| Chapter 1 Slavery |
|
1 | (20) |
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
II Slavery In The Colonies And The Early Republic |
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
III Dred Scott And The Citizenship Question |
|
|
3 | (8) |
|
|
|
4 | (7) |
|
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
IV The Civil War And The Emancipation Proclamation |
|
|
11 | (4) |
|
The Emancipation Proclamation |
|
|
13 | (2) |
|
V The Thirteenth Amendment: Abolition Of Slavery |
|
|
15 | (2) |
|
U.S. Constitutional Amendment XIII (1865) |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
VI The Thirteenth Amendment And Ah Sou |
|
|
17 | (3) |
|
|
|
18 | (4) |
|
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
|
|
20 | (1) |
| Chapter 2 Peonage |
|
21 | (22) |
|
I Overview: From Proclamation To Peonage |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
II Peonage In The Southwest |
|
|
22 | (4) |
|
|
|
22 | (4) |
|
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
III Peonage In The American South |
|
|
26 | (2) |
|
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
IV Challenging The Peonage System: Finding And Enforcing Federal Law |
|
|
28 | (5) |
|
A Anti-Peonage Act of 1867 |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
B The First Court Test US v. Clyatt |
|
|
29 | (4) |
|
|
|
29 | (4) |
|
|
|
31 | (2) |
|
V Bailey And Reynolds: Two Additional Challenges To Peonage |
|
|
33 | (8) |
|
|
|
33 | (5) |
|
|
|
33 | (5) |
|
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
|
|
38 | (5) |
|
United States v. Reynolds |
|
|
39 | (9) |
|
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
|
|
41 | (2) |
| Chapter 3 Involuntary Servitude |
|
43 | (52) |
|
|
|
43 | (4) |
|
|
|
43 | (3) |
|
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
II The Involuntary Servitude Statute |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
III Interpreting 18 U.S.C. § 1584: The Circuit Court Split |
|
|
48 | (47) |
|
United States v. Shackney |
|
|
48 | (12) |
|
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
|
|
60 | (7) |
|
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
United States v. Kozminski |
|
|
67 | (23) |
|
|
|
85 | (5) |
|
|
|
90 | (5) |
| Chapter 4 Immigration Statutes And The Mann Act |
|
95 | (14) |
|
|
|
95 | (2) |
|
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
|
|
97 | (11) |
|
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
B The Mann Act as Passed in 1910 |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
C Constitutionality of the Mann Act |
|
|
99 | (4) |
|
|
|
100 | (3) |
|
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
|
|
103 | (3) |
|
Caminetti v. United States |
|
|
104 | (9) |
|
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
E Decline of the Mann Act |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
|
|
108 | (1) |
| Chapter 5 TVPA: The Trafficking Victims Protection Act |
|
109 | (20) |
|
|
|
109 | (3) |
|
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
B From El Monte to a Multi-Pronged Approach |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
II The Legislative History Of The Trafficking Victims Protection Act |
|
|
112 | (17) |
|
|
|
113 | (14) |
|
|
|
113 | (7) |
|
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
|
|
120 | (2) |
|
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
3 Trafficking, Document Servitude, and Attempt |
|
|
122 | (9) |
|
|
|
124 | (3) |
|
B Restitution and Civil Relief |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
C Social Service Provisions |
|
|
128 | (1) |
| Chapter 6 The Palermo Protocol |
|
129 | (22) |
|
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
II Anatomy Of A Definition |
|
|
130 | (5) |
|
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
B Dissecting the Three Elements |
|
|
131 | (4) |
|
1 The "Recruitment, Transportation, Transfer, Harbouring or Receipt of Persons" |
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
2 "By Means of the Threat or Use of Force or Other Forms of Coercion, of Abduction, of Fraud, of Deception, of the Abuse of Power or of a Position of Vulnerability or of the Giving or Receiving of Payments or Benefits to Achieve the Consent of a Person Having Control Over Another Person" |
|
|
133 | (1) |
|
3 "for the Purpose of Exploitation" |
|
|
134 | (3) |
|
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
|
|
135 | (2) |
|
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
IV Special Definitional Issues |
|
|
137 | (4) |
|
A Human Trafficking Under the Guise of Adoption |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
B "Fostering" and "Children in Domesticity" |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
C Child Brides and Forced Marriage |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
E Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
V Extending The Scope Of Criminal Liability |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
