Foreword |
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xviii | |
Preface |
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xx | |
New to This Edition |
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xxii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxviii | |
Contributors |
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xxix | |
Ancillary Contributors |
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xxxii | |
Reviewers |
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xxxiii | |
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PART 1 Basic Principles and Practice in Clinical Chemistry |
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1 | (160) |
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Chapter 1 Basic Principles and Practices of Clinical Chemistry |
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2 | (36) |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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Glassware and Plasticware |
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11 | (6) |
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Desiccators and Desiccants |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (2) |
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Laboratory Mathematics and Calculations |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (3) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (2) |
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Specimen Collection and Handling |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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Electronic and Paper Reporting of Results |
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35 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 Laboratory Safety and Regulations |
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38 | (19) |
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Laboratory Safety and Regulations |
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39 | (1) |
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Occupational Safety and Health Act |
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39 | (2) |
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Other Regulations and Guidelines |
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41 | (1) |
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Safety Awareness for Clinical Laboratory Personnel |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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Chemical Fume Hoods and Biosafety Cabinets |
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43 | (1) |
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Chemical Storage Equipment |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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Toxic Effects from Hazardous Substances |
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47 | (1) |
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Storage and Handling of Chemicals |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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Types and Applications of Fire Extinguishers |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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Cryogenic Materials Hazards |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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Disposal of Hazardous Materials |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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Accident Documentation and Investigation |
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54 | (3) |
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Chapter 3 Quality Management in the Clinical Laboratory |
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57 | (33) |
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59 | (1) |
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Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Center, Spread, and Shape |
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59 | (3) |
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62 | (2) |
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Descriptive Statistics of Groups of Paired Observations |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (2) |
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68 | (1) |
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Quality Control and Quality Improvement |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Individual Quality Control Program (IQCP): An Option to Streamline QCP |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (2) |
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Establishing Reference Ranges |
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79 | (1) |
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Determining Whether to Establish or Transfer and Verify Reference Ranges |
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79 | (1) |
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Data Analysis to Establish a Reference Range |
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80 | (2) |
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Data Analysis to Transfer and Verify a Reference Range |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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Regulatory Aspects of Method Evaluation |
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83 | (1) |
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Allowable Analytical Error |
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84 | (1) |
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Method Evaluation Acceptance Criteria |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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Measures of Diagnostic Efficiency |
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85 | (5) |
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Chapter 4 Analytic Techniques |
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90 | (39) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (2) |
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Spectrophotometric Instruments |
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94 | (1) |
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Components of a Spectrophotometer |
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94 | (3) |
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Spectrophotometer Quality Assurance |
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97 | (1) |
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Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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Fluorometry Instrumentation |
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100 | (1) |
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Fluorescence Polarization |
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100 | (1) |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Fluorometry |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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Galvanic and Electrolytic Cells |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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Anodic Stripping Voltammetry |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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Treatment and Application of Sample |
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109 | (1) |
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Detection and Quantitation |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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Immunofixation Electrophoresis |
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110 | (1) |
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Capillary Electrophoresis |
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110 | (1) |
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Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (2) |
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Chromatographic Procedures |
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115 | (1) |
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Sample Introduction and Ionization |
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119 | (2) |
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Mass Spectrometer Analyzer |
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121 | (3) |
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124 | (1) |
