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El. knyga: Climate Change and Plants: Biodiversity, Growth and Interactions

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"Evidence raises every day of the varying climate and its impression on both plants and animals. Climatic changes influence all the agriculture factors, which can potentially adversely affect their productivity. Plant activities are intimately associatedto climate and concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The book Climate change and Plants Interactions: Complexities and Surprise examines how plant growth characters influences/influenced by the climate change both in past and present scenarios. The book cover papers present the cutting-edge research in key determinates of plant growth in response to atmospheric CO2 enhancement and global warming. Salient Features Discourses numerous goals of sustainable development goals projected by the UN as part of the 2030 agenda. Highlights the appropriate approaches for maintaining better plant growth under changing climatic conditions Presents diversity of techniques used across plant science. Design to cater to the needs of researchers, technologists, policy makers and undergraduates and postgraduates' students studying, sustainable crop production, crop protection. Addresses plant responses to atmospheric CO2 increase"--

Climate Change and Plants: Biodiversity, Growth and Interactions

Evidence is raised daily of the varying climate and its impression on both plants and animals. Climatic changes influence all agriculture factors, which can potentially adversely affect their productivity. Plant activities are intimately associated with climate and concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Climate Change and Plants: Biodiversity, Growth and Interactions examines how plant growth characters influence and is influenced by climate change both in past and present scenarios. This book covers cutting-edge research of key determinants of plant growth in response to atmospheric CO2 enhancement and global warming.

Features

  • Discourses numerous areas of sustainable development goals projected by the UN as part of the 2030 agenda

  • Highlights appropriate approaches for maintaining better plant growth under changing climatic conditions

  • Presents diversity of techniques used across plant science

  • Is designed to cater to the needs of researchers, technologists, policymakers and undergraduate and postgraduate students studying sustainable crop production and protection

