives, and Research Content
25(1)
2.2 Dynamics, Trends, and Reservoir Sedimentology Research Methods
25(11)
2.2.1 Status and Challenges Involved in Reservoir Research
25(5)
2.2.2 History and Prospects of Petroleum Reservoir Research
30(4)
2.2.3 Thoughts and Methods for Reservoir Sedimentology Research
34(2)
2.3 Trends in Domestic and International Petroleum Reservoir Research
36(13)
2.3.1 Evolution from Macroscopic to Microscopic Research in Reservoir Sedimentology
36(2)
2.3.2 Qualitative to Quantitative Evolution of Reservoir Description and Prediction
38(1)
2.3.3 Progress from Theoretical Sedimentology to Applied Sedimentology and Construction of Reservoir Characterization Technology
39(1)
2.3.4 Synergetic Research and Development of Reservoir Characterization from Single Discipline to Multi-discipline
40(2)
2.3.5 Emergence of Various Simulation Methods and Software
42(2)
2.3.6 Current Hot Issues in Petroleum Reservoir Research
44(3)
References
47(2)
3 Basic Features of Clastic Reservoirs
49(28)
3.1 Petrologic Features of Clastic Reservoirs
49(2)
3.1.1 Rock Type
49(2)
3.1.2 Fabric Features
51(1)
3.1.3 Support Form
51(1)
3.2 Reservoir Properties
51(14)
3.2.1 Porosity of Reservoir Rock
51(9)
3.2.2 Permeability of Reservoir Rock
60(3)
3.2.3 Fluid Saturation
63(1)
3.2.4 Reservoir Concept and Classification
64(1)
3.3 Reservoir Architecture
65(12)
3.3.1 Sectional Geometric Feature of Sand Bodies
66(1)
3.3.2 Planar Geometry of Sand Bodies
67(2)
3.3.3 Mechanism for Controlling Plane Modality of Depositional System
69(1)
3.3.4 Geometrical Superimposition and Genesis of Sand Bodies
70(2)
3.3.5 Reservoir Structure or Model
72(4)
References
76(1)
4 Theory and Methods for Studying Clastic Sequence Stratigraphy
77(64)
4.1 Formation and Development of Sequence Stratigraphy
77(4)
4.1.1 Emergence and Establishment of the Sequence Concept (1948-1976)
77(1)
4.1.2 Formation and Development of Seismic Stratigraphy (1977-1986)
78(1)
4.1.3 Formation and Development of Sequence Stratigraphy (from 1987 to Date)
79(1)
4.1.4 Different Schools of Sequence Stratigraphy
80(1)
4.1.5 Terrestrial Clastic Sequence Stratigraphy
80(1)
4.2 Theory System of Marine Clastic Sequence Stratigraphy
81(12)
4.2.1 Sequence and Its Formation System
81(8)
4.2.2 Boundary System in Sequence Stratigraphy
89(3)
4.2.3 Concept System of Sequence Genesis Control
92(1)
4.3 Theoretical System of Terrestrial Clastic Sequence Stratigraphy
93(8)
4.3.1 Characteristics of Lake Level Change
94(3)
4.3.2 Main Controlling Factors of Continental Sequence Stratigraphy
97(1)
4.3.3 Classification of Continental Sequence Stratigraphic Level
98(1)
4.3.4 Types of Continental Sequence Stratigraphic Models
99(2)
4.4 Theoretical System of High-Resolution Sequence Stratigraphy
101(9)
4.4.1 Concept Introduction
101(3)
4.4.2 Theoretical Basis
104(6)
4.5 Continental Clastic Sequence Stratigraphic Framework Research Method
110(20)
4.5.1 Basic Data for Continental Clastic Sequence Stratigraphic Research
110(1)
4.5.2 Research Principle
111(1)
4.5.3 General Research Process
111(1)
4.5.4 Identification of Continental Clastic Sequence Boundary
111(7)
4.5.5 Establishment of Field Outcrop Sequence Stratigraphic Framework
118(1)
