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Clinical Laboratory Hematology 3rd edition [Minkštas viršelis]

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Shirlyn McKenzie, Lynne Williams

Formatas: Paperback / softback, 1040 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 283x221x36 mm, weight: 2070 g
Išleidimo metai: 16-Oct-2014
Leidėjas: Pearson
ISBN-10: 0133076016
ISBN-13: 9780133076011

Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:

Medical laboratory testing & techniques - (Šiuo metu turimos knygos: 1 prekės)
Haematology

Minkštas viršelis
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Formatas: Paperback / softback, 1040 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 283x221x36 mm, weight: 2070 g
Išleidimo metai: 16-Oct-2014
Leidėjas: Pearson
ISBN-10: 0133076016
ISBN-13: 9780133076011

Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:

Medical laboratory testing & techniques - (Šiuo metu turimos knygos: 1 prekės)
Haematology

Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9780133076011.html

Raktažodžiai:

Clinical Laboratory Hematology, Third Edition, continues its stellar reputation as a comprehensive, yet reader-friendly, resource for all levels of hematology laboratory education, offering a visually engaging design and effective learning features that help students master the content. The text’s teaching and learning package includes an Instructor’s Manual, PowerPoint presentation slides, a test bank, image bank, and a companion website with resources for both instructor and students.

Teaching and Learning Experience:

Designed for both MLT and MLS students, the text provides a beneficial and economical resource for laboratory science programs that offer both levels of instruction and includes a wealth of learning features.
Each chapter features a consistent format with a striking visual design, making it easy for the reader to find information on each topic.
Complemented by a variety of ancillary materials designed to help instructors be more efficient and effective and students more successful.

Foreword

Preface

xxi

Acknowledgments

xxv

Reviewers

xxvi

Contributors

xxviii

Select Abbreviations Used

xxxi

SECTION ONE INTRODUCTION TO HEMATOLOGY

(24)

Chapter 1 Introduction

(6)

Overview

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Composition of Blood

(1)

Reference Intervals for Blood Cell Concentration

(1)

Hemostasis

(1)

Blood Component Therapy

(1)

Laboratory Testing in the Investigation of a Hematologic Problem

(2)

Summary

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Companion Resources

(1)

References

(1)

Chapter 2 Cellular Homeostasis

(18)

Overview

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Cell Morphology Review

(2)

Cell Membrane

(1)

Cytoplasm

(1)

Nucleus

(1)

Cellular Metabolism: DNA Duplication, Transcription, Translation

(3)

Control of Gene Expression

(1)

Protein Synthesis and Processing

(1)

The Ubiquitin System

(1)

Tissue Homeostasis: Proliferation, Differentiation, and Apoptosis

(8)

Proliferation: The Cell Cycle

(3)

Differentiation

(1)

Apoptosis

(5)

Abnormal Tissue Homeostasis and Cancer

(1)

Summary

(1)

Review Questions

(2)

Companion Resources

(1)

References

(2)

SECTION TWO THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM

(153)

Chapter 3 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF HEMATOPOIETIC ORGANS

(12)

Overview

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Development of Hematopoiesis

(1)

Hematopoietic Tissue

(6)

Bone Marrow

(3)

Thymus

(1)

Spleen

(3)

Lymph Nodes

(1)

Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

(1)

Lymphadenopathy

(1)

Summary

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Companion Resources

(1)

References

(1)

Chapter 4 Hematopoiesis

(21)

Overview

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Hematopoiesis

(6)

Hematopoietic Precursor Cells

(6)

Cytokines and the Control of Hematopoiesis

(5)

Growth Factor Functions

(1)

Characteristics of Growth Factors

(5)

Cytokine Receptors, Signaling Pathways, and Transcription Factors

(3)

Cytokine Receptors

(1)

Signaling Pathways

(1)

Transcription Factors

(1)

Clinical Use of Hematopoietic Growth Factors

(1)

Hematopoietic Microenvironment

(2)

Components of the Hematopoietic Microenvironment

(1)

Hematopoietic Microenvironment Niches

(2)

Summary

(1)

Review Questions

(2)

Companion Resources

(1)

References

(2)

Chapter 5 The Erythrocyte

(19)

Overview

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Erythropoiesis and Red Blood Cell Maturation

(4)

Erythroid Progenitor Cells

(1)

Erythroid-Maturing Cells

(2)

Characteristics of Cell Maturation

(1)

Erythroblastic Islands

(1)

Erythrocyte Membrane

(5)

Membrane Composition

(1)

Lipid Composition

(3)

Membrane Permeability

(1)

Erythrocyte Metabolism

(2)

Glycolytic Pathway

(1)

Hexose Monophosphate (HMP) Shunt

(2)

Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway

(1)

Rapoport-Luebering Shunt

(1)

Erythrocyte Kinetics

(2)

Erythrocyte Concentration

(1)

Regulation of Erythrocyte Production

(1)

Erythrocyte Destruction

(1)

Summary

(1)

Review Questions

(2)

Companion Resources

(1)

Disclaimer

(1)

References

(2)

Chapter 6 Hemoglobin

(20)

Overview

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Hemoglobin Structure

(2)

Hemoglobin Synthesis

(2)

Heme

(1)

Globin Chain Synthesis

(2)

Regulation of Hemoglobin Synthesis

(1)

Ontogeny of Hemoglobin

(1)

Embryonic Hemoglobins

(1)

Fetal Hemoglobin

(1)

Adult Hemoglobins

(1)

Glycosylated Hemoglobin

(1)

Hemoglobin Function

(5)

Oxygen Transport

(3)

Carbon Dioxide Transport

(1)

Nitric Oxide and Hemoglobin

(1)

Artificial Oxygen Carriers

(1)

Hemoglobin Catabolism

(2)

Extravascular Destruction

(1)

Intravascular Destruction

(1)

Acquired Nonfunctional Hemoglobins

(2)

Methemoglobin

(1)

Sulfhemoglobin

(1)

Carboxyhemoglobin

(1)

Summary

(1)

Review Questions

(2)

Companion Resources

(1)