  • Addresses plant responses to atmospheric CO2
      increases

    • Acknowledgements xi
    About the Editors xiii
    List of Contributors xv
    1 Agriculture Contribution toward Global Warming 1(18)
    Hafiz Muhammad Rashad Javeed
    Nadia Iqbal
    Mazhar Ali
    Nasir Masood
    1.1 Agriculture and Climate Change
    		1(1)
    1.2 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
    		2(2)
    1.3 Effect of Climate Change on Agricultural Productivity
    		4(2)
    1.4 Impact of Climate Change on Insect Pests
    		6(1)
    1.5 Impact of Climate Change on Soil Erosion and Fertility
    		6(1)
    1.6 Role of Agriculture Sector in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions
    		7(3)
    1.7 Role of Livestock Farming in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions
    		10(2)
    1.8 Conclusion
    		12(1)
    References
    		12(7)
    2 Climate Change and Climate Smart Plants Production Technology 19(18)
    Imran
    Shah Fahad
    Amanullah
    Shah Khalid
    Muhammad Arif
    Abdel Rahman Al-Tawaha
    2.1 Introduction
    		19(1)
    2.2 Climate Change, Adaptability, and Ecology of Legumes Crop
    		20(2)
    2.3 Role of Legumes in Body Health Maintenance
    		22(1)
    2.4 Legumes in Diet Can Help in Cardiovascular Health Stimulation (Legumes and Soybean)
    		23(1)
    2.5 Legumes and Recovery of Digestive Health and Prevention of Colon Cancer
    		23(1)
    2.6 Climate Change and Legume Productivity and Profitability
    		23(3)
    2.6.1 Short-Duration, High-Yielding Varieties
    		23(1)
    2.6.2 Improved Varieties with Drought Tolerance
    		23(1)
    2.6.3 New Niches
    		24(2)
    2.7 Advance Legumes Production Technology
    		26(5)
    2.7.1 Seed Inoculum
    		26(1)
    2.7.2 Method of Inoculation
    		26(1)
    2.7.3 Method of Sowing
    		26(1)
    2.7.4 Time of Sowing (Kharif Legumes/Rabi Legumes)
    		26(1)
    2.7.5 Seed Rate
    		26(1)
    2.7.6 Irrigation
    		27(1)
    2.7.7 Weed Management
    		28(1)
    2.7.8 Preventive Measures
    		28(1)
    2.7.9 Cultural Control
    		28(1)
    2.7.9.1 Crop Rotation
    		28(1)
    2.7.9.2 Tillage Practices
    		28(1)
    2.7.10 Mechanical (Physical) Control
    		28(1)
    2.7.11 Chemical Control
    		28(1)
    2.7.12 Integrated Weed Control
    		28(1)
    2.7.13 Diseases and Insect Pests of Legumes and Their Control
    		29(1)
    2.7.14 Disease Management Programme Should Include the Following Methods
    		29(1)
    2.7.14.1 Preventive Measures
    		29(1)
    2.7.14.2 Cultural Control
    		30(1)
    2.7.14.3 Seed Treatment
    		30(1)
    2.7.14.4 Foliar Spray
    		30(1)
    2.7.14.5 Integrated Disease Control
    		30(1)
    2.7.14.6 Bio Control
    		30(1)
    2.7.14.7 Cultural Control
    		30(1)
    2.7.14.8 Chemical Control
    		30(1)
    2.7.15 Harvesting and Threshing
    		30(1)
    2.7.16 Yield
    		31(1)
    2.7.17 Storage
    		31(1)
    2.7.18 Marketing
    		31(7)
    2.7.18.1 Advantages of Legume Planting
    		31(1)
    2.8 Conclusion
    		31(2)
    References
    		33(4)
    3 Climate Change and Plant Growth - South Asian Perspective 37(18)
    Muhammad Daniyal Junaid
    Usman Khalid Chaudhry
    Ali Fuat Gokce
    3.1 Introduction
    		37(1)
    3.2 Climate Change in South Asia
    		38(2)
    3.2.1 Enhanced Temperatures
    		38(1)
    3.2.2 Precipitation and Water
    		39(1)
    3.2.3 Anthropogenic Climate Change
    		39(1)
    3.2.4 Agriculture Affected by Climate Change in South Asia
    		40(1)
    3.3 Plant Responses to Climate Change
    		40(4)
    3.3.1 Responses of Plants to CO2
    		41(1)
    3.3.2 Effects of Climate Change on Respiration and Photosynthesis
    		42(1)
    3.3.3 Plant Responses to Dry Conditions
    		42(1)
    3.3.4 Plant Responses to Altered Precipitations
    		43(1)
    3.3.5 Plant Responses to Light
    		43(1)
    3.3.6 Plant Growth Responses to Temperature
    		43(1)
    3.4 Potential Positive Effects of Climate Change
    		44(1)
    3.5 Adaptations in South Asia to Face Climate Change
    		44(1)
    3.6 Conclusion
    		45(1)
    References
    		45(10)
    4 Climate Change and Indoor Agriculture - The Environment for Plants 55(14)
    Olivet Delasi Gleku
    Zehranur Gulbahar
    Ebrar Karabulut
    Sedat Serce
    4.1 Introduction
    		55(2)
    4.1.1 General Climate Change Issues
    		55(2)
    4.2 Climate Change and Agriculture
    		57(1)
    4.3 Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture
    		57(1)