VI Obligation By Countries To Criminalize |
|
|
142 | (2) |
|
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
VII Eight Principles Of Good Anti-Trafficking Legislation |
|
|
144 | (7) |
|
1 Prioritize Victim-Centered Responses |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
2 Link Provision of Victim Care and Protection to Need in Individual Cases |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
3 Address All Forms of Human Trafficking and Protect/Assist All Categories of Victims |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
4 Implement a Comprehensive and Integrated Response |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
5 Address Root Causes/Contributing Factors |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
6 Act in the Best Interest of the Child |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
7 Maximize Cooperation, both International and Domestic |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
8 Provide Meaningful Legal Remedies: Ensure Access to Justice for Victims; Establish Dissuasive, Proportionate, and Effective Penalties for Traffickers; and Dismantle Criminal Enterprises |
|
|
149 | (3) |
|
|
|
149 | (2) |
| Chapter 7 An International Legal And Policy Framework |
|
151 | (30) |
|
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
II Protection & Assistance |
|
|
153 | (5) |
|
A Protecting Physical Safety |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
Article 24 Protection of witnesses |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
|
|
155 | (3) |
|
Article 6 Assistance and protection of victims of trafficking in persons |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
Article 25 Assistance to and protection of victims |
|
|
156 | (9) |
|
|
|
156 | (2) |
|
|
|
158 | (2) |
|
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
IV Shortcomings Of The Protocol |
|
|
160 | (2) |
|
V Evolving Law And Policy Since The Protocol: Strengthening The Protocol's Protections And Assistance |
|
|
162 | (2) |
|
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
VI Looking Forward: International Courts And The Anti-Trafficking Obligations Of Nations |
|
|
164 | (17) |
|
Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia |
|
|
165 | (17) |
|
|
|
178 | (3) |
| Chapter 8 Corporate Accountability And Federal Contractors |
|
181 | (30) |
|
I Legal Liability For Companies |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
Article 10 Liability of legal persons |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
II Council Of Europe Convention On Action Against Trafficking In Human Beings |
|
|
183 | (2) |
|
Article 22 Corporate liability |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
Article 25 Azerbaijan The Law on the Fight Against Trafficking in Persons, 2005 Liability of legal entities for trafficking in persons |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
Antigua and Barbuda The Trafficking in Persons (Prevention) Act, 2010 |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
III Special Sub-Group Of Corporate Accountability: Federal Contractors |
|
|
185 | (4) |
|
Kathryn Bolkovac, DynCorp, and Human Trafficking in Bosnia Herzegovina |
|
|
186 | (3) |
|
Section
3271. Criminal offenses committed by Federal contractors outside the United States |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
IV Federal Acquisitions Regulations |
|
|
189 | (8) |
|
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
Executive Order 13627: "Strengthening Protections Against Trafficking in Persons in Federal Contracts" & the Ending Trafficking in Government Contracting Act |
|
|
192 | (2) |
|
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
Title XVII Ending Trafficking in Government Contracting |
|
|
194 | (3) |
|
|
|
197 | (4) |
|
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
VI Special Case: The Role Of Labor Recruiters In Human Trafficking |
|
|
201 | (2) |
|
Optimal Regulatory Approach for Labor Recruiting |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
|
|
203 | (5) |
|
California Transparency in Supply Chains Act |
|
|
203 | (3) |
|
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
Business Transparency in Trafficking and Slavery Act |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
A Practical Example: Transparency and Conflict Minerals |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
VIII Codes Of Conduct And Guiding Principles |
|
|
208 | (3) |
|
|
|
209 | (2) |
| Chapter 9 Anti-Trafficking Agencies And Organizations |
|
211 | (16) |
|
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
|
|
211 | (12) |
|
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
B The Department of Justice |
|
|
212 | (3) |
|
1 DOJ Criminal Prosecutions |
|
|
212 | (3) |
|
a DOJ Sections: The Criminal Section and the Child Exploitation Section |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
ii Child Exploitation Section |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