References

(1)

Chapter 7 Granulocytes And Monocytes

(25)

Overview

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Leukocyte Concentration in the Peripheral Blood

(1)

Leukocyte Surface Markers

100

(1)

Leukocyte Function

100

(1)

Neutrophils

100

(10)

Differentiation, Maturation, and Morphology

100

(4)

Distribution, Concentration, and Kinetics

104

(2)

Function

106

(4)

Eosinophils

110

(2)

Differentiation, Maturation, and Morphology

110

(2)

Distribution, Concentration, and Kinetics

112

(1)

Function

112

(1)

Basophils

112

(1)

Differentiation, Maturation, and Morphology

113

(1)

Concentration, Distribution, and Destruction

113

(1)

Function

113

(1)

Monocytes

113

(2)

Differentiation, Maturation, and Morphology

114

(1)

Distribution, Concentration, and Kinetics

115

(1)

Function

115

(2)

Summary

117

(1)

Review Questions

117

(3)

Companion Resources

120

(1)

References

120

(2)

Chapter 8 Lymphocytes

122

(22)

Overview

123

(1)

Introduction

123

(1)

Lymphopoiesis

124

(1)

Lineage Differentiation

125

(7)

B Lymphocytes

125

(4)

T Lymphocytes

129

(3)

Natural Killer Cells

132

(1)

Natural Killer T(NKT) Cells

132

(1)

Lymphocyte Identification and Morphology

132

(4)

Morphology of Immature Lymphocytes

133

(2)

Morphology of Activated Lymphocytes

135

(1)

Lymphocyte Distribution, Concentration, and Kinetics

136

(1)

Lymphocyte Function

136

(4)

B Lymphocytes (Humoral Immunity)

136

(1)

T Lymphocytes (Cell-Mediated Immunity)

137

(1)

Natural Killer Cells

138

(1)

Adhesion Molecules of the Adaptive Immune Response

139

(1)

Aging and Lymphocyte Function

139

(1)

Lymphocyte Metabolism

139

(1)

Summary

140

(1)

Review Questions

141

(1)

Companion Resources

142

(1)

References

142

(2)

Chapter 9 The Platelet

144

(10)

Overview

145

(1)

Introduction

145

(1)

Peripheral Blood Platelets

145

(1)

Platelet Morphology

145

(1)

Quantitative Platelet Evaluation

146

(1)

Megakaryocyte Biology

146

(5)

Megakaryopoiesis

146

(3)

Thrombopoiesis

149

(2)

Summary

151

(1)

Review Questions

151

(1)

Companion Resources

152

(1)

References

152

(2)

Chapter 10 The Complete Blood Count And Peripheral Blood Smear Evaluation

154

(24)

Overview

155

(1)

Introduction

155

(1)

Pre-Examination Phase of the CBC

156

(1)

Examination Phase of the CBC

156

(17)

Automated Results

156

(4)

The Peripheral Blood Smear

160

(12)

Clinical Laboratory Professional's Review of CBC Data

172

(1)

Post-Examination Phase of the CBC

173

(1)

Physiologic Variation in Hematologic Parameters

173

(1)

CBC Variations in Newborns and Children

173

(1)

CBC Variations Between Ethnic Groups and Sexes, in Elderly People, and by Geographic Location

173

(1)

Summary

174

(1)

Review Questions

174

(2)

Companion Resources

176

(1)

References

177

(1)

SECTION THREE THE ANEMIAS

178

(210)

Chapter 11 Introduction To Anemia

178

(20)

Overview

179

(1)

Introduction

179

(1)

How Does Anemia Develop?

180

(1)

Interpretation of Abnormal Hemoglobin Concentrations

180

(1)

Adaptations to Anemia

181

(1)

Increase in Oxygenated Blood Flow

181

(1)

Increase in Oxygen Utilization by Tissue

181

(1)

Diagnosis of Anemia

181

(7)

History

181

(1)

Physical Examination

182

(1)

Laboratory Investigation

183

(5)

Classification of Anemias

188

(6)

Morphologic Classification

188

(1)

Functional Classification

188

(4)

Classification Using the Red Cell Distribution Width

192

(1)

Laboratory Testing Schemas for Anemia Diagnosis

193

(1)

Summary

194

(1)

Review Questions

195

(2)

Companion Resources

197

(1)

References

197

(1)

Chapter 12 Anemias Of Disordered Iron Metabolism And Heme Synthesis

198

(33)

Overview

199

(1)

Introduction

200

(1)

Iron Metabolism

200

(9)

Distribution

200

(1)

Absorption

201

(1)

Transport

202

(2)

Storage

204

(1)

Physiological Regulation of Iron Balance

204

(4)

Iron Requirements

208

(1)

Laboratory Assessment of Iron

209

(1)

Iron Studies

209

(1)

Iron-Deficiency Anemia

210

(4)

Historical Aspects

210

(1)

Etiology

210

(1)

Pathophysiology

211

(1)

Clinical Features

211

(1)

Laboratory Features

212

(2)

Therapy

214

(1)

Anemia of Chronic Disease

214

(2)

Pathophysiology

214

(1)

Clinical Features

215

(1)

Laboratory Features

215

(1)

Anemias Associated with Abnormal Heme Synthesis

216

(4)

Sideroblastic Anemias

216

(4)

Hemochromatosis

220

(2)

Hereditary Hemochromatosis

221

(1)

Secondary Hemochromatosis

222

(1)

Treatment

222

(1)

Porphyrias

222

(3)

Pathophysiology

223

(1)

Clinical Features

224

(1)

Laboratory Features

225

(1)

Prognosis and Therapy

225

(1)

Summary

225

(2)

Review Questions

227

(2)

Companion Resources

229

(1)

References

229

(2)

Chapter 13 Hemoglobinopathies: Qualitative Defects

231

(20)

Overview

232

(1)

Introduction

232

(1)

Structural Hemoglobin Variants

233

(3)

Identification of Hemoglobin Variants

233

(1)

Methods of Analysis

234

(1)

Nomenclature

235

(1)