    4.4 Report of the Influence of Climate Change on Some Agricultural Crops
    		58(1)
    4.4.1 Sunflower
    		58(1)
    4.4.2 Cotton
    		58(1)
    4.4.3 Rice
    		58(1)
    4.4.4 Corn
    		59(1)
    4.4.5 Wheat
    		59(1)
    4.4.6 Coffee
    		59(1)
    4.4.7 Cassava
    		59(1)
    4.5 Report of the Influence of Climate Change on Some Ornamental Plants
    		59(1)
    4.5.1 Cyclamen
    		59(1)
    4.5.2 Rose
    		60(1)
    4.5.3 Honeysuckle
    		60(1)
    4.5.4 Oak
    		60(1)
    4.5.5 Clove
    		60(1)
    4.5.6 Lily
    		60(1)
    4.6 Losses
    		60(1)
    4.7 Indoor Agriculture
    		60(2)
    4.7.1 Hydroponics
    		61(1)
    4.7.2 Aquaponics
    		61(1)
    4.7.3 Aeroponics
    		62(1)
    4.7.4 Vertical Farming
    		62(8)
    4.7.4.1 Constituents of a Vertical Farm and Their Interactions
    		62(1)
    4.8 Environmental and Economic Reasons for Shifting from Conventional Farming to Agriculture in a Regulated Environment
    		62(1)
    References
    		63(6)
    5 Water Availability and Productivity under Changing Climate 69(14)
    Muhammad Mohsin Waqas
    Ishfaq Ahmad
    Yasir Niaz
    Shanawar Hamid
    5.1 Introduction
    		69(1)
    5.2 Water Resources Availability
    		70(7)
    5.2.1 Rainfall
    		70(1)
    5.2.2 Groundwater
    		71(2)
    5.2.3 Surface Water
    		73(4)
    5.2.4 Hill Torrents
    		77(1)
    5.3 Water Allowance
    		77(1)
    5.4 Water Distribution Pattern
    		78(1)
    5.5 Water Productivity
    		78(1)
    5.6 Water Productivity: A Case Study of Pakistan
    		78(2)
    5.7 Conclusion
    		80(1)
    References
    		80(3)
    6 Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity of Insect Pests 83(14)
    Abdel Rahman Al-Tawaha
    Syed Kamran Ahmad
    Huma Naz
    Abdelrazzaq Al-Tawaha
    6.1 Introduction
    		83(2)
    6.2 Effect of Increased Level of CO2 on Biodiversity of Insect Pests
    		85(1)
    6.3 Climate Change Impacts on the Agriculture Sector
    		85(1)
    6.4 Insects and Environment
    		85(1)
    6.5 General Impact on Insects
    		86(1)
    6.6 Effect of Precipitation on Biodiversity of Insect Pests
    		86(2)
    6.7 Conclusion
    		88(1)
    References
    		89(8)
    7 Pheromonal and Microbial-Symbiotic-Associated Insect Behaviour 97(16)
    Abid Ali
    Ismail Zeb
    Hafsa Zahid
    7.1 Introduction
    		97(1)
    7.2 Pheromone-Mediated Insect Behaviour
    		98(1)
    7.3 Microbial-Symbionts and Insect Host Interface
    		99(4)
    7.4 Microbial-Symbiotic-Mediated Behavioural Manipulation of Insect Host
    		103(1)
    7.5 Microbial-Symbionts Modulating Insect Pheromones
    		103(1)
    7.6 Extraction and Identification of Insect Pheromones
    		104(1)
    7.7 Omic Era
    		105(1)
    7.8 Conclusion and Future Directions
    		105(1)
    Acknowledgement
    		106(1)
    References
    		106(7)
    8 The Chemistry of Atmosphere 113(10)
    Nayab Gul
    8.1 Introduction
    		113(1)
    8.2 Acid Rain
    		114(1)
    8.2.1 Measurement of Acid Rain
    		114(1)
    8.3 Ozone
    		115(2)
    8.3.1 Ozone Layer
    		115(1)
    8.3.2 Ozone Cycle
    		115(1)
    8.3.3 Ozone Layer Depletion
    		116(1)
    8.4 Smog
    		117(1)
    8.4.1 Photochemical Smog
    		117(1)
    8.5 Types of Atmosphere
    		118(2)
    8.5.1 Troposphere
    		118(1)
    8.5.2 Stratosphere
    		118(1)
    8.5.3 Mesosphere
    		119(1)
    8.5.4 Thermosphere
    		119(1)
    8.5.5 Exosphere
    		120(1)
    8.6 Conclusion
    		120(1)
    References
    		120(3)
    9 Ocean as the Driver of the Global Carbon Cycle 123(10)
    Nayab Gul
    9.1 Introduction
    		123(1)
    9.2 Carbon Cycle
    		124(1)
    9.2.1 Changes in the Carbon Cycle
    		125(1)
    9.3 Biological Pump
    		125(1)
    9.4 Ocean Acidification
    		126(1)
    9.5 Impacts on Oceanic Organisms
    		127(1)
    9.6 Anthropogenic Emissions of CO2
    		128(1)
    9.6.1 Global Carbon Emission by Jurisdiction
    		128(1)
    9.7 Possible Responses
    		129(1)
    9.8 Conclusion
    		130(1)
    References
    		130(3)
    10 Insect Pest Management in the Era of Climate Change 133(14)
    Mohd Abas Shah
    Abdel Rahman Al-Tawaha
    Kailash Chandra Naga
    Sanjeev Sharma
    10.1 Introduction
    		133(1)
    10.2 Climate Change and Insect Pest Responses
    		134(1)
    10.3 Effect of Climate Change on Species Synchrony
    		135(1)
    10.4 Effects of Climate Change on Plant Volatile Compounds
    		136(1)
    10.5 Effect of Climate Change on Geographical Distribution of Insects
    		136(1)
    10.6 Potential Consequences of Climate Change for Invasive Species