b United States Attorneys' Offices |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
c Other Partnerships and Coordinated Prosecution Efforts |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
C Federal Law Enforcement and Anti-Trafficking Task Forces |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
a Child Sex Tourism Initiative |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
b Innocence Lost Initiative |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
2 Anti-Trafficking Task Forces |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
3 DOJ Annual Report to Congress |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
D The Department of State |
|
|
216 | (3) |
|
1 The Trafficking in Persons Report |
|
|
217 | (2) |
|
2 Foreign Financial Assistance Grants |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
3 Public Engagement and Awareness |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
4 Additional State Department Offices and Efforts |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
E The Department of Homeland Security |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
F The Department of Health and Human Services |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
1 Certification for Foreign Victims of Trafficking |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
3 Public-Awareness and Victim-Identification Efforts |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
G The Department of Labor |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
III Non-Governmental Organizations |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
IV International Organizations |
|
|
223 | (2) |
|
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
1 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
2 International Labor Organization |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
B Non-United Nations Organizations |
|
|
224 | (3) |
|
1 International Organization for Migration |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
3 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
|
|
225 | (2) |
| Chapter 10 Federal Criminal Prosecutions |
|
227 | (46) |
|
|
|
227 | (2) |
|
A Criminal Prosecutions Under the TVPA |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
B Evolution of Criminal Prosecutions |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
II Basic Principles For Criminal Offenses Under The TVPA |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
|
|
230 | (26) |
|
A Pre-TVPA Forced Labor Cases |
|
|
231 | (2) |
|
1 United States v. Harris |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
3 United States v. Kozminski |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
B Post-TVPA Forced Labor Cases |
|
|
233 | (14) |
|
1 United States v. Bradley |
|
|
233 | (7) |
|
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
2 Additional Cases That Define and Expand § 1589 |
|
|
240 | (7) |
|
a Non-economic Labor or Services |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
b Abuse of the Legal Process as a Form of Coercion |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
|
|
242 | (2) |
|
d Forced Labor Involving Compelled Sexualized Labor |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
e Forced Labor by Military Contractors |
|
|
245 | (2) |
|
|
|
247 | (9) |
|
1 United States v. Calimlim |
|
|
247 | (4) |
|
United States v. Calimlim |
|
|
247 | (4) |
|
2 Involuntary Servitude and Domestic Servitude |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
3 Domestic Servitude and Sexual Abuse |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
4 Additional Issues: Document Servitude, the Knowledge Requirement Under Forced Labor, and Restitution |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
5 Domestic Servitude and Diplomatic Immunity |
|
|
254 | (2) |
|
|
|
256 | (16) |
|
A International Sex Trafficking |
|
|
256 | (7) |
|
1 Mexican Sex Trafficking Rings |
|
|
257 | (4) |
|
Kate Brumback & Mark Stevenson, Mexican Women Forced into U.S. Prostitution by Pimps |
|
|
257 | (4) |
|
2 An Example: United States v. Jimenez-Calderon |
|
|
261 | (2) |
|
United States v. Jimenez-Calderon |
|
|
261 | (2) |
|
B Domestic Sex-Trafficking |
|
|
263 | (6) |
|
1 An Example: United States v. Pipkins |
|
|
263 | (2) |
|
|
|
263 | (2) |
|
2 Other Issues: Conspiracy, the Definition of Commercial Sex Act, and Interstate Commerce |
|
|
265 | (2) |
|
3 Reasonable Opportunity to Observe |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
4 Exclusion of Victims' Prior Sexual Behavior |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
C Other Examples of Sex Trafficking in the United States |
|
|
269 | (2) |
|
D The PROTECT Act of 2003 and the Constitutionality of § 2423(c) |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
|
|
272 | (1) |
| Chapter 11 Civil Litigation |
|
273 | (50) |
|
|
|
273 | (6) |
|