Pathophysiology

235

(1)

Sickle Cell Anemia

236

(5)

Pathophysiology

236

(1)

Clinical Findings

237

(2)

Laboratory Findings

239

(1)

Therapy

240

(1)

Sickle Cell Trait

241

(1)

Other Sickling Disorders

241

(1)

Hemoglobin C Disease

241

(1)

Hemoglobin S/C Disease

242

(1)

Hemoglobin D

243

(1)

Hemoglobin E

243

(1)

Unstable Hemoglobin Variants

244

(1)

Pathophysiology

244

(1)

Clinical Findings

244

(1)

Laboratory Findings

244

(1)

Therapy

245

(1)

Hemoglobin Variants with Altered Oxygen Affinity

245

(2)

Hemoglobin Variants with Increased Oxygen Affinity

245

(1)

Hemoglobin Variants with Decreased Oxygen Affinity

245

(1)

Methemoglobinemias

246

(1)

Summary

247

(1)

Review Questions

247

(2)

Companion Resources

249

(1)

References

249

(2)

Chapter 14 Thalassemia

251

(26)

Overview

252

(1)

Introduction

252

(5)

Thalassemia Versus Hemoglobinopathy

253

(1)

Genetic Defects in Thalassemia

254

(1)

Types of Thalassemia

254

(1)

Pathophysiology

255

(1)

Clinical Findings

255

(1)

Laboratory Findings

256

(1)

α-Thalassemia

257

(4)

General Considerations

257

(1)

α-Thalassemia Major (α0/α0 or α-thal-1/α-thal-1; Hydrops Fetalis)

257

(2)

Hemoglobin H Disease (α0/α+ or α-thal-1/α-thal-2)

259

(1)

α-Thalassemia Minor (α-thal-2/α-thal-2 [ a+/a+], or α-thal-1/normal [ α0/α])

260

(1)

Silent Carrier (α-thal-2/normal; α+/ α)

261

(1)

β-Thalassemia

261

(6)

General Considerations

261

(1)

β-Thalassemia Major (β0/β0, β0/β+, β+/ β+)

262

(3)

β-Thalassemia Minor (β0/β or β+/ β)

265

(1)

β-Thalassemia Intermedia (β+/ β+, β0/β+, β0/β)

266

(1)

β-Thalassemia Minima (βSC/β)

267

(1)

Other Thalassemias and Thalassemia-Like Conditions

267

(4)

δ β-Thalassemia

267

(1)

γδ β-Thalassemia

267

(1)

Hemoglobin Constant Spring

267

(1)

Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Hemoglobin (HPFH)

268

(1)

Hemoglobin Lepore

269

(1)

Combination Disorders

270

(1)

Differential Diagnosis of Thalassemia

271

(1)

Summary

272

(1)

Review Questions

272

(2)

Companion Resources

274

(1)

References

274

(3)

Chapter 15 Megaloblastic And Nonmegaloblastic Macrocytic Anemias

277

(25)

Overview

279

(1)

Introduction

279

(1)

Megaloblastic Anemia

279

(17)

Clinical Findings

280

(1)

Laboratory Findings

281

(2)

Folate

283

(4)

Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)

287

(7)

Other Megaloblastic Anemias

294

(2)

Macrocytic Anemia Without Megaloblastosis

296

(2)

Alcoholism

296

(1)

Liver Disease

296

(2)

Stimulated Erythropoiesis

298

(1)

Hypothyroidism

298

(1)

Summary

298

(1)

Review Questions

299

(1)

Companion Resources

300

(1)

References

301

(1)

Chapter 16 Hypoproliferative Anemias

302

(15)

Overview

303

(1)

Introduction

303

(1)

Aplastic Anemia

303

(7)

Epidemiology

304

(1)

Pathophysiology

304

(1)

Classification and Etiology

304

(3)

Clinical Findings

307

(1)

Laboratory Findings

307

(1)

Prognosis and Therapy

308

(1)

Differentiation of Aplastic Anemia from other Causes of Pancytopenia

309

(1)

Pure Red Cell Aplasia

310

(2)

Acquired Acute Pure Red Cell Aplasia

310

(1)

Chronic Acquired Pure Red Cell Aplasia

311

(1)

Diamond-Blackfan Syndrome

311

(1)

Other Hypoproliferative Anemias

312

(1)

Renal Disease

312

(1)

Endocrine Abnormalities

313

(1)

Summary

313

(1)

Review Questions

314

(2)

Companion Resources

316

(1)

References

316

(1)

Chapter 17 Hemolytic Anemia: Membrane Defects

317

(17)

Overview

318

(1)

Introduction

318

(1)

Membrane Defects

318

(2)

Skeletal Protein Abnormalities

318

(2)

Hereditary Spherocytosis

320

(3)

Pathophysiology

320

(1)

Clinical Findings

321

(1)

Laboratory Findings

321

(2)

Identification of Deficient/Defective Membrane Protein

323

(1)

Therapy

323

(1)

Hereditary Elliptocytosis

323

(2)

Pathophysiology

323

(1)

Clinical Findings

324

(1)

Laboratory Findings

324

(1)

Therapy

325

(1)

Hereditary Pyropoikilocytosis (HPP)

325

(1)

Pathophysiology

325

(1)

Clinical Findings

325

(1)

Laboratory Findings

325

(1)

Therapy

325

(1)

Hereditary Stomatocytosis Syndromes

326

(1)

Pathophysiology

326

(1)

Laboratory Findings

326

(1)

Therapy

327

(1)

Abnormal Membrane Lipid Composition: Acanthocytosis

327

(1)

Spur Cell Anemia

327

(1)

Abetalipoproteinemia (Hereditary Acanthocytosis)

327

(1)

Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (LCAT) Deficiency

328

(1)

Rare Forms

328

(1)

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)

328

(2)

Pathophysiology

328

(1)

Clinical Findings

329

(1)

Laboratory Findings

329

(1)

Therapy

330

(1)

Summary

330

(1)

Review Questions

330

(3)

Companion Resources

333

(1)

References

333

(1)