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Applications of MS in the Clinical Laboratory |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (2) |
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Mass Spectrometry in Proteomics and Pathogen Identification |
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126 | (1) |
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Mass Spectrometry at the Point of Care |
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127 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 Clinical Chemistry Automation |
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129 | (32) |
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History and Evolution of Automated Analyzers |
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130 | (1) |
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Driving Forces and Benefits of Automation |
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131 | (4) |
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Steps in Automated Analysis |
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135 | (1) |
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Specimen Preparation and Identification |
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135 | (1) |
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Specimen Measurement and Delivery |
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136 | (2) |
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Reagent Systems and Delivery |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (1) |
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Signal Processing and Data Handling |
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141 | (2) |
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Additional Considerations for Automated Immunoassays |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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Turbidimetry and Nephelometry |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (8) |
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Total Laboratory Automation |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (3) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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Future Trends in Automation |
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157 | (4) |
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PART 2 Analytic procedures and Clinical Correlation |
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161 | (208) |
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Chapter 6 Proteins and Heme Derivatives |
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162 | (45) |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (3) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (2) |
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General Chemical Properties |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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Catabolism and Nitrogen Balance |
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173 | (1) |
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Hormonal Regulation of Protein Metabolism |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (2) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (6) |
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Other Proteins of Clinical Significance |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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Cross-Linked C-Telopeptide |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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Plasma Total Protein Abnormalities |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (6) |
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Proteins in Other Body Fluids |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (2) |
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198 | (1) |
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Synthesis and Degradation of Hemoglobin |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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Disorders of Heme Biosynthesis |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (5) |
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Chapter 7 Nonprotein Nitrogen Compounds |
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207 | (18) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (3) |
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218 | (2) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (3) |
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225 | (35) |
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General Properties and Definitions |
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226 | (1) |
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Enzyme Classification and Nomenclature |
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227 | (2) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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Factors That Influence Enzymatic Reactions |
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230 | (3) |
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Measurement of Enzyme Activity |
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233 | (2) |
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Calculation of Enzyme Activity |
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235 | (1) |
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Measurement of Enzyme Mass |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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Enzymes of Clinical Significance |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (6) |
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242 | (1) |
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Aspartate Aminotransferase |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (2) |
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247 | (2) |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (2) |
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253 | (1) |
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Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes |
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255 | (5) |
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260 | (26) |
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General Description of Carbohydrates |
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262 | (1) |
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Classification of Carbohydrates |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides |
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263 | (1) |
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Chemical Properties of Carbohydrates |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (2) |
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Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (3) |
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus |
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271 | (1) |
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Criteria for Testing for Prediabetes and Diabetes |
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271 | (1) |
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Criteria for the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus |
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272 | (1) |
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Criteria for the Testing and Diagnosis of GDM |
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273 | (2) |
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275 | (1) |
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Genetic Defects in Carbohydrate Metabolism |
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276 | (1) |
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Role of the Laboratory in Differential Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Glucose Metabolic Alterations |
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277 | (1) |
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Methods of Glucose Measurement |
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277 | (2) |
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Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose |
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279 | (1) |
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Glucose Tolerance and 2-Hour Postprandial Tests |
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279 | (1) |
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Glycosylated Hemoglobin/HbAlc |
