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Climate Change: Observed Impacts on Planet Earth 3rd edition [Minkštas viršelis]

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Edited by (Emeritus Professor, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa)
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 848 pages, aukštis x plotis: 235x191 mm, weight: 2080 g, 300 illustrations (150 in full color); Illustrations, unspecified
  • Išleidimo metai: 26-Feb-2021
  • Leidėjas: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0128215755
  • ISBN-13: 9780128215753
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Climate Change: Observed Impacts on Planet Earth 3rd editionDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 848 pages, aukštis x plotis: 235x191 mm, weight: 2080 g, 300 illustrations (150 in full color); Illustrations, unspecified
  • Išleidimo metai: 26-Feb-2021
  • Leidėjas: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0128215755
  • ISBN-13: 9780128215753
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9780128215753.html
Raktažodžiai:
Climate Change: Observed Impacts on Planet Earth, Third Edition, brings together top global researchers across many disciplines to provide a comprehensive review on the complex issue of climate change and weather patterns. The third edition continues its tradition of focusing on the science and evidence on this highly politicized topic. Every chapter is updated, with this new edition featuring new chapters on topics such as glacier melt, the impacts of rising temperatures, extreme weather, modeling techniques, biodiversity, and more. This book is essential for researchers, environmental managers, engineers, and those whose work is impacted by, or tied to, climate change and global warming.
  • Provides a comprehensive resource on climate change and weather patterns, ranging from causes and indicators to modeling and adaptation
  • Covers the Jet Stream, catastrophic modeling, extreme weather, the carbon cycle, socioeconomic impacts, biological diversity, deforestation and global temperature
  • Contains 25 updated chapters and 10 new chapters, all written by global experts who provide a current overview of the state of knowledge on climate change across a wide array of disciplines
Contributors xi
Preface to third edition xv
I Introduction
1 Global warming--a complex situation
Trevor M. Lercher
1 Introduction
3(1)
2 The greenhouse effect and global warming
3(2)
3 Feedback mechanisms to further increase the heating of the planet
5(1)
4 Our present situation
5(2)
5 Urgent action is required
7(1)
6 Global warming, climate change, and the new pandemic--COVID-19
8(1)
7 Why is the world so slow in overcoming global warming?
9(3)
8 Social and ethical impacts of climate change
12(1)
9 What can we do?
13(3)
10 Conclusion
16(3)
References
16(3)
2 Greenhouse gases and the emerging climate emergency
Richard Tucketr
1 Introduction
19(2)
2 Myths about the greenhouse effect
21(2)
3 Origin of the greenhouse effect: "primary" and "secondary" effects
23(6)
4 The physical properties of greenhouse gases
29(4)
5 Interpretation of data for the properties of greenhouse gases
33(3)
6 What has changed in the past decade?
36(13)
Acknowledgments
44(1)
References
44(5)
II Tools used to investige and predict climate change
3 Climate change through Earth history
Jan Zalasiewicz
Mark Williams
1 Introduction
49(1)
2 Climate models
50(1)
3 Long-term climate trends
51(1)
4 Early climate history
52(2)
5 Phanerozoic glaciations
54(1)
6 The Mesozoic--early Cenozoic greenhouse
55(1)
7 Development of the Cenozoic icehouse
56(1)
8 Astronomical modulation of climate
57(1)
9 Milankovitch cyclicity in Quaternary (Pleistocene) climate history
57(2)
10 Quaternary sub-Milankovitch cyclicity
59(1)
11 The Holocene
59(1)
12 Climate of the Anthropocene
60(1)
13 Conclusions
61(6)
References
61(6)
4 Numerical modeling of the global climate and carbon cycle system
Chris D. Jones
1 Introduction
67(1)
2 Numerical modeling for climate and the earth system
68(10)
3 Modeling the global carbon cycle
78(6)
4 Summary and conclusions
84(11)
Glossary
85(1)
References
86(9)
III Indicators
5 Global surface temperatures
Peter Thome
1 Introduction
95(1)
2 Basic data availability
96(1)
3 Analyses of land surface air temperature
96(3)
4 Analyses of sea surface temperature
99(1)
5 Global changes
100(2)
6 Uncertainty quantification
102(2)
7 Characterization of extremes and variability
104(1)
8 Future research directions
105(1)
9 Conclusions
106(5)
References
106(5)
6 Arctic sea ice
David Schroeder
1 Introduction
111(1)
2 Observed changes in the state of arctic sea ice
112(6)
3 Classifying and comprehending the observed changes
118(1)
4 Conclusions
119(4)
Acknowledgments
120(1)
References
120(3)
7 Antarctic sea ice changes and their implications
Peter Wadhams
1 Introduction
123(1)
2 Why Antarctic ice is different
123(6)
3 Snow on the ice
129(1)
4 The annual ice cycle and its changes
129(7)