4.5.6 Establishment of Seismic Sequence Framework
119(2)
4.5.7 Establishment of High-resolution Drilling (Logging) Sequence Stratigraphic Framework
121(9)
4.6 Application of Clastic Sequence Stratigraphy in Hydrocarbon Exploration
130(11)
4.6.1 High-Resolution Sequence Stratum and Isochronal Stratigraphic Framework
133(1)
4.6.2 High-Resolution Sequence Stratum and Hydrocarbon Exploration
133(3)
4.6.3 Sequence-Controlled Reservoir Modeling in Oilfield Development
136(2)
References
138(3)
5 Research Methods of Sedimentary Facies and Sedimentation
141(102)
5.1 Concept of Fluid Dynamics and Analysis on Hydrodynamic Conditions
141(12)
5.1.1 Concept of Fluid Dynamics
141(3)
5.1.2 Main Types of Current and Sediment Characteristics
144(5)
5.1.3 Flume Experiment-Bedding Formation Mechanism
149(4)
5.2 Grain Size Distribution Characteristics and Environmental Significance
153(15)
5.2.1 Main Grain Size Analysis Methods
153(1)
5.2.2 Grain Size Distribution Curve and Grain Size Parameter
154(8)
5.2.3 Grain Size Parameter Scatter Diagram
162(6)
5.3 Characteristics and Identification of Sedimentary Structures
168(21)
5.3.1 Basic Concept
168(2)
5.3.2 Sedimentary Structure of Mechanical Genesis
170(18)
5.3.3 Sedimentary Structure with Chemogenic Characteristics
188(1)
5.3.4 Sedimentary Structures with Biogenic Characteristics
188(1)
5.4 Core Description and Lithofacies Division
189(10)
5.4.1 Core Description Method and Principle
193(6)
5.5 Identification and Modeling of Electrofacies
199(18)
5.5.1 Overview
199(3)
5.5.2 Geological Significance of Conventional Electric Well-Logging Curve Features
202(3)
5.5.3 Depositional Facies Research by Diplog and Imaging Logging
205(6)
5.5.4 Steps in Electrofacies Research
211(6)
5.6 Seismic Facies Analysis
217(15)
5.6.1 Basic Concept
217(1)
5.6.2 Seismic Facies Markers and Main Characteristics
218(11)
5.6.3 Seismic Facies Analysis
229(3)
5.7 Sedimentary Process of Clastic Rocks
232(11)
5.7.1 Vertical Accretion
233(1)
5.7.2 Progradation
233(2)
5.7.3 Lateral Accretion
235(1)
5.7.4 Overbank/Sheet Flow Accretion
235(3)
5.7.5 Sieve Accretion
238(1)
5.7.6 Winnowing or Swashing Accretion
239(1)
5.7.7 Aggradation and Channel Filling
239(1)
5.7.8 Turbidity Accretion
239(1)
References
240(3)
6 Reservoir Diagenesis
243(56)
6.1 Research Methods and Contents
243(16)
6.1.1 Petromineralogy Method
244(1)
6.1.2 Regular Rock Slice Research
244(10)
6.1.3 Experimental Testing Method
254(5)
6.2 Diagenesis and Porosity Evolution
259(20)
6.2.1 Basic Elements of Diagenesis
259(4)
6.2.2 Main Diagenesis
263(10)
6.2.3 Formation Mechanism of Secondary Pores
273(6)
6.3 Dissolution of Carbonic Acid to Minerals
279(2)
6.3.1 Factors Influencing Secondary Pore Formation
280(1)
6.4 Division of Diagenetic Stage and Evolutionary Model
281(18)
6.4.1 Terms and Definitions
281(1)
6.4.2 Basis for Diagenetic Stage Division
281(1)
6.4.3 Marks of Various Diagenetic Stages
282(11)
6.4.4 Study of Diagenetic Sequence
293(1)
6.4.5 Establishment of Diagenetic Evolution Model in Lacustrine Basin
294(2)
References
296(3)
7 Reservoir Heterogeneity
299(26)
7.1 Concept and Influencing Factors
299(2)
7.1.1 Concept
299(1)
7.1.2 Main Influencing Factors
300(1)