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280 | (2) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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Islet Autoantibody, Insulin Testing, and C-Peptide Testing |
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283 | (3) |
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Chapter 10 Lipids and Lipoproteins |
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286 | (30) |
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Kathleen M. Kenwright Lipid |
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288 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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General Lipoprotein Structure |
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290 | (2) |
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292 | (1) |
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Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein |
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292 | (1) |
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Intermediate-Density Lipoproteins |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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High-Density Lipoproteins |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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Lipoprotein Physiology and Metabolism |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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Reverse Cholesterol Transport Pathway |
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296 | (1) |
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Lipid and Lipoprotein Population Distributions |
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296 | (1) |
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National Cholesterol Education Program |
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297 | (1) |
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Dyslipidemia and Children |
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297 | (1) |
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute |
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298 | (2) |
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Diagnosis and Treatment of Lipid Disorders |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (2) |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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Lipid and Lipoprotein Analyses |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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Standardization of Lipid and Lipoprotein Assays |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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CDC Cholesterol Reference Method Laboratory Network |
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312 | (1) |
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Analytic Performance Goals |
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312 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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312 | (4) |
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316 | (32) |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (3) |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (4) |
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325 | (4) |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (5) |
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336 | (5) |
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341 | (1) |
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342 | (2) |
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344 | (1) |
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Electrolytes and Renal Function |
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345 | (3) |
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Chapter 12 Blood Gases, pH, and Buffer Systems |
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348 | (21) |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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Buffer Systems: Regulation of H+ and the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation |
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350 | (1) |
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Regulation of Acid-Base Balance: Lungs and Kidneys (Transport of Carbon Dioxide) |
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350 | (2) |
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Assessment of Acid-Base Homeostasis |
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352 | (1) |
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The Bicarbonate Buffering System |
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352 | (1) |
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Acid-Base Disorders: Acidosis and Alkalosis |
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353 | (3) |
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Determining Patient Acid-Base Status |
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356 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide |
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356 | (2) |
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358 | (1) |
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Assessment of a Patient's Oxygen Status |
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358 | (1) |
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Hemoglobin-Oxygen Dissociation |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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Blood Gas Analyzers: pH, pC02, and p02 |
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360 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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Measurement of pH and pC02 |
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361 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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Correction for Temperature |
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362 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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Spectrophotometry Determination of Oxygen Saturation (CO-Oximetry) |
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363 | (1) |
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364 | (1) |
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Preanalytic Considerations |
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364 | (2) |
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Analytic Assessments: Quality Control and Proficiency Testing |
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366 | (3) |
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PART 3 Endocrinology and Clinical Correlation |
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369 | (116) |
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Chapter 13 Basic Endocrinology |
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370 | (25) |
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372 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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372 | (3) |
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375 | (1) |
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375 | (1) |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) and the Adrenal Cortical Hormones |
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377 | (1) |
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone |
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378 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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Estrogens/Estradiol/Estriol |
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380 | (1) |
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380 | (1) |
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Thyroid Hormone (Tp T,) and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
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|
381 | (2) |
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Posterior Pituitary Hormones |
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383 | (1) |
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Calcitonin and Procalcitonin |
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384 | (1) |
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
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384 | (1) |
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384 | (1) |
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384 | (1) |