Chapter 18 Hemolytic Anemia: Enzyme Deficiencies

334

(14)

Overview

335

(1)

Introduction

335

(2)

Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

336

(1)

Glycolytic Pathway

336

(1)

Clinical and Laboratory Findings in Erythrocyte Enzyme Deficiencies

336

(1)

Diagnosis

337

(1)

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency

337

(4)

Pathophysiology

337

(1)

G6PD Variants

338

(1)

Females with G6PD Deficiency

338

(1)

Clinical Findings

339

(1)

Laboratory Findings

340

(1)

Differential Diagnosis

341

(1)

Therapy

341

(1)

Other Defects and Deficiencies of the HMP Shunt and GSH Metabolism

341

(1)

Pyruvate Kinase (PK) Deficiency

342

(1)

Pathophysiology

342

(1)

Clinical Findings

342

(1)

Laboratory Findings

342

(1)

Therapy

343

(1)

Other Enzyme Deficiencies in the Glycolytic Pathway

343

(1)

Abnormal Erythrocyte Nucleotide Metabolism

343

(1)

Summary

344

(1)

Review Questions

344

(2)

Companion Resources

346

(1)

References

346

(2)

Chapter 19 Hemolytic Anemia: Immune Anemias

348

(24)

Overview

349

(1)

Introduction

349

(1)

Classification of Immune Hemolytic Anemias

350

(1)

Sites and Factors that Affect Hemolysis

351

(1)

Mechanisms of Hemolysis

352

(1)

IgG-Mediated Hemolysis

352

(1)

Complement-Mediated Hemolysis

352

(1)

IgM-Mediated Hemolysis

353

(1)

Laboratory Identification of Sensitized Red Cells

353

(2)

Direct Antiglobulin Test

354

(1)

Indirect Antiglobulin Test

354

(1)

Negative DAT in AIHA

354

(1)

Positive DAT in Normal Individuals

355

(1)

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemias (AIHA)

355

(8)

Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

355

(3)

Cold Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

358

(2)

Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria

360

(1)

Mixed-Type AIHA

361

(1)

Drug-Induced Hemolytic Anemias

361

(2)

Alloimmune Hemolytic Anemia

363

(4)

Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions

363

(2)

Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)

365

(2)

Summary

367

(1)

Review Questions

368

(2)

Companion Resources

370

(1)

References

370

(2)

Chapter 20 Hemolytic Anemia: Nonimmune Defects

372

(16)

Overview

373

(1)

Introduction

373

(1)

Hemolytic Anemia Caused by Physical Injury to the Erythrocyte

373

(7)

Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia

374

(6)

Other Erythrocyte Physical Trauma Resulting in Hemolytic Anemia

380

(1)

Hemolytic Anemias Caused by Antagonists in the Blood

380

(3)

Infectious Agents

380

(2)

Animal Venoms

382

(1)

Chemicals and Drugs

383

(1)

Summary

383

(1)

Review Questions

383

(2)

Companion Resources

385

(1)

References

385

(3)

SECTION FOUR Nonmalignant Disorders Of Leukocytes

388

(37)

Chapter 21 Nonmalignant Disorders Of Leukocytes: Granulocytes And Monocytes

388

(20)

Overview

389

(1)

Introduction

390

(1)

Neutrophil Disorders

390

(10)

Quantitative Disorders

390

(5)

Qualitative or Morphologic Abnormalities

395

(5)

Eosinophil Disorders

400

(1)

Nonclonal (Reactive) Eosinophilia

400

(1)

Clonal (Neoplastic) Eosinophilia

401

(1)

Basophil and Mast Cell Disorders

401

(1)

Monocyte/Macrophage Disorders

402

(2)

Quantitative Disorders

402

(1)

Qualitative Disorders

402

(2)

Summary

404

(1)

Review Questions

405

(2)

Companion Resources

407

(1)

References

407

(1)

Chapter 22 Nonmalignant Lymphocyte Disorders

408

(17)

Overview

409

(1)

Introduction

409

(1)

Lymphocytosis

410

(5)

Infectious Mononucleosis

411

(2)

Toxoplasmosis

413

(1)

Cytomegalovirus

413

(1)

The Reactive Lymphocytosis Process

413

(1)

Bordetella pertussis

413

(1)

Persistent Polyclonal B-Cell Lymphocytosis

414

(1)

Other Conditions Associated with Lymphocytosis

414

(1)

Plasmacytosis

414

(1)

Lymphocytopenia

415

(6)

Immune Deficiency Disorders

415

(6)

Summary

421

(1)

Review Questions

421

(3)

Companion Resources

424

(1)

References

424

(1)

SECTION FIVE NEOPLASTIC HEMATOLOGIC DISORDERS

425

(147)

Chapter 23 Introduction To Hematopoietic Neoplasms

425

(21)

Overview

426

(1)

Introduction

427

(1)

Etiology/Pathophysiology

428

(5)

Cancer Stem Cells

428

(1)

Molecular Basis of Cancer

429

(2)

Leukemogenesis

431

(2)

Epidemiology

433

(1)

Clinical Findings

433

(1)

Hematologic Findings

433

(1)

Hematopoietic Neoplasm Classification

434

(2)

Myeloid Neoplasms

434

(1)

Lymphoid Neoplasms

435

(1)

Laboratory Procedures for Diagnosing and Classifying Neoplasms

436

(2)

Cytochemical Analysis

436

(1)

Immunologic Analysis

437

(1)

Genetic Analysis

438

(1)

Prognosis and Treatment of Neoplastic Disorders

438

(3)

Prognosis

438

(1)

Treatment

439

(2)

Summary

441

(1)

Review Questions

442

(2)

Companion Resources

444

(1)

References

445

(1)

Chapter 24 Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

446

(33)

Overview

447

(1)

Introduction

448

(1)

Part I Overview of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPNs)

448

(1)

Classification

448

(1)

Pathophysiology

449

(1)

General Features

450

(1)

Part II Subgroups of MPNs

450

(1)

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

450

(7)

Etiology and Pathophysiology

451

(2)