Kathleen Kim & Kusia Hreshchyshyn, Human Trafficking Private Right of Action: Civil Rights for Trafficked Persons in the United States |
|
|
274 | (5) |
|
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
II 18 U.S.C. § 1595: The Trafficking Private Right Of Action |
|
|
279 | (6) |
|
Rosa Romero Hernandez, Plaintiff v. Samad Attisha; and Yvonne Attisha, Defendants |
|
|
279 | (6) |
|
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
III Scope Of Defendants Under § 1595 |
|
|
285 | (9) |
|
John Roe I v. Bridgestone Corp. |
|
|
286 | (8) |
|
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
IV Immigration Relief Under § 1595 |
|
|
294 | (6) |
|
Garcia v. Audubon Cmtys. Mgmt., LLC |
|
|
295 | (6) |
|
|
|
298 | (2) |
|
V State Trafficking Civil Remedies |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
VI The Alien Tort Claims Act ("ATCA") |
|
|
301 | (6) |
|
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
VII Federal Racketeer Influenced And Corrupt Organizations Act ("RICO") |
|
|
307 | (6) |
|
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
VIII Fair Labor Standards Act ("FLSA") |
|
|
313 | (7) |
|
A Wage and Hour Protections |
|
|
313 | (2) |
|
B Employment Relationship |
|
|
315 | (5) |
|
|
|
318 | (2) |
|
IX Additional Causes Of Action |
|
|
320 | (3) |
|
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
1 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act ("Title VII") |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
3 Conspiracy to Interfere with Civil Rights ("Section 1985") |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
B Torts and Contracts Claims |
|
|
321 | (2) |
|
|
|
322 | (1) |
| Chapter 12 Immigration Related Protections For Victims Of Trafficking |
|
323 | (30) |
|
|
|
323 | (9) |
|
A How to Apply for a T Visa |
|
|
324 | (2) |
|
B Interpreting and Applying the T Visa Requirements |
|
|
326 | (7) |
|
1 Interpreting Criteria One: Victim of a "Severe Form" of Human Trafficking |
|
|
326 | (2) |
|
2 Interpreting Criteria Two: Physical Presence |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
3 Interpreting Criteria Three: Compliance with Law Enforcement |
|
|
329 | (2) |
|
4 Interpreting Criteria Four: Extreme Hardship Involving Severe and Unusual Harm |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
5 An Additional Consideration: Admissibility |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
III Caps On T Visa And Derivative Visas |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
IV Challenges To Obtaining A T Visa |
|
|
333 | (7) |
|
A Lack of Access to Legal Services |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
|
339 | (3) |
|
1 Are You a "Victim" if You Escape? |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
2 Can an Individual Agree to be a Slave? |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
3 Does Human Trafficking Require Transportation? |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
V Benefits For Trafficking Victims And Derivatives |
|
|
340 | (2) |
|
VI Other Forms Of Immigration Relief |
|
|
342 | (11) |
|
|
|
342 | (2) |
|
|
|
344 | (2) |
|
C Violence Against Women Act |
|
|
346 | (3) |
|
D Special Immigrant Juvenile Status |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
|
350 | (3) |
|
|
|
352 | (1) |
| Chapter 13 Theoretical And Definitional Challenges |
|
353 | (28) |
|
I Sex Trafficking And Prostitution |
|
|
353 | (16) |
|
Catharine A. MacKinnon, Trafficking, Prostitution, and Inequality |
|
|
354 | (5) |
|
Ann Jordan, Sex Trafficking: The Abolitionist Fallacy |
|
|
359 | (6) |
|
|
|
362 | (3) |
|
DKT International, Inc., v. United States Agency for International Development |
|
|
365 | (4) |
|
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
II Labor-Focused Approaches |
|
|
369 | (5) |
|
Melynda Barnhart, Sex and Slavery: An Analysis of Three Models of State Human Trafficking Legislation |
|
|
370 | (4) |
|
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
|
374 | (5) |
|
Kathleen Kim, The Coercion of Trafficked Workers |
|
|
376 | (5) |
|
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
|
379 | (2) |
| Chapter 14 Special Issues Related To Specific Trafficked Populations |
|
381 | (28) |
|
I Immigration Enforcement And Undocumented Workers |
|
|
381 | (9) |
|
|
|
381 | (2) |
|
B Immigration Reform and Control Act |
|
|
383 | (7) |
|
|
|
385 | (2) |
|
|
|
387 | (3) |
|
II Victims Of Sex Trafficking |
|
|
390 | (10) |
|
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
A Reconciling State Laws on Sex Trafficking and Prostitution |
|
|
392 | (13) |
|
|
|
392 | (9) |
|
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
|
400 | (5) |
|
United States v. Djoumessi |
|
|
401 | (4) |
|
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
|
|
405 | (4) |
|
|
|
407 | (2) |
| Appendix 1 State And Local Human Trafficking Laws And Prosecutions |
|
409 | (30) |
| Appendix 2 18 USCS § 1589 |
|
439 | |
| Table Of Cases |
|
TC-1 | |
| Index |
|
I-1 | |
