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El. knyga: Commercial Aviation Safety, Seventh Edition

  • Formatas: 560 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 02-Jun-2023
  • Leidėjas: McGraw-Hill Education
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781264278718
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: 560 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 02-Jun-2023
  • Leidėjas: McGraw-Hill Education
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781264278718
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Your definitive guide to commercial aviation safety—fully updated to cover the latest regulations and practices

This thoroughly revised guide covers all the principles and practices of commercial aviation safety—from human factors and accident investigation to management strategies and regulatory compliance. Written by a team of experts, Commercial Aviation Safety, Seventh Edition delivers comprehensive risk management information—both on the ground and in the air. You will get plain language explanations of the latest standards from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), and other National Aviation Authorities (NAAs). Up-to-date U.S. and international accident statistics also are provided. Each section of the book includes detailed real-world examples as well as analysis and explanations of the core issues.

This new edition covers:

  • The evolution of commercial aviation safety
  • Safety terms, theories, and models
  • Commercial aviation accidents causes
  • International aviation accident investigation processes
  • Aircraft, airport, and air traffic safety systems
  • Human fallibility risk mitigation
  • Safety culture assessment and management
  • Safety system theory and practice
  • International and U.S. aviation safety management systems and data
  • Proactive system safety procedures and protocols
  • Aviation security methods
  • Up-to-date codes and regulations
  • The role of government in safety
  • Emerging trends in commercial aviation safety