5 What is happening to the ice?
136(2)
6 Response of the Antarctic to changes elsewhere
138(3)
References
139(2)
8 Land ice: indicator, and integrator, of climate change
Jonathan Bamber
1 Introduction
141(5)
2 Mass balance of glaciers and ice sheets
146(1)
3 Long-term behavior
147(1)
4 Observations of recent changes
148(6)
5 Concluding remarks
154(3)
References
154(3)
9 Glaciers and climate change
Regine Hock
Matthias Huss
1 Introduction
157(1)
2 Observing glacier change
158(3)
3 Components and drivers of glacier mass change
161(2)
4 Mass balance feedbacks
163(2)
5 Recent glacier changes
165(5)
6 Future glacier changes
170(1)
7 Concluding remarks
171(6)
Acknowledgments
171(1)
References
171(6)
10 Poleward expansion of the atmospheric circulation
Thomas Reichler
1 Introduction
177(2)
2 The general circulation of the atmosphere
179(2)
3 Evidence for circulation change
181(6)
4 Cause for circulation change
187(5)
5 Emerging dynamical mechanisms
192(6)
6 Summary, outstanding problems, and conclusions
198(7)
List of abbreviations
199(1)
Acknowledgments
199(1)
References
199(6)
11 Rising sea levels as an indicator of global change
Roland Gehrels
Ed Garrett
1 Introduction
205(1)
2 Is sea level rising?
205(3)
3 Why is sea level rising?
208(5)
4 Are contemporary rates of sea level rise unusual?
213(1)
5 Conclusion
214(5)
Acknowledgments
215(1)
References
215(4)
12 Ocean current changes
Patricia Handmann
Martin Visbeck
Torsten Kanzow
1 Role of the ocean currents in the climate system
219(9)
2 The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
228(11)
3 Conclusions
239(12)
References
241(10)
13 Ocean acidification and climate change
Helen S. Findlay
Carol Turley
1 Introduction
251(3)
2 Evidence from observations
254(4)
3 Model predictions of future change
258(1)
4 Impacts
258(6)
5 Biogeochemical cycling and feedback to climate
264(3)
6 Adaptation, recovery, and mitigation
267(3)
7 Conclusion
270(11)
References
270(11)
14 Permafrost and climate change
Julian B. Mutton
1 Introduction
281(1)
2 Characteristics of permafrost
282(15)
3 Observed trends in recent permafrost conditions
297(10)
4 Impacts of recent changes in permafrost
307(11)
5 Conclusions
318(9)
Acknowledgments
319(1)
References
320(7)
15 The jet stream and climate change
Martin Stendel
Jennifer Francis
Rachel White
Paul D. Williams
Tim Woollings
1 Introduction
327(9)
2 Expected changes with climate change
336(6)
3 Observed changes
342(7)
4 Future impacts of changing jets
349(2)
5 Summary
351(8)
References
352(7)
16 Extreme weather and climate change
Jana Sillmann
Anne Sophie Daloz
Nathalie Schaller
Clemens Schwingshackl
1 Introduction
359(3)
2 Temperature extremes
362(2)
3 Precipitation extremes
364(3)
4 Tropical cyclones
367(2)
5 Conclusions
369(4)
References
369(4)
17 Bird ecology
Wolfgang Fiedler
1 Introduction
373(1)
2 Indicators of change
