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El. knyga: Clinical Applications of Noncoding RNAs in Cancer

Edited by (Additional Professor and Head, Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Guwahati, India), Edited by (Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, Univers)
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 19-Jan-2022
  • Leidėjas: Academic Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128245514
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  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 19-Jan-2022
  • Leidėjas: Academic Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128245514
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Clinical Applications of Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer summarizes the existing strategies, advances and future opportunities on the role of non-coding RNAs in cancer patients. Established clinicians and researchers from all around the world share their views and expertise and provide readers with invaluable knowledge on the subject. 

This book provides a comprehensive collection of information on the utility of non-coding RNAs in the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of cancer. It also discusses the evolutionary significance of non-coding RNAs and how the molecular tools such as RNA-seq, RNA-FISH, ic-SHAPE and quantitative real-time PCR help in the detection and elucidation of the functions of non-coding RNAs. Additionally, the challenges associated with non-coding RNA approaches and future developments are discussed. 

It is a valuable resource for cancer researchers, oncologists, clinicians and other biomedical field members who want to learn more about non-invasive ways to diagnose and efficiently treat diverse cancer types. 

  • Presents a beginning chapter summary to help readers understand the content thoroughly
  • Encompasses detailed description of information from clinical studies on noncoding RNAs in cancer therapy
  • Discusses one cancer type per chapter making the content easy to reference
List of contributors
xiii
Preface xvii
Chapter 1 Noncoding ribonucleic acid for pancreatic cancer therapy
1(16)
Lusine Demirkhanyan
Christopher S. Gondi
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Experimental methods and tools for analyzing noncoding RNAs in pancreatic cancer patients
2(1)
1.3 Bioinformatics for analyzing noncoding RNAs in pancreatic cancer patients
3(1)
1.4 Noncoding RNA
3(1)
1.5 Pancreatic cancer---specific microRNAs
4(1)
1.6 Pancreatic cancer---associated IncRNAs
4(2)
1.7 Pancreatic cancer---associated circular RNAs
6(1)
1.8 Diagnostic microRNA markers of PDAC
7(1)
1.9 Diagnostic IncRNA markers of PDAC
7(2)
1.10 Diagnostic circular RNA markers of PDAC
9(1)
1.11 Summary and conclusion
9(8)
Acknowledgment
9(1)
References
9(8)
Chapter 2 Applications of noncoding RNAs in brain cancer patients
17(48)
Malgorzata Grabowska
Julia O. Misiorek
Zaneta Zarebska
Kacarzyna Rolle
2.1 Introduction
17(4)
2.1.1 Types of brain cancer
17(2)
2.1.2 Types of ncRNAs and mechanism of action
19(1)
2.1.3 Circular RNA
20(1)
2.2 Data sets for noncoding RNAs analysis
21(3)
2.2.1 RNA-seq deposits and data sets
24(1)
2.3 Expression of noncoding RNAs in brain cancer patients
24(6)
2.3.1 Sample types used for analyzing noncoding RNAs in brain
24(1)
2.3.2 Models to study ncRNA expression
24(2)
2.3.3 NcRNA expression profiles in cancer stem cells and their consequences on tumor development
26(4)
2.4 Experimental methods and tools for analyzing noncoding RNAs in brain cancer patients
30(5)
2.4.1 Studying ncRNA interactions with targets by luciferase assays and ncRNA---protein interactions by immunoprecipitation
30(1)
2.4.2 Validations of RNA-seq results by qRT-PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization methods
31(4)