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385 | (1) |
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Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) |
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385 | (1) |
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Serotonin/5-hydroxyindolacetic Acid (5-HIAA) |
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385 | (1) |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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Adrenal Steroid Hormone Synthesis |
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|
386 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of Elimination |
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386 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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|
386 | (1) |
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|
387 | (1) |
|
Negative Feedback Mechanisms |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Positive Feedback Mechanisms |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Disorders |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Other Factors That Affect Hormone Levels |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
391 | (4) |
|
Chapter 14 Thyroid Function |
|
|
395 | (15) |
|
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Thyroid Anatomy and Development |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis |
|
|
396 | (2) |
|
Protein Binding of Thyroid Hormone |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
Control of Thyroid Function |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
Actions of Thyroid Hormones |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Tests for Thyroid Function |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Free Triiodothyronine (FT,) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Thyrotropin Receptor Antibody |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Other Tools for Thyroid Evaluation |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Nuclear Medicine Evaluation |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
|
405 | (2) |
|
Toxic Adenoma and Multinodular Goiter |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Drug-Induced Thyroid Dysfunction |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Amiodarone-lnduced Thyroid Disease |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
408 | (2) |
|
Chapter 15 Hypothalamic and Pituitary Function |
|
|
410 | (16) |
|
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Functional Aspects of the Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Unit |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Hypophysiotropic or Hypothalamic Hormones |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Anterior Pituitary Hormones |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
Other Causes of Hyperprolactinemia |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
Clinical Evaluation of Hyperprolactinemia |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
Management of Prolactinoma |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
Etiology of Hypopituitarism |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
Treatment of Panhypopituitarism |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
Posterior Pituitary Hormones |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
422 | (4) |
|
Chapter 16 Adrenal Function |
|
|
426 | (21) |
|
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Glucocorticoid Physiology |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Isolated Hypoaldosteronism |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Hypercortisolism (Cushing's Syndrome) |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
|
434 | (2) |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Biosynthesis, Storage, and Secretion of Catecholamines |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Metabolism and Excretion of Catecholamines |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
443 | (4) |
|
Chapter 17 Gonadal Function |
|
|
447 | (22) |
|
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Functional Anatomy of the Male Reproductive Tract |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Physiology of the Testicles |
|
|
449 | (2) |
|
Disorders of Sexual Development and Testicular Hypofunction |
|
|
451 | (3) |
|
Diagnosis of Hypogonadism |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Testosterone Replacement Therapy |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
Monitoring Testosterone Replacement Therapy |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
Early Ovarian Development |
|
|
456 | (2) |
|
Functional Anatomy of the Ovaries |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Hormonal Production by the Ovaries |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
Hormonal Control of Ovulation |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Pubertal Development in the Female |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Precocious Sexual Development |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Menstrual Cycle Abnormalities |
|
|
460 | (2) |
|
Evaluation of Female Infertility |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
Estrogen Replacement Therapy |
|
|
464 | (5) |
|
Chapter 18 Parathyroid Function |
|
|
469 | (16) |
|
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
Effects of the Parathyroid Hormone |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Primary Hyperparathyroidism |
|
|
475 | (3) |
|
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Secondary and Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism in Renal Failure |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
Medications That Cause Hypercalcemia |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
|
482 | (3) |
|
PART 4 Organ Systems and Clinical Correlation |
|
|
485 | (94) |
|
Chapter 19 Liver Function |
|
|
486 | (31) |
|
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
|
487 | (2) |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
Excretory and Secretory Functions |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
Detoxification and Drug Metabolism |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
Liver Function Alterations During Disease |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
|
492 | (2) |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
Drug- and Alcohol-Related Disorders |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
Assessment of Liver Function/Liver Function Tests |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
497 | (2) |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
Urobilinogen in Urine and Feces |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
Tests Measuring Hepatic Synthetic Ability |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
Tests Measuring Nitrogen Metabolism |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
|
503 | (14) |
|
Chapter 20 Cardiac Function |
|
|
517 | (22) |
|
|
Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis |
|
|
518 | (3) |
|
Cardiac Ischemia, Angina, and Heart Attacks |
|
|
521 | (2) |
|
Markers of Cardiac Damage |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
Initial Markers of Cardiac Damage |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
|
524 | (3) |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
Cardiac Biomarkers in Heart Failure |
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
Diagnosis and Risk Stratification of Heart Failure |
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
Markers of Coronary Heart Disease Risk and Plaque Instability |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
Markers of Pulmonary Embolism |
|
|
532 | (2) |
|
Use of D-Dimer Detection in PE |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
Value of Assaying Troponin and BNP in Acute PE |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
534 | (5) |
|
Chapter 21 Renal Function |
|
|
539 | (27) |
|
|
|
540 | (2) |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
543 | (2) |
|
Elimination of Nonprotein Nitrogen Compounds |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis |
|
|
546 | (2) |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
551 | (5) |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
Urinary Tract Infection/Obstruction |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
|
558 | (8) |
|
Chapter 22 Pancreatic Function |
|
|
566 | (13) |
|
|
|
|
Physiology of Pancreatic Function |
|
|
567 | (2) |
|
|
569 | (2) |
|
Tests of Pancreatic Function |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