374(11)
3 Conclusions
385(4)
References
386(3)
18 Insect communities
Deepa S. Pureswaran
Audrey M. Maran
Shannon L. Pelini
1 Introduction
389(1)
2 Range changes
390(3)
3 Changes in phenology
393(2)
4 Physiology
395(1)
5 Responses to other climatic variables
396(2)
6 Insect communities under climate change
398(2)
7 Conclusion
400(9)
References
401(8)
19 Sea life (pelagic ecosystems)
Martin Edwards
1 Pelagic and planktonic ecosystems
409(3)
2 Observed impacts on pelagic and planktonic ecosystems
412(9)
3 Conclusion and summary of key indicators
421(6)
References
423(4)
20 Changes in coral reef ecosystems as an indication of climate and global change
Nicola L. Foster
Martin J. Attrill
1 Introduction
427(1)
2 Tropical coral reef ecosystems
428(8)
3 Coral reef fishes
436(1)
4 Conclusion
437(8)
References
437(8)
21 Marine biodiversity and climate change
Boris Worm
Heike K. Lotze
1 Introduction
445(1)
2 Climate change in the oceans
446(1)
3 Effects of climate change on marine biodiversity
446(10)
4 Cumulative impacts and indirect effects of climate change
456(2)
5 Biodiversity as insurance against climate change impacts
458(1)
6 Conclusions
459(6)
Acknowledgments
459(1)
References
459(6)
22 Intertidal indicators of climate and global change
Nova Mieszkowska
1 Introduction
465(1)
2 Climate change and biogeography
466(8)
3 Mechanisms and microclimate
474(2)
4 Additional impacts of global change
476(1)
5 Conclusions
477(6)
Acknowledgments
478(1)
References
478(5)
23 Lichens as an indicator of climate and global change
Andre Aptroot
Norbert J. Stapper
Alica Kosuthova
Kok (C.M.) van Herk
1 Introduction
483(1)
2 Predicted effects
484(1)
3 Observed effects
485(7)
4 Uncertain effects
492(1)
5 Habitats with vulnerable lichens
493(6)
References
495(4)
24 Plant pathogens as indicators of climate change
K.A. Garrett
M. Nita
E.D. De Wolf
P.D. Esker
L. Gomez-Montano
A.H. Sparks
1 Introduction
499(1)
2 Climatic variables and plant disease
500(4)
3 Evidence that simulated climate change affects plant disease in experiments
504(1)
4 Evidence that plant disease patterns have changed due to climate change
505(10)
Acknowledgments
510(1)
References
510(5)
25 Invasive plants and climate change
Anna Turbelin
Jane A. Catford
1 Introduction
515(1)
2 A brief introduction into plant invasions
516(4)
3 How can climate change influence plant invasion success?
520(6)
4 Current and projected levels of plant invasions under climate change
526(4)
5 Can plant invasions influence climate change?
530(1)
6 Conclusion
531(10)
References
532(9)
26 Biological diversity and climate change
Rik Leemans
Sarahi Nunez
Rob Alkemade
1 Introduction
541(2)
2 A quick history of biodiversity impact assessments
543(1)
3 Observed changes in biodiversity
544(1)
4 Future changes in biodiversity
545(4)
5 IPCC's reason for concern diagram
549(3)