2.5 Noncoding RNAs as predictive marker for brain cancer patients
35(5)
2.5.1 Diagnostic potential of noncoding RNAs in brain cancer patients
35(2)
2.5.2 Prognostic potential of noncoding RNAs in brain cancer patients
37(3)
2.6 Potential of noncoding RNAs in predicting chemoresistance and radioresistance in brain cancer patients
40(5)
2.7 Therapeutic potential and targeting of ncRNAs in brain cancer patients---challenges and perspectives
45(2)
2.8 Summary and conclusions
47(18)
References
49(16)
Chapter 3 Noncoding RNAs in patients with colorectal cancer
65(32)
Mohammad Amin Kerachian
3.1 Introduction
65(1)
3.2 Experimental methods and tools for analyzing noncoding RNAs in colorectal cancer patients
66(1)
3.3 Microarray
67(1)
3.4 Serial analysis of gene expression
68(1)
3.5 Cap analysis gene expression
68(1)
3.6 RNA sequencing
69(1)
3.7 Dataset and bioinformatics for analyzing noncoding RNAs in colorectal cancer patients
70(2)
3.8 Expression of noncoding RNAs in colorectal cancer patients
72(4)
3.9 Sample types used for analyzing noncoding RNAs
76(1)
3.10 Cell signaling pathways modulated by noncoding RNAs in colorectal cancer patients
77(5)
3.10.1 Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
77(2)
3.10.2 JAK (Janus Kinase)/STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) signaling pathway
79(1)
3.10.3 PI3K (Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase)/PTEN (Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog)/AKT (AK Mouse Plus Transforming or Thymoma)/mTOR (Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin) signaling pathway
79(1)
3.10.4 Ras/MAPK (Mitogen-activated protein kinase)-signaling pathway
80(1)
3.10.5 P53 signaling pathway
80(1)
3.10.6 Notch signaling pathway
81(1)
3.10.7 NF-κB (Nuclear Factor Kappa B) signaling pathway
81(1)
3.11 Several other mechanisms
82(1)
3.11.1 Caspase cleavage cascade
82(1)
3.11.2 Chemokine signaling
82(1)
3.11.3 Interleukin pathway
82(1)
3.12 Clinical applications of noncoding RNAs as biomarkers in patients with colorectal cancer
82(1)
3.12.1 Noncoding RNAs as predictive markers for colorectal cancer patients
82(1)
3.13 Diagnostic potential of noncoding RNAs in colorectal cancer patients
83(1)
3.14 Prognostic potential of noncoding RNAs in colorectal cancer patients
84(1)
3.15 Therapeutic potential of noncoding RNAs in colorectal cancer patients
85(1)
3.16 Potential of noncoding RNAs in predicting chemoresistance and radioresistance in colorectal cancer patients
85(1)
3.17 Conclusion
86(11)
References
87(10)
Chapter 4 Applications of noncoding ribonucleic acids in multiple myeloma patients
97(44)
Simone Zocchi
Antoine David
Michele Goodhardt
David Garrick
4.1 Introduction
97(2)
4.2 Samples and experimental methods for the analysis of noncoding RNAs in multiple myeloma patients
99(1)
4.3 Datasets analyzing noncoding RNAs in multiple myeloma patients
100(8)
4.3.1 Datasets profiling expression of short noncoding RNAs in multiple myeloma
100(7)
4.3.2 Datasets profiling expression of long noncoding RNAs in multiple myeloma
107(1)
4.4 Noncoding RNAs implicated in the etiology of multiple myeloma
108(11)
4.4.1 MicroRNAs implicated in the etiology of multiple myeloma
108(5)
4.4.2 Long noncoding RNAs implicated in multiple myeloma
113(5)
4.4.3 Other ncRNAs implicated in multiple myeloma
118(1)
4.4.4 Interactions between ncRNAs in multiple myeloma
119(1)
4.5 Cell signaling pathways modulated by noncoding RNAs in multiple myeloma
119(5)
4.5.1 IL6/JAK/STAT signaling and noncoding RNAs in multiple myeloma
120(1)
4.5.2 Noncoding RNAs and the p53 pathway in multiple myeloma
121(2)
4.5.3 The influence of noncoding RNAs on PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK, and NFκB signaling in multiple myeloma
123(1)
4.6 Noncoding RNAs affecting interactions with the bone marrow niche
124(1)