7.2 Classification of Reservoir Heterogeneity
301(3)
7.2.1 Pettijohn Classification
301(1)
7.2.2 Weber Classification
301(2)
7.2.3 Haldorsen Classification
303(1)
7.2.4 Classification by Qiu Yi'nan et al
304(1)
7.3 Research and Quantitative Description of Heterogeneity
304(14)
7.3.1 Microscopic Heterogeneity
305(5)
7.3.2 Interlayer Heterogeneity
310(1)
7.3.3 Plane Heterogeneity
311(4)
7.3.4 Microscopic Heterogeneity
315(3)
7.4 Reservoir Heterogeneity and Hydrocarbon Recovery Ratio
318(7)
7.4.1 Influence of Macroscopic Heterogeneity on Waterflooding Development
318(3)
7.4.2 Relationship Between Microscopic Heterogeneity and Hydrocarbon Recovery Ratio
321(2)
References
323(2)
8 Alluvial Fan Depositional System
325(28)
8.1 Basic Characteristics and Classification of Alluvial Fans
325(7)
8.1.1 Basic Features
325(3)
8.1.2 Classification of Alluvial Fans
328(1)
8.1.3 Elements Controlling the Geometric Form of the Fan Shape
329(2)
8.1.4 Relationship between Area of an Alluvial Fan and Drainage Basin
331(1)
8.2 Sedimentation of Alluvial Fans, Sediment Types, and Features
332(3)
8.2.1 Debris Flow Deposit
332(1)
8.2.2 Sheet Flood Deposit
332(1)
8.2.3 Channel Deposit
333(1)
8.2.4 Sieve Sediment
334(1)
8.3 Sedimentary Environment and Sedimentary Sequence of Alluvial Fans
335(4)
8.3.1 Sedimentary Environment
335(1)
8.3.2 Vertical Sedimentary Sequence
336(3)
8.4 Identification of Alluvial Fan Sedimentation
339(4)
8.4.1 Sedimentary Marks for Identifying Alluvial Fans
339(2)
8.4.2 Features of Alluvial Fans on Seismic Sections
341(1)
8.4.3 Electric Well-logging Curve Features for Each Part of an Alluvial Fan
342(1)
8.5 Geometry and Reservoir Features of Alluvial Fans
343(10)
8.5.1 Geometry of the Fan Body
343(1)
8.5.2 Complex Microscopic Pore Structure
343(1)
8.5.3 Lithology and Physical Characteristics
344(2)
8.5.4 Reservoir Heterogeneous Characteristics
346(5)
References
351(2)
9 Fluvial Depositional System
353(64)
9.1 River Classification
353(18)
9.1.1 Early Classification Schemes
354(3)
9.1.2 Classification by A. D. Miall
357(7)
9.1.3 River Structure-Generic Classification
364(1)
9.1.4 Lithofacies Association Classification
365(6)
9.2 Basic Features of Different River Patterns
371(10)
9.2.1 Straight River
371(1)
9.2.2 Braided River
372(3)
9.2.3 Meandering River
375(4)
9.2.4 Anastomosing River
379(2)
9.3 Sedimentary Environment and Sedimentary Sequence
381(24)
9.3.1 Environment Type and Model of Meandering Rivers
382(7)
9.3.2 Vertical Sedimentary Sequence of a Meandering River
389(2)
9.3.3 Environment Type and Model of Braided River
391(12)
9.3.4 Environment Type and Model of Anastomosing Rivers
403(1)
9.3.5 Sedimentary Sequence and Model of Anastomosing Rivers
404(1)
9.4 Identification of Fluvial Deposit
405(4)
9.4.1 Based on Geological Features
405(2)
9.4.2 Based on Logging Features
407(2)
9.5 Reservoir Characteristics and Prediction of Fluvial System
409(8)
9.5.1 General Characteristics
409(1)
9.5.2 Heterogeneity Features
409(2)
9.5.3 Meandering River Reservoirs
411(3)
References
414(3)
10 Lacustrine Depositional System
417(44)
10.1 Classification and Basic Characteristics of Lakes
417(10)
10.1.1 By Structure
417(8)
10.1.2 By Salinity
425(2)
10.1.3 By Geographic Position