Cholecystokinin (CCK) Test |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
Sweat Electrolyte Testing |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
Tests of Gastric Secretion and Intestinal Function |
|
|
575 | (4) |
|
PART 5 Specialty Areas of Clinical chemistry |
|
|
579 | (202) |
|
Chapter 23 Body Fluid Analysis |
|
|
580 | (21) |
|
|
|
581 | (6) |
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
|
593 | (2) |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
|
597 | (4) |
|
Chapter 24 Pregnancy and Prenatal Testing |
|
|
601 | (21) |
|
|
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
Conception and Embryonic Development |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
Transformation During Pregnancy |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
Natural Decreases in Analytes |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
Upregulation of Hormones and Steroids |
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
Increased Glomerular Filtration Rate |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
Analytes for Maternal and Fetal Health Assessment |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin |
|
|
608 | (3) |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
Fetal Amniotic Fluid α-Fetoprotein |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
The Triple and Quadruple Screen Test |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
Pregnancy Associated Plasma Protein A (PAPP-A) |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
Common Diseases Associated with the Developing Fetus |
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
Common Diseases Associated with the Mother and Pregnancy |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
Other Clinical Impairments |
|
|
619 | (3) |
|
Chapter 25 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring |
|
|
622 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
626 | (2) |
|
|
628 | (2) |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
Procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
Phenytoin and Free Phenytoin |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
Tricyclic Antidepressants |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
|
644 | (2) |
|
|
646 | (23) |
|
|
Xenobiotics, Poisons, and Toxins |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
Dose-Response Relationship |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
Acute and Chronic Toxicity |
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
Toxicology of Specific Agents |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
|
651 | (3) |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
|
656 | (4) |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
Toxicology of Therapeutic Drugs |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
Toxicology of Drugs of Abuse |
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
Cannabinoids: Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
Tricyclic Antidepressants |
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine |
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
|
667 | (2) |
|
Chapter 27 Trace Elements, Toxic Elements, and Vitamins |
|
|
669 | (34) |
|
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
Instrumentation and Methods |
|
|
671 | (5) |
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
|
681 | (3) |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
|
691 | (2) |
|
|
693 | (10) |
|
|
703 | (21) |
|
|
|
706 | (3) |
|
Applications of Tumor Marker Detection |
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
Screening and Risk Assessment |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
Monitoring Effectiveness of Therapy and Disease Recurrence |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
Laboratory Considerations for Tumor Marker Measurement |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
|
711 | (1) |
|
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography |
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
Immunohistochemistry and Immunofluorescence |
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125) |
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) |
|
|
714 | (2) |
|
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) |
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) |
|
|
716 | (3) |
|
Cancer Antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) |
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) |
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
Immunoglobulin Free Light Chains |
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
Human Epididymis Protein 4 (HE4) |
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE) |
|
|
721 | (3) |
|
Chapter 29 Point-of-Care Testing |
|
|
724 | (10) |
|
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
|
725 | (2) |
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
POCT Implementation Protocol |
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
QC and Proficiency Testing |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
|
730 | (2) |
|
|
732 | (2) |
|
Chapter 30 Newborn and Pediatric Clinical Chemistry |
|
|
734 | (26) |
|
|
|
Developmental Changes from Neonate to Adult |
|
|
735 | (1) |
|
Respiration and Circulation |
|
|
736 | (1) |
|
|
736 | (1) |
|
|
736 | (1) |
|
Problems of Prematurity and Immaturity |
|
|
736 | (1) |
|
Pediatric Sample Collection and Handling |
|
|
736 | (1) |
|
|
736 | (2) |
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
Point-of-Care Analysis in Pediatrics |
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
Evaluation of POCT Devices |
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
Device Limitations for Pediatric Use |
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Blood Gases and pH in Neonates and Infants |
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
Blood Gas and Acid-Base Measurement |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Electrolytes and Water: Renal Function |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
Disorders Affecting Electrolytes and Water Balance |
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
Development of Liver Function |
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
Nitrogenous End Products as Markers of Renal Function |
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
Calcium and Bone Metabolism in Pediatrics |
|
|
746 | (1) |
|
Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia |
|
|
746 | (1) |
|
Endocrine Function in Pediatrics |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid System |
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Cortex System |
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
|
749 | (1) |
|
Endocrine Control of Sexual Maturation |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
Development of the Immune System |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
Basic Concepts of Immunity |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
Components of the Immune System |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
Neonatal and Infant Antibody Production |
|
|
751 | (1) |
|
|
752 | (1) |
|
|
753 | (1) |
|
|
753 | (1) |
|
Newborn Screening for Whole Populations |
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
Diagnosis of Metabolic Disease in the Clinical Setting |
|
|
755 | (2) |
|
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics |
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring |
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
Toxicologic Issues in Pediatric Clinical Chemistry |
|
|
757 | (3) |
|
Chapter 31 Geriatric Clinical Chemistry |
|
|
760 | (21) |
|
|
|
|
761 | (1) |
|
Aging and Medical Science |
|
|
762 | (3) |
|
General Physiologic Changes with Aging |
|
|
765 | (1) |
|
|
765 | (1) |
|
|
765 | (1) |
|
|
765 | (1) |
|
|
765 | (1) |
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
Effects of Age on Laboratory Testing |
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
|
769 | (1) |
|
|
769 | (1) |
|
|
769 | (1) |
|
|
769 | (1) |
|
Establishing Reference Ranges for Older Adults |
|
|
769 | (1) |
|
Preanalytical Variables Unique to Geriatric Patients |
|
|
770 | (1) |
|
Diseases Prevalent in Older Adults |
|
|
771 | (2) |
|
Age-Associated Changes in Drug Metabolism |
|
|
773 | (1) |
|
|
774 | (1) |
|
|
774 | (1) |
|
|
774 | (1) |
|
|
774 | (1) |
|
Atypical Presentations of Common Diseases |
|
|
775 | (1) |
|
|
776 | (1) |
|
The Impact of Exercise and Nutrition on Chemistry Results in the Geriatric Population |
|
|
776 | (5) |
Appendix: Reference Ranges |
|
781 | (8) |
Glossary |
|
789 | (16) |
Index |
|
805 | |