4.7 Noncoding RNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in multiple myeloma
125(5)
4.8 Therapeutic potential of noncoding RNAs in multiple myeloma patients
130(1)
4.9 Summary and conclusion
131(10)
Acknowledgments
132(1)
References
132(9)
Chapter 5 Clinical applications of noncoding RNAs in lung cancer patients
141(36)
Santosh Kumar
Naveen Kumar Vishvakarma
Ajay Kumar
Abbreviations
141(1)
5.1 Introduction
142(1)
5.2 Experimental methods and tools for analyzing ncRNAs in lung cancer patients
143(1)
5.3 Datasets and informatics for analyzing ncRNAs in lung cancer patients
143(1)
5.4 Expression of ncRNAs in lung cancer patients
144(4)
5.4.1 Micro-RNA
145(1)
5.4.2 Long noncoding RNA
146(1)
5.4.3 Trna-derived small RNA
146(1)
5.4.4 Circular RNA
146(1)
5.4.5 Small nucleolar RNA
147(1)
5.4.6 PIWI-interacting RNA
147(1)
5.4.7 Natural antisense transcripts
147(1)
5.4.8 Transcribed ultraconserved region
148(1)
5.5 Sample types used for analyzing ncRNAs
148(5)
5.5.1 Blood
148(2)
5.5.2 Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
150(1)
5.5.3 Sputum
151(1)
5.5.4 Tumor biopsies
152(1)
5.6 Cell signaling pathways modulated by ncRNAs in lung cancer patients
153(2)
5.7 NcRNAs as predictive markers for lung cancer patients
155(3)
5.8 Diagnostic potential of ncRNAs in lung cancer patients
158(1)
5.8.1 LncRNAs as diagnostic markers
158(1)
5.8.2 Mirnas as diagnostic markers
159(1)
5.9 Prognostic potential of ncRNAs in lung cancer patients
159(2)
5.9.1 LncRNAs as prognostic biomarkers
159(1)
5.9.2 Mirnas as prognostic biomarkers
160(1)
5.10 Therapeutic potential of ncRNAs in lung cancer patients
161(1)
5.10.1 Therapeutic potential of IncRNAs
161(1)
5.10.2 Therapeutic potential of miRNAs
161(1)
5.11 Potential of ncRNAs in predicting chemoresistance and radioresistance in lung cancer patients
162(3)
5.11.1 NcRNAs and their role in chemoresistance
162(2)
5.11.2 NcRNAs and their role in radioresistance
164(1)
5.12 Summary and conclusion
165(12)
Acknowledgments
166(1)
References
166(11)
Chapter 6 Noncoding RNAs in intraocular tumor patients
177(34)
Daniel Fernandez-Diaz
Beatriz Fernandez-Marta
Nerea Lago-Baameiro
Paula Silva-Rodriguez
Laura Paniagua
Maria Jose Blanco-Teijeiro
Maria Pardo
Antonio Pineiro
Manuel F. Bande
6.1 Introduction
177(1)
6.2 Retinoblastoma
178(12)
6.2.1 Introduction
178(1)
6.2.2 Long noncoding RNAs and circular RNAs in retinoblastoma
178(6)
6.2.3 MicroRNAs in retinoblastoma
184(5)
6.2.4 Therapeutic potential of noncoding RNAs in retinoblastoma
189(1)
6.2.5 Conclusion
190(1)
6.3 Uveal melanoma
190(10)
6.3.1 Introduction
190(1)
6.3.2 Long noncoding RNAs in uveal melanoma
191(3)
6.3.3 MicroRNAs in uveal melanoma
194(5)
6.3.4 Conclusion
199(1)
6.4 Conclusion
200(11)
References
201(10)
Chapter 7 Applications of noncoding RNAs in renal cancer patients
211(74)
Eman A. Toraih
Jessica A. Sedhom
Muhib Haidari
Manal S. Fawzy
7.1 Introduction
211(2)
7.2 Datasets and informatics for analyzing noncoding RNAs in renal cancer patients
213(15)
7.2.1 Datasets and informatics for analyzing microRNAs in renal cancers
213(1)
7.2.2 Datasets and informatics for analyzing long noncoding RNAs in renal cancers
214(1)
7.2.3 Datasets and informatics for analyzing circular RNAs in renal cancers
214(14)
7.3 Expression of noncoding RNAs in renal cancer patients
228(12)
7.3.1 Expression of microRNAs in renal cancer patients
228(1)
7.3.2 Expression of long noncoding RNAs in renal cancer patients
228(5)
7.3.3 Expression of circular RNAs in renal cancer patients
233(7)
7.4 Cell signaling pathways modulated by noncoding RNAs in renal cancer patients
240(3)
7.4.1 Cell signaling pathways modulated by microRNAs in renal cancer patients
241(1)
7.4.2 Cell signaling pathways modulated by long noncoding RNAs in renal cancer patients
242(1)
7.4.3 Cell signaling pathways modulated by circular RNAs in renal cancer patients
243(1)