427(1)
10.2 Classification of Lacustrine Facies Belts and Characteristics
427(8)
10.2.1 Clastic Lake
428(5)
10.2.2 Salt Lake and Playa
433(2)
10.3 Vertical Sedimentary Sequence of Lakes and Evolution Models
435(18)
10.3.1 Vertical Sedimentary Sequence
435(1)
10.3.2 Evolution Model
436(17)
10.4 Identification of Lacustrine Deposit
453(3)
10.4.1 Rock Type
454(1)
10.4.2 Sedimentary Structure
454(1)
10.4.3 Biologic Fossils
455(1)
10.4.4 Physical Process and Chemical Features
455(1)
10.4.5 Vertical Sedimentary Characteristics
455(1)
10.4.6 Distribution Range and Deposition Thickness
456(1)
10.5 Types of Lacustrine Sand Bodies
456(5)
References
459(2)
11 Deltaic Depositional System
461(112)
11.1 Basic Characteristics, Classification, and Models of Deltas
462(8)
11.1.1 Basic Characteristics
462(1)
11.1.2 Delta Classification
462(6)
11.1.3 Depositional Model and Characteristics
468(2)
11.2 Hydrodynamic Conditions and Sedimentation Characteristics of Delta Building
470(8)
11.2.1 River Mouth Process
470(2)
11.2.2 Hydrodynamic Conditions
472(4)
11.2.3 Deposition Rate
476(1)
11.2.4 Sedimentation of Delta
477(1)
11.3 Formation, Development, and Abandonment of Deltas
478(14)
11.3.1 Main Factors Affecting the Formation and Development of the Delta
478(9)
11.3.2 Correlations Between Fluvial Process, Marine Process, and Delta Form
487(1)
11.3.3 Abandonment of Delta Lobe, Bifurcation of Distributary Channel, and Formation of Distributary Mouth Bar
488(4)
11.4 Division of Deltaic Sedimentary Environment and Facies
492(7)
11.4.1 Delta Plain
492(4)
11.4.2 Delta Front
496(2)
11.4.3 Prodelta
498(1)
11.5 Sedimentation Mechanism of Different Deltas
499(5)
11.5.1 Sedimentary Mechanism of Fluvial-Dominated Deltas
499(1)
11.5.2 Sedimentary Mechanism of Wave-Dominated Delta
500(4)
11.5.3 Sedimentary Mechanism of Tide-Dominated Delta
504(1)
11.6 Sequence Characteristics of Deltas
504(10)
11.6.1 Sequence Characteristics of Fluvial-Dominated Deltas
507(1)
11.6.2 Sequence Characteristics of Wave/Tide-Dominated Deltas
508(6)
11.6.3 Vertical Sequence Comparison of Deltas
514(1)
11.7 Fan Deltas
514(21)
11.7.1 Conditions for Formation and Development
515(1)
11.7.2 Main Characteristics and Sedimentary Facies Classification
516(12)
11.7.3 Type and Sedimentary Characteristics of Lacustrine Fan Deltas
528(7)
11.8 Braid Delta
535(9)
11.8.1 Differences Among Braid Deltas, Normal Fan Deltas, and Fan Deltas
536(2)
11.8.2 Sedimentary Facies Belt and Depositional Model of a Braid Delta
538(6)
11.9 Delta Identification
544(8)
11.9.1 Geology
545(2)
11.9.2 Logging
547(1)
11.9.3 Seismology
548(4)
11.10 Characteristics and Examples of Delta Sand Body Reservoirs
552(8)
11.10.1 Sand Body Reservoir Characteristics of a Delta
552(3)
11.10.2 Delta Structure Features
555(3)
11.10.3 Model Feature and Main Structure of a Continental Delta Sand Body Reservoir
558(1)
11.10.4 Research Examples of Delta Reservoirs
559(1)
11.11 Relations Between Delta Deposit and Petroleum
560(13)
11.11.1 Source Bed
565(1)
11.11.2 Reservoir
565(1)
11.11.3 Seal Bed
565(1)
11.11.4 Trap
565(1)
11.11.5 Comparison Between Source-Reservoir and Delta Trap
566(4)
References
570(3)
12 Sandy Coast (Shore) and Neritic Depositional System