Clinical Findings

453

(1)

Laboratory Findings

453

(1)

Terminal Phase

454

(1)

Therapy

455

(1)

Differential Diagnosis

456

(1)

Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia (CNL)

457

(1)

Etiology and Pathophysiology

457

(1)

Clinical Findings

457

(1)

Laboratory Findings

458

(1)

Therapy

458

(1)

Differential Diagnosis

458

(1)

Essential Thrombocythemia (ET)

458

(3)

Etiology and Pathophysiology

458

(1)

Clinical Findings

459

(1)

Laboratory Findings

459

(1)

Prognosis and Therapy

460

(1)

Differential Diagnosis

460

(1)

Polycythemia Vera (PV)

461

(6)

Classification

461

(1)

Etiology and Pathophysiology

462

(1)

Clinical Findings

463

(1)

Laboratory Findings

463

(1)

Prognosis and Therapy

464

(1)

Differential Diagnosis

465

(1)

Relative Polycythemia

465

(2)

Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF)

467

(3)

Etiology and Pathophysiology

467

(1)

Clinical Findings

467

(1)

Laboratory Findings

468

(1)

Prognosis and Therapy

469

(1)

Differential Diagnosis

469

(1)

Myeloproliferative Neoplasm, Unclassifiable (MPN, U)

470

(1)

Laboratory Findings

470

(1)

Clonal Hypereosinophilia

470

(3)

Myeloid and Lymphoid Neoplasms Associated with Eosinophilia and PDGFRA, PDGFRB, or FGFR1 Mutations

471

(1)

Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia, Not Otherwise Specified (CEL-NOS)

472

(1)

Idiopathic Hypereosinophilic Syndrome (I-HES)

473

(1)

Mast Cell Disease (Mastocytosis)

473

(1)

Summary

474

(1)

Review Questions

474

(3)

Companion Resources

477

(1)

References

477

(2)

Chapter 25 Myelodysplastic Syndromes

479

(21)

Overview

480

(1)

Introduction

480

(1)

Pathogenesis

481

(2)

Cytogenetics, Epigenetics, and Single Gene Mutations

481

(1)

Proliferation Abnormalities

482

(1)

Incidence

483

(1)

Clinical Findings

483

(1)

Laboratory Findings

483

(4)

Peripheral Blood

483

(2)

Bone Marrow

485

(1)

Molecular Diagnostics

486

(1)

Other Laboratory Findings

486

(1)

Blast and Precursor Cell Classification

487

(2)

Myeloblasts

487

(1)

Promyelocytes

487

(1)

Ring Sideroblasts

488

(1)

Cytochemical and Immunological Identification of Blasts

489

(1)

Classification

489

(1)

Description of Subgroups of MDS

489

(3)

Refractory Cytopenia with Unilineage Dysplasia (RCUD)

490

(1)

Refractory Anemia with Ring Sideroblasts (RARS)

491

(1)

Refractory Cytopenia with Multilineage Dysplasia (RCMD)

491

(1)

Refractory Anemia with Excess Blasts (RAEBs)

491

(1)

MDS Associated with Isolated del(5q)

491

(1)

Myelodysplastic Syndrome, Unclassifiable

491

(1)

Childhood MDS

491

(1)

Variants of MDS

492

(1)

Hypoplastic MDS

492

(1)

MDS with Fibrosis

492

(1)

Therapy-Related Myelodysplasia

492

(1)

Prognosis

493

(1)

Therapy

494

(1)

Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MDS/MPNs)

494

(2)

Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia

494

(1)

Atypical Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (aCML, BCR/ABL1-)

495

(1)

Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia

496

(1)

Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Unclassifiable (MDS/MPN, U)

496

(1)

Summary

496

(1)

Review Questions

497

(1)

Companion Resources

498

(1)

References

499

(1)

Chapter 26 Acute Myeloid Leukemias

500

(22)

Overview

501

(1)

Introduction

501

(1)

Etiology and Pathophysiology

502

(1)

Laboratory Findings

502

(1)

Peripheral Blood

502

(1)

Bone Marrow

503

(1)

Other Laboratory Findings

503

(1)

Classification

503

(15)

Identification of Cell Lineage

504

(1)

Assessment of Bone Marrow

505

(3)

WHO Classification of AML

508

(10)

Therapy

518

(1)

Summary

518

(1)

Review Questions

519

(1)

Companion Resources

520

(1)

References

521

(1)

Chapter 27 Precursor Lymphoid Neoplasms

522

(13)

Overview

523

(1)

Introduction

523

(1)

Etiology and Pathogenesis

523

(1)

Clinical Findings

524

(1)

Laboratory Findings

524

(2)

Peripheral Blood

524

(1)

Bone Marrow

525

(1)

Tissue Involvement

525

(1)

Other Laboratory Findings

525

(1)

Identification of Cell Lineage

526

(1)

Morphology and Cytochemistry

526

(1)

Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT)

526

(1)

Immunophenotyping

526

(1)

Cytogenetic Analysis

527

(1)

Molecular Analysis

527

(1)

WHO Classification

527

(4)

B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma

527

(2)

T-Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma

529

(1)

Acute Leukemias of Ambiguous Lineage

530

(1)

Therapy

531

(1)

Summary

531

(1)

Review Questions

532

(2)

Companion Resources

534

(1)

References

534

(1)

Chapter 28 Mature Lymphoid Neoplasms

535

(22)

Overview

536

(1)

Introduction

537

(1)

Etiology and Pathogenesis

537

(1)

Acquired Genetic Factors

537

(1)

Inherited genetic Factors

537

(1)

Environmental Factors

537

(1)

Diagnosis and Classification

537

(2)

Mature B-Cell Neoplasms

539

(10)

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma

539

(1)

B-Cell Prolymphocyte Leukemia

540

(1)

Hairy Cell Leukemia

541

(1)

Follicular Lymphoma

541

(2)

Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL)

543

(1)

Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma of Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue

544

(1)

Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma

544

(1)

Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

545

(1)

Burkitt Lymphoma

545

(1)