7.5 Diagnostic potential of noncoding RNAs in renal cancer patients
243(3)
7.5.1 Diagnostic potential of microRNAs in renal cancer patients
243(2)
7.5.2 Diagnostic potential of long noncoding RNAs in renal cancer patients
245(1)
7.5.3 Diagnostic potential of circular RNAs in renal cancer patients
245(1)
7.6 Prognostic potential of noncoding RNAs in renal cancer patients
246(8)
7.6.1 Prognostic potential of miRNAs in RCC
246(2)
7.6.2 Prognostic potential of long noncoding RNAs in RCC
248(4)
7.6.3 Prognostic potential of circular RNAs in RCC
252(2)
7.7 Therapeutic potential of noncoding RNAs in renal cancer patients
254(2)
7.7.1 Therapeutic potential of microRNAs in renal cancer patients
254(1)
7.7.2 Therapeutic potential of long noncoding RNAs in renal cancer patients
254(1)
7.7.3 Therapeutic potential of circular RNAs in renal cancer patients
255(1)
7.8 Potential of noncoding RNAs in predicting chemoresistance and radioresistance in renal cancer patients
256(2)
7.8.1 Potential of microRNAs in predicting chemoresistance/radioresistance in renal cancer patients
256(1)
7.8.2 Potential of long noncoding RNAs in predicting chemoresistance/radioresistance in renal cancer patients
257(1)
7.8.3 Potential of ciRNAs in predicting chemoresistance/radioresistance in renal cancer patients
257(1)
7.9 Summary and conclusion
258(27)
References
259(26)
Chapter 8 Clinical significance of long noncoding RNAs in breast cancer patients
285(12)
Nikee Awasthee
Anusmita Shekher
Vipin Rai
Pranjal K. Baruah
Anurag Sharma
Kishore B. Challagundla
Subash C. Gupta
Abbreviations
285(1)
8.1 Introduction
286(1)
8.2 Potential of IncRNAs in the diagnosis of breast cancer
287(1)
8.3 Potential of IncRNAs in the prognosis of breast cancer
288(1)
8.4 Potential of IncRNAs in breast cancer therapy
289(1)
8.5 Potential of IncRNAs in predicting breast cancer patient's response to therapeutics
290(1)
8.6 Potential of IncRNAs in predicting chemoresistance and radioresistance in breast cancer patients
290(1)
8.7 Experimental methods and tools for analyzing noncoding RNAs in cancer patients
291(1)
8.8 Summary and conclusion
292(5)
Acknowledgment
292(1)
References
292(5)
Chapter 9 Noncoding ribonucleic acids in gastric cancer patients
297(18)
Rachel Sexton
Najeeb Al-Hallak
Bayan Al-Share
Anteneh Tesfaye
Asfar S. Azmi
9.1 Introduction
297(3)
9.1.1 MicroRNAs
298(1)
9.1.2 PiwiRNAs
298(1)
9.1.3 Circular RNAs
299(1)
9.1.4 Long noncoding RNAs
299(1)
9.2 Experimental methods and tools for analyzing noncoding RNAs in gastric cancer patients
300(2)
9.3 Expression of noncoding RNAs in gastric cancer patients
302(1)
9.4 Sample types used for analyzing noncoding RNAs (tumor biopsies, liquid biopsies, etc.)
303(1)
9.5 Cell signaling pathways modulated by noncoding RNAs in gastric cancer patients
304(2)
9.6 Noncoding RNAs as prognostic and predictive marker for gastric cancer patients
306(1)
9.7 Diagnostic value of small noncoding RNAs in gastric cancer
307(1)
9.8 Potential of noncoding RNAs in predicting chemotherapy resistance and radiotherapy resistance in gastric cancer patients
308(1)
9.9 Summary and conclusion
309(6)
References
310(5)
Chapter 10 Noncoding RNAs in prostate cancer patients
315(28)
Atiyeh Al-e-Ahmad
Nahid Neamati
Emadoddin Moudi
Simin Younesi
Hadi Parsian
10.1 Introduction
315(2)
10.2 Experimental methods and tools for analyzing ncRNAs in prostate cancer patients
317(2)
10.2.1 NcRNA profiling in prostate cancer
317(1)
10.2.2 Microarray
317(1)
10.2.3 RNA sequencing
317(1)
10.2.4 Ncrna validation in prostate cancer
317(1)
10.2.5 Investigation of ncRNA interactions
318(1)
10.2.6 Secondary structures of ncRNAs
319(1)
10.3 Datasets and informatics for analyzing noncoding RNAs
319(2)
10.3.1 Homology-based methods
319(1)
10.3.2 De novo methods for ncRNA predictions
320(1)
10.3.3 Special miRNA, circularRNA, and IncRNA databases
321(1)