6 Are the Paris Accords effective to protect biodiversity?
552(1)
7 Conclusions
553(8)
References
554(7)
27 The role of forests in the carbon cycle and in climate change
Matthew D. Hurteau
1 Introduction
561(1)
2 Climate change
562(2)
3 Disturbance
564(2)
4 Climate change--disturbance interaction
566(2)
5 Reforestation/afforestation, restoration, and forest management
568(2)
6 Conclusion
570(13)
References
571(12)
IV Other possible contributing factors to climate change
28 The variation of the Earth's movements (orbital, tilt, and precession) and climate change
Lucas J. Lourens
1 Introduction
583(1)
2 Astronomical parameters
584(7)
3 Orbital-induced climate change
591(10)
4 Conclusion
601(6)
Acknowledgments
601(1)
References
601(6)
29 The role of volcanic activity in climate and global changes
Georgiy Stenchikov
1 Introduction
607(2)
2 Aerosol loading, spatial distribution, and radiative effect
609(4)
3 Volcanoes and climate
613(24)
4 Summary
637(8)
References
638(7)
30 Atmospheric aerosols and their role in climate change
Jim Haywood
1 Introduction
645(1)
2 The life cycle of tropospheric aerosols
646(1)
3 The spatial distribution of tropospheric aerosols
647(2)
4 Aerosol--radiation interactions
649(3)
5 Aerosol--cloud interactions
652(3)
6 The net radiative forcing of aerosols
655(1)
7 The role of aerosols in climate feedback mechanisms
656(1)
8 The role of aerosols in potential climate engineering schemes
656(5)
References
657(4)
31 Climate change and agriculture
Rattan Lai
Abbreviations
661(1)
1 Introduction
661(3)
2 Agriculture and climate change
664(2)
3 Sources of emissions from agriculture
666(10)
4 Accelerated soil erosion
676(1)
5 Mitigation potential of agriculture
677(4)
6 Conclusions
681(6)
References
682(5)
32 Changes in the Sun's radiation: the role of widespread surface solar radiation trends in climate change: dimming and brightening
Shabtai Cohen
Gerald Stanhill
1 Introduction--solar radiation basics
687(1)
2 Solar radiation above the atmosphere
688(1)
3 Bottom of the atmosphere radiation
689(5)
4 Trends in surface solar radiation, or global dimming and brightening
694(5)
5 The causes of dimming and brightening
699(2)
6 Influence of solar radiation changes (global dimming and brightening) on climate
701(4)
7 Conclusions
705(6)
References
706(5)
33 Space weather and cosmic ray effects
Lev I. Dorman
1 Introduction and modern climate change models
711(2)
2 Solar activity, cosmic rays, cloudiness, and climate change
713(33)
3 The influence on the Earth's climate of the solar system moving around the galactic center and crossing galaxy arms
746(1)
4 The influence of molecular-dust galactic clouds on the Earth's climate
747(3)
5 The influence of interplanetary dust sources on the Earth's climate
750(1)
6 Influence of planetary dust sources (natural and anthropogenic) on the Earth's climate
750(4)
7 Cosmic rays/space factors and global warming
754(5)
8 The influence of asteroids and great meteorites impacts on the Earth's climate
759(1)
9 The influence of nearby supernova on the Earth's climate
760(1)
10 Discussion and conclusions
760(11)
References
764(7)
V Societal aspects of global change
34 Engineering aspects of climate change
Daniel A. Vallero
1 Introduction
771(1)
2 The role of the engineer
771(3)
3 Global greenhouse gases
774(1)
4 Engineering aspects of the "spheres"
775(3)
5 Engineering and the carbon cycle
778(9)
6 Nutrient engineering
787(2)
7 Albedo engineering
789(2)
8 Engineering-based decision-making
791(8)
References
795(1)
Further reading
796(3)
35 Societal adaptation to climate change
Daniel A. Vallero
1 Introduction
799(2)
2 Risk and vulnerability
801(1)
3 Disease occurrence and transmission
801(4)
4 Ocean and large-scale surface water changes
805(3)
5 Resilience
808(2)
6 Extreme events
810(1)
7 Food and water supply
811(2)
8 Conclusions
813(4)
References
814(3)
Index 817
Professor Trevor Letcher is an Emeritus Professor at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and living in the United Kingdom. He was previously Professor of Chemistry, and Head of Department, at the University of the Witwatersrand, Rhodes University, and Natal, in South Africa (1969-2004). He has published over 300 papers on areas such as chemical thermodynamic and waste from landfill in peer reviewed journals, and 100 papers in popular science and education journals. Prof. Letcher has edited and/or written 32 major books, of which 22 were published by Elsevier, on topics ranging from future energy, climate change, storing energy, waste, tyre waste and recycling, wind energy, solar energy, managing global warming, plastic waste, renewable energy, and environmental disasters. He has been awarded gold medals by the South African Institute of Chemistry and the South African Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics honoured him with a Festschrift in 2018. He is a life member of both the Royal Society of Chemistry (London) and the South African Institute of Chemistry. He is on the editorial board of the Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, and is a Director of the Board of the International Association of Chemical Thermodynamics since 2002.