    		137(1)
    10.7 Effect of Climate Change on Natural Enemies and Biological Control
    		138(1)
    10.8 The Omics Solutions to New Challenges
    		138(1)
    10.9 Conclusion
    		138(1)
    References
    		139(8)
    11 Insect-Plant Interactions 147(16)
    Abdel Rahman Al-Tawaha
    Anamika Sharma
    Dhriti Banerjee
    Jayita Sengupta
    11.1 Introduction
    		147(1)
    11.2 Stratum in Insect-Plant Interaction: Tri-Trophic Interactions or Three-Way Interactions
    		148(1)
    11.3 Resistance
    		148(1)
    11.4 Advances, Future Perspectives, and Challenges
    		149(1)
    11.5 Insects: Omnipresent and Versatile
    		150(1)
    11.6 Insect Pollinators: The Unsung Superheroes!
    		151(2)
    11.7 The Silent Alarm: The Unacknowledged Extinction Threat!
    		153(1)
    11.8 To Conserve, To Survive, To Sustain
    		154(1)
    11.9 Conclusion
    		154(1)
    References
    		155(8)
    12 Human-Induced Climate Change 163(8)
    Qurat ul Ain Farooq
    Noor ul Haq
    Zeeshan Shaukat
    12.1 Introduction
    		163(1)
    12.2 Role of Humans in Worldwide Climate Change
    		163(2)
    12.3 Effect of Environmental Changes on Human Health
    		165(1)
    12.4 What Can Possibly Be Done?
    		166(1)
    12.5 Conclusion
    		166(1)
    References
    		166(5)
    13 Plants, Environmental Constraints, and Climate Change 171(22)
    Waqar Islam
    Tayeba Sanaullah
    Noreen Khalid
    Muhammad Aqeel
    Sibgha Noreen
    Muhammad Kashif Irshad
    Ali Noman
    13.1 Introduction
    		171(1)
    13.2 Environmental Changes and Their Impact on Plant Physiology
    		172(9)
    13.2.1 Elevated CO2 levels
    		172(1)
    13.2.2 Flooding
    		172(1)
    13.2.3 Elevated Ozone Concentrations
    		173(1)
    13.2.4 Drought Stress
    		174(1)
    13.2.5 Salinity Stress
    		175(1)
    13.2.6 Cold Stress
    		175(1)
    13.2.7 High Temperature
    		176(1)
    13.2.8 Nutrient Stress
    		177(1)
    13.2.9 Heavy Metals
    		178(2)
    13.2.10 Increased UV-B Radiation Fluxes
    		180(1)
    13.3 Biotic Stresses
    		181(1)
    13.4 Conclusion
    		181(1)
    References
    		182(11)
    14 Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Medicinal Systems from Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan: An Ethnoecological Perspective 193(12)
    Muhammad Asad Salim
    Hafiz Muhammad Wariss
    Muhammad Abbas Qazi
    Tika Khan
    14.1 Introduction
    		193(4)
    14.1.1 Ethnoecology, Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), and Climate Change
    		193(1)
    14.1.2 TEK and Medicinal Plants - Global Perspective
    		194(1)
    14.1.3 Regional Profile of Gilgit-Baltistan
    		195(1)
    14.1.4 Ethnographic Profile of the Region
    		195(1)
    14.1.5 Geographic Division of Gilgit Baltistan
    		196(1)
    14.1.6 Key Geographic Features of Gilgit-Baltistan
    		196(1)
    14.1.7 Sources of Livelihoods for the Local Communities
    		197(1)
    14.2 Occurrence and Markets for Medicinal Plants in Gilgit-Baltistan
    		197(3)
    14.3 Medicinal Systems and Affiliations
    		200(1)
    14.4 Conclusion
    		200(1)
    References
    		201(4)
    Index 205
    Dr Shah Fahad is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Agronomy, University of Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. He obtained his PhD in Agronomy from Huazhong Agriculture University, China, in 2015. After doing his postdoctoral research in Agronomy at the Huazhong Agriculture University (201517), he accepted the position of Assistant Professor at the University of Haripur. He has published over 190 peer-reviewed papers with more than 160 research and 30 review articles, on important aspects of climate change, plant physiology and breeding, plant nutrition, plant stress responses and tolerance mechanisms, and exogenous chemical priming-induced abiotic stress tolerance. He has also contributed 20 book chapters to various book editions published by Springer, Wiley-Blackwell, and Elsevier. He has edited six book volumes, including this one, published by CRC press, Springer, and Intech Open. He has won Young Rice International Scientist award and distinguish scholar award in 2014 and 2015 respectively. He has worked and is presently continuing on a wide range of topics, including climate change, greenhouse emission gasses, abiotic stresses tolerance, roles of phytohormones and their interactions in abiotic stress responses, heavy metals, regulation of nutrient transport processes.