10.4 Sample types used for analyzing ncRNAs (tumor biopsies, liquid biopsies, etc.)
321(1)
10.4.1 New aspects of RNA-based biomarkers discovery in prostate cancer
322(1)
10.4.2 Prostate cancer biospecimen repositories
322(1)
10.5 Cell signaling pathways modulated by ncRNAs in prostate cancer
322(4)
10.5.1 Phosphatase and tensin homolog/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AkT/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway
323(1)
10.5.2 Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway
324(1)
10.5.3 C-Myc pathway
325(1)
10.5.4 AR signaling pathway
325(1)
10.6 NcRNAs as biomarkers for prostate cancer
326(4)
10.6.1 Diagnostic value
327(1)
10.6.2 Prognostic value
327(1)
10.6.3 Predictive value
328(2)
10.7 Therapeutic potential of ncRNAs in prostate cancer patients
330(1)
10.8 Potential of ncRNAs in predicting chemo-resistance and radioresistance in prostate cancer patients
331(1)
10.8.1 Chemo-resistance
331(1)
10.8.2 Radioresistance
332(1)
10.9 Conclusion
332(11)
References
333(10)
Chapter 11 Noncoding RNAs in liver cancer patients
343(48)
Julie Sanceau
Angelique Gougelet
Abbreviations
343(2)
11.1 Introduction
345(3)
11.1.1 Liver functions
345(1)
11.1.2 Liver cancers
346(2)
11.2 NcRNA roles in liver development and functions
348(3)
11.2.1 MicroRNAs
348(2)
11.2.2 Long noncoding RNAs
350(1)
11.3 Noncoding RNA detection
351(4)
11.3.1 Tissular versus circulating ncRNAs
351(1)
11.3.2 Methods of ncRNA analyses
352(3)
11.4 Expression of ncRNAs in liver cancers
355(5)
11.4.1 MicroRNAs
355(3)
11.4.2 Long noncoding RNAs
358(2)
11.5 Noncoding RNA relevance in liver cancer diagnosis and prognosis
360(9)
11.5.1 Noncoding RNA as potential diagnostic tools
360(3)
11.5.2 Prognostic potential of noncoding RNAs in liver cancer patients
363(1)
11.5.3 Noncoding RNAs as predictive markers for liver cancer patients
364(1)
11.5.4 Roles of microRNA in drug resistance
365(1)
11.5.5 Therapeutic potential of noncoding RNAs in liver cancer patients
366(3)
11.6 Summary and conclusion
369(22)
Acknowledgments
370(1)
References
370(21)
Chapter 12 Noncoding ribonucleic acids in gallbladder cancer patients
391(18)
Bela Goyal
Tarunima Gupta
Sweety Gupta
Amit Gupta
12.1 Introduction
391(2)
12.2 MiRNAs in gallbladder carcinoma
393(4)
12.2.1 Biogenesis and biological functions of miRNA
393(1)
12.2.2 MicroRNAs in pathogenesis and as a therapeutic target in gallbladder carcinoma
393(3)
12.2.3 MicroRNAs as biomarkers in gallbladder carcinoma
396(1)
12.3 LncRNAs in gallbladder carcinoma
397(5)
12.3.1 Biogenesis and biological functions of LncRNA
398(1)
12.3.2 LncRNAs in pathogenesis and as a therapeutic target in gallbladder carcinoma
398(3)
12.3.3 LncRNA as a biomarker
401(1)
12.4 PiRNAs in gallbladder carcinoma
402(1)
12.5 Limitations of clinical utility of ncRNAs in gallbladder carcinoma
403(1)
12.6 Conclusion
403(6)
References
404(5)
Chapter 13 Clinical implications of noncoding ribonucleic acids in neuroblastoma patients
409(24)
Anup S. Pathania
Oghenetejiri V. Smith
Philip Prathipati
Subash C. Gupta
Kishore B. Challagundla
13.1 Introduction
409(1)
13.2 Types of noncoding RNAs
410(2)
13.2.1 MicroRNAs
410(1)
13.2.2 Long noncoding RNAs
410(1)
13.2.3 P-element-induced wimpy testis (Piwi)-interacting RNAs
411(1)
13.2.4 Circular RNAs
411(1)
13.3 Role of noncoding RNAs in neuroblastoma growth and development
412(4)
13.3.1 MicroRNAs
412(1)
13.3.2 Long noncoding RNAs
413(2)
13.3.3 P-element-induced wimpy testis (Piwi)-interacting RNAs
415(1)
13.3.4 Circular RNAs
415(1)
13.4 Clinical significance of noncoding RNAs in neuroblastoma
416(3)
13.4.1 MicroRNAs
416(1)
13.4.2 Long noncoding RNAs
417(1)
13.4.3 P-element-induced wimpy testis (Piwi)-interacting RNAs
418(1)
13.4.4 Circular RNAs
419(1)
13.5 Therapeutic implications and targeting strategies for noncoding RNAs in neuroblastoma
419(3)
13.5.1 Therapeutic potential of noncoding RNAs in neuroblastoma
419(1)
13.5.2 Targeting strategies for noncoding RNAs
420(2)
13.6 Conclusion
422(11)
Acknowledgments
423(1)
Conflict of interest
423(1)
References
424(9)
Chapter 14 Potential clinical application of IncRNAs in pediatric cancer
433(16)
Ravindresh Chhabra
Priyasha Neyol
Sonali Bazala
Ipsa Singh
Masang Murmu