Plasma Cell Neoplasms

546

(3)

Mature T- and NK-Cell Neoplasms

549

(2)

T-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia

549

(1)

T-Cell Large Granular Lymphocytic (T-LGL) Leukemia

550

(1)

Sezary's Syndrome

550

(1)

Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL)

550

(1)

Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, Not Otherwise Specified (NOS)

551

(1)

Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)

551

(2)

Summary

553

(1)

Review Questions

554

(2)

Companion Resources

556

(1)

References

556

(1)

Chapter 29 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

557

(15)

Overview

558

(1)

Introduction

558

(1)

Origin and Differentiation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

559

(1)

Sources of Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Types of Stem Cell Transplants

559

(2)

Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation

559

(1)

Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation

560

(1)

Umbilical Cord Stem Cell Transplantation

560

(1)

Collection and Processing of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

561

(1)

Bone Marrow

561

(1)

Peripheral Blood

561

(1)

Umbilical Cord Blood (UCB)

562

(1)

Purging

562

(1)

Cryopreservation and Storage of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

562

(1)

Infusion of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

562

(1)

Quantitation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

562

(2)

Determination of Mononuclear Cell Count

562

(1)

CD34 Enumeration by Flow Cytometry

563

(1)

Cell Culture for Colony Forming Units

563

(1)

Collection Target for Stem Cells

564

(1)

Hematopoietic Engraftment

564

(1)

Evidence of Initial Engraftment

564

(1)

Evidence of Long-Term Engraftment

564

(1)

Role of the Clinical Laboratory Professional in Stem Cell Transplantation

564

(1)

Graft-Versus-Host Disease and Graft-Versus-Leukemia Effect

565

(2)

Complications Associated with Stem Cell Transplantation

567

(1)

Early Complications

567

(1)

Late Complications

567

(1)

Increased Availability and Success of Stem Cell Transplantation

568

(1)

Gene Therapy

568

(1)

Summary

568

(1)

Review Questions

568

(2)

Companion Resources

570

(1)

References

570

(2)

SECTION SIX BODY FLUIDS

572

(36)

Chapter 30 Morphologic Analysis Of Body Fluids In The Hematology Laboratory

572

(36)

Overview

573

(1)

Introduction

574

(1)

Types of Body Fluids

574

(4)

Serous Fluids

574

(1)

Cerebrospinal Fluid

575

(2)

Synovial Fluid

577

(1)

Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL)

577

(1)

Hematologic Analysis of Body Fluids

578

(22)

Specimen Collection and Handling

578

(1)

Physical Characteristics

578

(1)

Cell Counting

579

(3)

Nucleated Cell Differential

582

(18)

Analysis of Other Fluids

600

(4)

BAL Fluid

600

(1)

Amniotic Fluid Lamellar Body Counts

600

(1)

Semen Analysis

601

(3)

Summary

604

(1)

Review Questions

604

(2)

Companion Resources

606

(1)

References

606

(2)

SECTION SEVEN HEMOSTASIS

608

(174)

Chapter 31 Primary Hemostasis

608

(24)

Overview

609

(1)

Introduction

609

(1)

Role of the Vascular System

610

(5)

Structure of Blood Vessels

610

(1)

Functions of Blood Vessels in Hemostasis

611

(2)

Functions of Endothelial Cells

613

(2)

Platelets in Hemostasis

615

(13)

Platelet Structure

615

(5)

Platelet Function

620

(8)

Physiologic Controls of Platelet Activation

628

(1)

Summary

628

(1)

Review Questions

629

(1)

Companion Resources

630

(1)

References

630

(2)

Chapter 32 Secondary Hemostasis And Fibrinolysis

632

(31)

Overview

633

(1)

Introduction

634

(1)

Coagulation Mechanism

634

(1)

Procoagulant Factors

635

(3)

Properties of the Blood Coagulation Factors

635

(2)

Mechanism of Action of the Coagulation Factors

637

(1)

Vitamin K-Dependent Coagulation Proteins

637

(1)

Structure of the Blood Coagulation Proteins

638

(1)

Coagulation Cascade

638

(9)

Complex Formation on Phosholipid Surfaces

638

(1)

The Intrinsic Pathway

638

(5)

The Extrinsic Pathway

643

(1)

The Common Pathway

643

(4)

The Fibrinolytic System

647

(6)

Introduction

647

(1)

Plasminogen (PLG) and Plasmin (PLN)

648

(1)

Activators of Fibrinolysis

648

(2)

Fibrin Degradation

650

(2)

Inhibitors of Fibrinolysis

652

(1)

Control of Hemostasis

653

(5)

Blood Flow

653

(1)

Liver Clearance

653

(1)

Positive Feedback Amplification

653

(1)

Negative Feedback Inhibition

654

(1)

Biochemical Inhibitors

654

(4)

Physiologic Hemostasis

658

(1)

Summary

659

(1)

Review Questions

659

(2)

Companion Resources

661

(1)

References

661

(2)

Chapter 33 Disorders Of Primary Hemostasis

663

(26)

Overview

664

(1)

Introduction

665

(1)

Diagnosis of Bleeding Disorders

665

(1)

Clinical Manifestations of Bleeding Disorders

665

(1)

Evaluation of a Patient with Abnormal Bleeding

665

(1)

Disorders of the Vascular System

666

(3)

Hereditary Disorders of the Vascular System

667

(1)

Acquired Disorders of the Vascular System

667

(2)

Platelet Disorders

669

(16)

Quantitative Platelet Disorders

669

(10)

Qualitative (Functional) Platelet Disorders

679

(6)

Summary

685

(1)

Review Questions

685

(2)

Companion Resources

687

(1)

References

687

(2)

Chapter 34 Disorders Of Secondary Hemostasis

689

(31)

Overview

690

(1)

Introduction

690

(1)

Disorders of the Proteins of Fibrin Formation

691

(22)

Hereditary Disorders of Secondary Hemostasis

692

(14)

Acquired Disorders of Hemostasis Associated with Bleeding

706

(7)

Flow Charts

713

(1)