573(60)
12.1 Basic Characteristics and Classification of a Sandy Coast
573(3)
12.1.1 Geological Features
574(1)
12.1.2 Environment Classification
575(1)
12.2 Hydrodynamic Conditions of Coasts
576(6)
12.2.1 Wave Action and Sediment Transportation
576(3)
12.2.2 Tidal Action and Sediment Transport
579(3)
12.3 Non-barrier Coastal Environment
582(7)
12.3.1 Geomorphic Feature
582(1)
12.3.2 Sedimentary Characteristics of the Main Sub-environments
583(1)
12.3.3 Sedimentary Sequence and Model of a Non-barrier Coast
584(5)
12.4 Barrier Coastal Environment
589(13)
12.4.1 Tidal Flat Environment
590(4)
12.4.2 Barrier-Lagoon Environment
594(8)
12.5 Identification Marks of Terrigenous Clastic Coasts
602(4)
12.5.1 Sedimentary Marks of Terrigenous Clastic Coasts
602(3)
12.5.2 Features of Electric Well-Logging Curves
605(1)
12.5.3 Seismic Feature
606(1)
12.6 Reservoir Features of Coastal Environments
606(2)
12.6.1 Transgressive Barrier Sand Body
606(1)
12.6.2 Sand-Rich Coastal Plain Sand Body
606(2)
12.6.3 Barrier Bar Sand Body
608(1)
12.6.4 Tidal Channel Sand Body
608(1)
12.7 Neritic Deposition and Vertical Sequence Characteristics
608(7)
12.7.1 Transitional Zone Deposition
610(1)
12.7.2 Neritic Shelf Deposition
610(1)
12.7.3 Sedimentary Sequence and Model of the Neritic Shelf
611(4)
12.8 Storm Current and Sedimentary Characteristics
615(18)
12.8.1 Storm Action and Sedimentary Feature Characteristics
615(4)
12.8.2 Characteristics of Tempestite
619(7)
12.8.3 Classification of Tempestites
626(4)
12.8.4 Similarities and Differences Between Turbidity Current and Flood Flow Deposition
630(1)
References
631(2)
13 Deep-Water Depositional System
633
13.1 Deep Water Sedimentation
633(6)
13.1.1 Deep Water Action Mechanism and Concept
634(1)
13.1.2 Determinants and Architectural Elements of Deep-Water Depositional Systems
635(4)
13.2 Sediment Gravity Flow
639(7)
13.2.1 Characteristics of Sediment Gravity Flow
639(2)
13.2.2 Classification of Gravity Row
641(1)
13.2.3 Basic Sedimentary Characteristics of Different Gravity Flow
641(5)
13.3 Formation Mechanism of Sediment Gravity Flow
646(8)
13.3.1 Gravity How Formation Conditions
646(3)
13.3.2 Formation Phase
649(1)
13.3.3 Formation Mechanism and Environment
650(3)
13.3.4 Turbidity Current Depositional System
653(1)
13.4 Bouma Sequence and Features
654(6)
13.4.1 Section A (Bottom Graded Bedding)
656(1)
13.4.2 Section B (Lower Parallel Laminae)
657(1)
13.4.3 Section C (Current Ripple Laminae)
657(1)
13.4.4 Section D (Upper Parallel Laminae)
657(1)
13.4.5 Section E (Mudstone Section)
658(2)
13.5 Gravity Flow Sedimentary Facies and Facies Model
660(18)
13.5.1 Flysch Facies Model
660(1)
13.5.2 Fan Facies Model
661(9)
13.5.3 Trough Facies Model
670(8)
13.6 Deep-Sea Contourites
678
13.6.1 Concept and Definition
679(1)
13.6.2 Classification and Characteristics
680(1)
13.6.3 Vertical Sedimentary Sequence and Depositional Model
681(3)
13.6.4 Sedimentary Characteristics and Identification Marks
684(3)
13.6.5 Interrelationships Between Contour Current and Deep-Water Turbidity Deposit
687(2)
13.6.6 Petroleum Geology Significance of Contourite Drift
689(2)
References
691
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