Uttam Sharma
Tushar Singh Barwal
Aklank Jain
14.1 Introduction
433(2)
14.1.1 Pediatric cancer
433(1)
14.1.2 Long noncoding RNA
434(1)
14.2 Experimental and bioinformatics tools for studying IncRNAs
435(2)
14.3 LncRNAs in pediatric cancer
437(7)
14.3.1 Leukemia
437(4)
14.3.2 Neuroblastoma
441(1)
14.3.3 Osteosarcoma
442(1)
14.3.4 Retinoblastoma
443(1)
14.3.5 Wilms tumor
443(1)
14.4 Conclusion and perspectives
444(5)
Acknowledgment
444(1)
References
445(4)
Index 449
Dr. Subash Chandra Gupta is an additional professor and Head at the Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Guwahati, India. He is currently on lien from Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. Dr. Gupta did his postdoctoral training from the Ohio State University and the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in the United States. Before joining the Banaras Hindu University, Dr. Gupta was an instructor at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in the United States. His current research is focused on uncovering the mechanism by which acidic microenvironment promote cancer growth. He is also working on cancer chemoprevention and on projects to elucidate the role of inflammatory pathways, cancer stem cells, exosomal microRNAs, and long noncoding RNAs in regulating tumor development. He has published over 100 peer-reviewed articles in highly prestigious journals. He has been honored with prestigious national and international awards. He has coedited special issues of scientific journals and three prestigious books. Currently he is an editorial board member on several scientific journals and an active reviewer on more than 80 journals. Dr. Kishore B. Challagundla is an assistant professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Childrens Health Research Institute, and a member of the NCI-designated Fred & Pamela Buffet Cancer Center at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha, NE, United States. Dr. Challagundla earned a masters in Biochemistry from Bharathidasan University and a PhD in Biochemistry from the University of Lucknow, followed by postdoctoral training at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota Oregon Health & Science University in Portland, Oregon, and Children's Hospital Los Angeles in California. Challagundla 's lab research focuses on investigating the involvement of novel noncoding RNAs in therapy resistance, the role of exosomes in the cross-talk between tumor, microenvironment, and immune cells, the posttranslational modifications of immune checkpoint molecules by ubiquitination, and their potential role in escaping immune surveillance, the development of RNA-based diagnostic, prognostic, and therapy response predictive specific noninvasive biomarkers in body fluids, and the development of novel combination therapeutic strategies that maximize drug response without any toxicity in patients with high-risk neuroblastoma. Dr. Challagundla served as the principal investigator of several grants, including NIH, foundation, and institutional grants. Dr. Challagundla is an ad hoc reviewer to various national and international organizations such as NIH, Yorkshire Cancer Research (UK), University Grants Committee (Hong Kong), Dutch Cancer Society (The Netherlands), The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (The Netherlands), Worldwide Cancer Research, The Indonesian Science Fund, The National Science Centre (Poland), The French National Cancer Institute (France), The Israel Science Foundation (Israel), Czech Science Foundation (Czech Republic), and The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Furthermore, Challagundla is an associate editor of various journals such as Molecular Therapy Nucleic Acids (Cell Press), Molecular Therapy Oncolytics (Cell press), PLoS One, BMC Molecular & Cellular Biology, Cancer Cell International, and an editorial board member of Cancers, The Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, and an active reviewer for more than 100 top international journals. Challagundla has published over 40 peer-reviewed articles in high-impact journals, written several book chapters, and is a recipient of various national and international awards.