Hemostasis in the Newborn

713

(2)

Normal Hemostasis in the Newborn

713

(2)

Common Bleeding Disorders in the Neonate

715

(1)

Summary

715

(1)

Review Questions

716

(2)

Companion Resources

718

(1)

References

718

(2)

Chapter 35 Thrombophilia

720

(30)

Overview

721

(1)

Introduction

722

(1)

Thrombus Formation

722

(2)

Arterial Thrombi

722

(1)

Venous Thrombi

723

(1)

Microparticles in Arterial and Venous Thrombosis

724

(1)

Thrombophilia

724

(15)

Hereditary Thrombophilia

725

(6)

Other Potential Genetic Risk Factors

731

(2)

Acquired Thrombohemorrhagic Conditions

733

(6)

Laboratory Testing in Patients with Suspected Thrombosis

739

(1)

Anticoagulant Therapy

740

(4)

Heparin

740

(1)

Oral Anticoagulants

741

(1)

New Anticoagulants

742

(1)

Thrombolytic Therapy

742

(1)

Antiplatelet Therapy

743

(1)

Summary

744

(1)

Review Questions

744

(2)

Companion Resources

746

(1)

References

746

(4)

Chapter 36 Hemostasis: Laboratory Testing And Instrumentation

750

(32)

Overview

752

(1)

Introduction

752

(1)

Specimen Collection and Processing

752

(2)

Specimen Collection

752

(1)

Specimen Processing

753

(1)

Laboratory Investigation of Primary Hemostasis

754

(3)

Bleeding Time

754

(1)

Platelet Function Analyzers

754

(3)

Laboratory Investigation of Secondary Hemostasis

757

(7)

Screening Tests

757

(2)

Tests to Identify a Specific Factor Deficiency

759

(5)

Identification of Inhibitors

764

(3)

Laboratory Investigation of the Fibrinolytic System

766

(1)

D-Dimer

766

(1)

Fibrin Degradation Products

767

(1)

Euglobulin Clot Lysis

767

(1)

Laboratory Investigation of Hypercoagulable States

767

(3)

Antithrombin (AT)

768

(1)

Protein C/Activated Protein C (APC)

768

(1)

Protein S

769

(1)

Activated Protein C Resistance (APCR)

769

(1)

Prothrombin G20210A

769

(1)

Additional Testing for Thrombosis

769

(1)

Laboratory Evaluation of Anticoagulant Therapy

770

(3)

Oral Anticoagulant Therapy and the Prothrombin Time---INR Value

771

(1)

Heparin Therapy Monitoring

771

(2)

Molecular Markers of Hemostatic Activation

773

(1)

Markers of Fibrin Formation and Fibrinolysis

773

(1)

Laboratory Markers of Platelet Activation

773

(1)

Global Testing

774

(1)

Thromboelastography (TEG)

774

(1)

ROTEM

774

(1)

Calibrated Automated Thrombogran (CAT)

774

(1)

Hemostasis Instrumentation

774

(3)

Evolution of Hemostasis Testing

774

(1)

Automated Hemostasis Analyzer Methodologies

775

(1)

Point-of-Care (POC) Hemostasis Instrumentation

776

(1)

Summary

777

(1)

Review Questions

777

(2)

Companion Resources

779

(1)

References

779

(3)

SECTION EIGHT HEMATOLOGY PROCEDURES

782

(121)

Chapter 37 Hematology Procedures

782

(33)

Overview

784

(1)

Laboratory Testing Regulations

784

(1)

Sample Collection: Phlebotomy

785

(3)

Anticoagulants

785

(1)

Equipment

786

(1)

Venipuncture

787

(1)

Capillary Puncture

787

(1)

Phlebotomy Safety

787

(1)

Microscopy: the Microscope

788

(2)

Bright-Field Microscopy

788

(1)

Phase-Contrast Microscopy

789

(1)

Koehler Illumination

789

(1)

Preventative Maintenance

789

(1)

Part I Routine Hematology Procedures

790

(1)

Peripheral Blood Smear Preparation

790

(1)

Manual Method

790

(1)

Automated Method

791

(1)

Peripheral Blood Smear Staining

791

(1)

Peripheral Blood Smear Examination

792

(2)

Cell Enumeration by Hemacytometer

794

(1)

Manual Leukocyte Count

794

(1)

Manual Erythrocyte Count

795

(1)

Manual Platelet Count

795

(1)

Hemoglobin Concentration

795

(1)

Hematocrit

796

(1)

Erythrocyte Indices

796

(1)

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

797

(1)

Reticulocyte Count

798

(1)

Solubility Test for Hemoglobin S

799

(1)

Part II Reflex Hematology Procedures

800

(1)

Hemoglobin Electrophoresis

800

(1)

Quantitation of Hemoglobin A2

801

(1)

Acid Elution for Hemoglobin F

801

(1)

Quantitation of Hemoglobin F

802

(1)

Alkali Denaturation

802

(1)

Other Methods

802

(1)

Heat Denaturation Test for Unstable Hemoglobin

802

(1)

Heinz Body Stain

802

(1)

Osmotic Fragility Test

803

(1)

Donath-Landsteiner Test for Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria (PCH)

804

(1)

Erythropoietin

804

(1)

Soluble Transferrin Receptor

805

(1)

Cytochemical Stains

805

(5)

Myeloperoxidase

805

(1)

Sudan Black B

805

(1)

Chloroacetate Esterase

806

(1)

α-Naphthyl Esterase (Nonspecific Esterase)

806

(1)

Periodic Acid-Schiff

807

(1)

Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase

807

(1)

Acid Phosphatase and Tartrate-Resistan Acid Phosphatase (TRAP)

808

(1)

Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase

808

(1)

Toluidine Blue

809

(1)

Reticulin Stain and Masson's Trichrome Stain

809

(1)

Summary

810

(1)

Review Questions

810

(2)

Companion Resources

812

(1)

References

812

(3)

Chapter 38 Bone Marrow Examination

815

(14)

Overview

816

(1)

Introduction

816

(1)