    Prof. Dr. Osman SÖNMEZ is a Professor in the Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey. He obtained his MS and PhD in Agronomy from Kansas State University, Manhattan-KS, USA in 1996-2004. In 2014 he accepted the position of Associate Professor at the University of Erciyes. Since 2014, he has worked in Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture at Erciyes University. He has published over 90 as peer-reviewed papers, research and review articles on soil pollution, plant physiology and plant nutrition.

    Dr Veysel Turan is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Bingöl University, Turkey. He obtained his PhD in Soil Science and Plant nutrition from Atatürk University, Turkey, in 2016. After doing his postdoctoral research in Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, ,Austria (201718), he is working in Bingöl University. He has worked and is presently continuing on a wide range of topics, soil-plant interaction, and heavy metal accumulation, bioremediation of soil by some plant and soil amendment.

    Dr. Muhammad Adnan is a lecturer in the Department of Agriculture at the University of Swabi (UOS), Pakistan. He has completed his PhD (soil fertility and microbiology) from the Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences (SES) the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan and Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, USA. He has received his MSc and BSc (Hons) in Soil and Environmental Sciences, from Department of SES the University of Agriculture, Peshawar-Pakistan.

    Dr. Shah Saud received his Ph.D. in Turf grasses (Horticulture) from Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China. He is currently working as a Post Doctorate researcher in department of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, and Harbin, China. Dr. Shah Saud has published over 125 research publications in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited 3 books and written 25 book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress responses, and environmental problems in relation to agricultural plants. According to Scopus®, Dr. Shah Sauds publications have received roughly 2500 citations with an h-index of 24.

    Dr. Chao Wu engages in the field crop cultivation and physiology, and plant phenomics. He has completed his Ph.D during 2013-2016 from Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China, and completed his post Ph.D during 2017-2019 from Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China. Now, he is associate research fellow in Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, China. He chairs a Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, and two Postdoctoral Science Foundation researches, and focus mainly on physiological mechanisms of abiotic-stress tolerance (heat, drought) in crops and medicinal plants.

    Dr. Depeng Wang has completed Ph.D. in 2016 in the field of Agronomy and Crop Physiology from Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China. Presently he is serving as a professor in College of Life Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China. He is the principal investigator of Crop Genetic Improvement, Physiology & Ecology Center in Linyi University. His current research focus on crop ecology and physiology, agronomy. Such as the key characteristics associated with high yielding crop, the effect of temperature on crop grain yield and solar radiation utilization, morphological plasticity to agronomic manipulation in leaf dispersion and orientation, optimal integrated crop management practices for maximizing crop grain yield. Dr. Depeng Wang has published over 36 papers in reputed journals.
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