Indications for Bone Marrow Evaluation

816

(1)

Bone Marrow Procedure

817

(1)

Bone Marrow Processing for Examination

818

(1)

Bone Marrow Aspirate Smears, Particle Preparation, and Clot Sections

818

(1)

Touch Imprints and Core Biopsy

819

(1)

Morphologic Interpretation of Bone Marrow

819

(5)

Bone Marrow Aspirate

819

(2)

Touch Imprints

821

(1)

Bone Marrow Particle Preparation and Clot and Core Biopsy

821

(1)

Benign Lymphoid Aggregates versus Malignant Lymphoma

821

(2)

Bone Marrow Iron Stores

823

(1)

Special Studies on Bone Marrow

824

(1)

Flow Cytometry

824

(1)

Cytogenetics

824

(1)

Molecular Genetics

824

(1)

Cytochemical Stains

825

(1)

Bone Marrow Report

825

(1)

Summary

826

(1)

Review Questions

826

(2)

Companion Resources

828

(1)

References

828

(1)

Chapter 39 Automation In Hematology

829

(24)

Overview

830

(1)

Introduction

830

(1)

Automated Blood Cell--Counting Instruments

830

(18)

Impedance Instruments

831

(15)

Light-Scattering Instruments

846

(2)

Summary

848

(1)

Review Questions

849

(2)

Companion Resources

851

(1)

References

851

(2)

Chapter 40 Flow Cytometry

853

(16)

Overview

854

(1)

Introduction

854

(1)

Principles of Flow Cytometry

855

(2)

Isolation of Single Particles

855

(1)

Light Scattering

856

(1)

Detection of Fluorochromes

856

(1)

Data Analysis

857

(1)

Immunophenotyping by Flow Cytometry

857

(7)

Specimen Requirements and Preparation for Immunophenotyping

859

(1)

Isolation of Cells of Interest by Gating

859

(1)

Diagnosis and Classification of Mature Lymphoid Neoplasms

859

(2)

Diagnosis and Classification of Acute Leukemia

861

(2)

Diagnosis and Surveillance of Immunodeficiency Disorders

863

(1)

CD34 Enumeration

864

(1)

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)

864

(1)

DNA Analysis

864

(1)

Proliferation

865

(1)

Ploidy

865

(1)

Clinical Applications of DNA Analysis

865

(1)

Summary

865

(1)

Review Questions

866

(2)

Companion Resources

868

(1)

References

868

(1)

Chapter 41 Chromosome Analysis Of Hematopoietic And Lymphoid Disorders

869

(18)

Overview

870

(1)

Introduction

870

(1)

Chromosome Structure and Morphology

870

(1)

Mitosis

871

(1)

Cytogenetic Procedures

872

(3)

Specimen Preparation

872

(1)

Harvest Procedure and Banding

873

(1)

Chromosome Analysis

873

(2)

Chromosome Abnormalities

875

(2)

Numerical Aberrations

875

(1)

Structural Aberrations

875

(2)

Polymorphic Variation

877

(1)

Cytogenetic Nomenclature

877

(1)

Cytogenetic Analysis of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Disorders

878

(4)

Processing Specimens

878

(1)

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

879

(1)

Myeloproliferative Disorders Other Than CML

880

(1)

Acute Myeloid Leukemia

880

(1)

Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDSs)

881

(1)

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)/Lymphoma

881

(1)

Lymphoma and Lymphoproliferative Disorders

882

(1)

Bone Marrow Transplantation

882

(1)

Molecular Cytogenetics

882

(1)

Summary

883

(1)

Review Questions

883

(2)

Companion Resources

885

(1)

References

885

(2)

Chapter 42 Molecular Analysis Of Hematologic Diseases

887

(16)

Overview

888

(1)

Introduction

888

(1)

Overview of Molecular Technologies

889

(6)

Nucleic Acid Extraction

889

(1)

Nucleic Acid Amplification

889

(4)

Hybridization Techniques

893

(2)

Direct DNA Sequence Analysis

895

(1)

Clinical Applications of Molecular Diagnostics in Hematopathology

895

(4)

Erythrocyte Disorders

897

(1)

Leukemia

897

(2)

Infectious Diseases

899

(1)

Clinical Applications of Molecular Diagnosis in Hemostasis

899

(1)

CYP2C9

899

(1)

VKORC1

900

(1)

Factor V Leiden (FVL)

900

(1)

Prothrombin G20210A

900

(1)

Hemophilia A

900

(1)

Hemophilia B

900

(1)

Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR)

900

(1)

Von Willebrand Disease (VWD)

900

(1)

Summary

900

(1)

Review Questions

901

(1)

Companion Resources

902

(1)

References

902

(1)

SECTION NINE QUALITY ASSESSMENT

903

(19)

Chapter 43 Quality Assessment In The Hematology Laboratory

903

(19)

Overview

904

(1)

Test Coding and Reimbursement

904

(1)

Quality Assessment

905

(7)

Basic Components

905

(2)

Proficiency Testing

907

(1)

Competency Testing

907

(1)

Method Evaluation/Instrument Comparison

908

(2)

Reference Interval Determination

910

(1)

Safety

911

(1)

Quality Control

912

(2)

Control Materials

912

(1)

Establishing Quality Control (QC) Limits

912

(1)

Interpreting Quality Control Charts

912

(1)

Bull's Testing Algorithm (Moving Averages)

913

(1)

Monitoring Quality Control with Patient Samples

913

(1)

Review of Patient Results

914

(4)

Hematology

914

(4)

Hemostasis

918

(1)

Summary

918

(1)

Review Questions

919

(1)

Companion Resources

920

(1)

References

921

(1)

Appendices

Appendix A Answers to Review Questions

922

(10)

Appendix B Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Neoplasms: Immunophenotypic and Genetic Features

932

(3)

Appendix C 2008 WHO Classification of Hematologic, Lymphopoietic, Histiocytic/Dendritric Neoplasms

935

(3)

Glossary

938

(34)

Index

972

Clinical Laboratory Hematology 3rd edition [Minkštas viršelis]

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