About the Authors xix
Foreword xxi
Preface xxix
Acknowledgments xxxi
Introduction xxxiii
Part I Concepts of Safety
1 An Introduction to Commercial Aviation Safety
3(26)
Introduction
3(1)
1.1 Air France 447
3(10)
1.1.1 A Story of an Accident
3(7)
1.1.2 The AF447 Accident Report
10(1)
1.1.3 Other Stories of AF447
11(1)
1.1.4 A Deeper Understanding
12(1)
1.2 Safety Evolution
13(6)
1.2.1 Four Eras of Commercial Aviation Safety
13(6)
1.3 The Right Stuff
19(2)
1.3.1 Commercial Aviation Today
19(1)
1.3.2 Safety Statistics
20(1)
1.4 Why It Goes So Right
21(3)
1.4.1 Suggestions as to Why
21(1)
1.4.2 Fly by Rules
21(1)
1.4.3 Political Currency
22(1)
1.4.4 Constant Innovation
23(1)
1.4.5 Fear of Flying
23(1)
1.5 The Impact of COVID-19
24(5)
1.5.1 The Face Value
24(1)
1.5.2 The Cash Value
24(1)
1.5.3 The Impact on Technical Safety
25(1)
1.5.4 The Impact on Human Safety
26(1)
1.5.5 The Impact on Organizational and System Safety
26(1)
Key Terms
27(1)
Topics for Discussion
27(1)
References
28(1)
2 What is Safety?
29(28)
Introduction
29(1)
2.1 Safety Philosophy
29(4)
2.1.1 A Tale of Two Accidents
29(2)
2.1.2 Numbers and Distance
31(1)
2.1.3 Different Rules for Different Flights
32(1)
2.2 Safety Thinking
33(4)
2.2.1 Why Is Safety Important?
33(1)
2.2.2 What Is Safety?
34(1)
2.2.3 What Is Risk?
34(2)
2.2.4 Target Zero
36(1)
2.3 Measuring Safety
37(6)
2.3.1 Regulatory Metrics
37(1)
2.3.2 Measuring Ultrasafe Systems
38(1)
2.3.3 Reactive, Proactive, and Predictive Safety
39(1)
2.3.4 Safety Reporting Initiatives
40(1)
2.3.5 Safety Monitoring Initiatives
41(2)
2.4 Limits of Safety
43(3)
2.4.1 Are We Safe Enough Yet?
43(1)
2.4.2 Changing Standards
44(1)
2.4.3 Acceptable Level of Safety
44(1)
2.4.4 Tolerable, Acceptable, and ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practicable)
45(1)
2.5 Commercial Safety
46(11)
2.5.1 Safety or Success?
46(2)
2.5.2 Commercial Pressure
48(1)
2.5.3 Safety and Success
49(1)
2.5.4 Marketing Safety
50(1)
2.5.5 The Cost of Accidents
51(2)
Key Terms
53(1)
Topics for Discussion
53(1)
References
54(3)
3 Why Do Accidents Happen?
57(34)
Introduction
57(1)
3.1 What Is an Accident?
57(5)
3.1.1 Defining Accidents
57(2)
3.1.2 The Perception of Accidents
59(1)
3.1.3 Framing the Accident
59(1)
3.1.4 The Mount Erebus Disaster
60(2)
3.2 Accident Causation
62(5)
3.2.1 Designing Our Own Accident
62(2)
3.2.2 Accidents and Human Behavior
64(1)
3.2.3 Defining Cause
64(1)
3.2.4 Causal Theory
65(1)
3.2.5 Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
66(1)
3.3 Developing Perspectives
67(4)
3.3.1 Evolving Accident Theories
67(2)
3.3.2 New Accidents
69(1)
3.3.3 New Investigations
69(1)
3.3.4 Emerging Patterns
70(1)
3.4 Linear Causation Models
71(7)
3.4.1 Accident Chains and Dominoes
71(1)
3.4.2 The Accident Triangle
71(2)
3.4.3 Root Cause Analysis
73(1)
3.4.4 Reason's Swiss Cheese Model
74(2)
3.4.5 The Human Factors Analysis Classification System (HFACS)
76(1)
3.4.6 Bowtie
77(1)
3.5 Complex Causation Models
78(4)
3.5.1 Normal Accident Theory
78(1)
3.5.2 High Reliability Theory (HRT)
79(1)
3.5.3 Practical Drift
80(1)
3.5.4 Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM)
81(1)
3.5.5 Deliberate Myths and Black Swans
81(1)
3.6 Significant Commercial Aviation Accidents
82(9)
Key Terms
88(1)
Topics for Discussion
88(1)
References
89(2)
4 Investigating Accidents
91(34)
Introduction
91(1)
4.1 Why and How to Investigate?
92(3)
4.1.1 Not-for-Blame Investigation
93(1)
4.1.2 Thinking Like an Investigator
94(1)
4.2 Role of Investigators and Regulators
95(6)
4.2.1 Primacy for the Investigation
95(1)
4.2.2 Rights of Participation
96(1)
4.2.3 The Party System
96(1)
4.2.4 Powers of an Investigator
97(1)
4.2.5 Family Assistance
98(1)
4.2.6 Approach to Investigation
98(1)
4.2.7 Inclusion of Human Factors
98(1)
4.2.8 Specific Agencies and Their Structures
99(1)
4.2.9 Board System
99(1)
4.2.10 Public Hearing
100(1)
4.3 Notification and Initial Response
101(1)
4.4 Deployment and On-site
101(2)
4.4.1 Inaccessible or Unknown Site
102(1)
4.4.2 Accessible Site
102(1)
4.4.3 Health and Safety
103(1)
4.5 Evidence Gathering
103(5)
4.5.1 The Group System
104(1)
4.5.2 Perishable Evidence
105(1)
4.5.3 Recorders
105(1)
4.5.4 Physical Evidence
106(1)
4.5.5 People
107(1)
4.5.6 Documents
108(1)
4.6 Analysis
108(3)
4.6.1 Analysis Models
108(3)
4.7 Reporting
111(2)
4.7.1 Interim Reports
111(1)
4.7.2 Final Reports
112(1)
4.8 Findings, Causes, Recommendations
113(3)
4.8.1 Findings
113(1)
4.8.2 Causes and/or Contributing Factors
113(1)
4.8.3 Recommendations
114(1)
4.8.4 Most Wanted / Significant Seven
115(1)
4.9 When the System Fails
116(3)
4.10 Conclusion
119(6)
Key Terms
119(1)
Topics for Discussion
119(1)
References
120(5)
Part II Technical Safety
5 An Introduction to Technical Safety
125(24)
Introduction
125(1)
5.1 Fundamentals of Flight
125(2)
5.2 Aircraft Evolution
127(6)
5.2.1 Airframe Development
128(1)
5.2.2 Jet Engine Development
129(1)
5.2.3 Flight Deck Development
130(3)
5.3 The Importance of Evolution
133(6)
5.3.1 The Comet Accidents
133(3)
5.3.2 The Manchester Fire
136(3)
5.3.3 Conclusions
139(1)
5.4 The Modern Safety System
139(3)
5.4.1 ICAO
139(1)
5.4.2 Government Regulators
140(1)
5.4.3 Design Organizations
140(1)
5.4.4 Aircraft Operator
141(1)
5.4.5 Maintenance Organization
141(1)
5.4.6 Air Navigation Service Provider
141(1)
5.4.7 Airport or Aerodrome Operator
141(1)
5.4.8 Safety Investigation Agencies
142(1)
5.4.9 Summary
142(1)
5.5 Interactions and Complexity in the Modern Aviation System
142(7)
5.5.1 Incident to an Airbus A340 in 2005 (G-VATL)
142(1)
5.5.2 Qantas Airbus A380 (QF 32)
143(3)
5.5.3 Conclusions
146(1)
Key Terms
146(1)
Topics for Discussion
147(1)
References
147(2)
6 Aircraft Safety Systems
149(32)
Introduction
149(1)
6.1 Aircraft Design for Safety
150(10)
6.1.1 Regulation
150(1)
6.1.2 Organization Designation Authorization and Design / Production Organization
151(1)
6.1.3 Type Certification
151(4)
6.1.4 Requirements Beyond the Aircraft Design
155(1)
6.1.5 "Grandfather" Rights
156(1)
6.1.6 Certification Pressures and Delegation
156(1)
6.1.7 Modifications and Additions
157(1)
6.1.8 When the Certification and Initial Airworthiness System Fails
157(3)
6.2 Maintaining Aircraft for Safety
160(5)
6.2.1 The Regulator
160(1)
6.2.2 The Type Certificate Holder
160(1)
6.2.3 The Operator
161(1)
6.2.4 FAR and EASA Part-145 Maintenance Repair and Overhaul
162(1)
6.2.5 Maintainer Licensing
162(1)
6.2.6 Aging Aircraft and Changes to Certification
162(1)
6.2.7 Loss of Airworthiness
163(1)
6.2.8 When the Continuing Airworthiness System Fails
164(1)
6.3 Operating an Aircraft Safely
165(3)
6.3.1 Flight Crew Licensing and Training
165(1)
6.3.2 Operations Manual
166(1)
6.3.3 Extended Range Operations
166(1)
6.3.4 Minimum Equipment List
167(1)
6.3.5 Leasing Aircraft
167(1)
6.3.6 Power by the Hour
167(1)
6.3.7 Conclusions
168(1)
6.4 Aircraft Safety Systems
168(7)
6.4.1 Operational Aids
168(4)
6.4.2 Situational Awareness and Crew Alerting
172(3)
6.5 Conclusion
175(6)
Key Terms
175(1)
Topics for Discussion
176(1)
References
176(5)
7 Airport Safety
181(28)
Introduction
181(1)
7.1 The Passenger Experience
181(1)
7.2 "Turning Round" an Aircraft
182(1)
7.3 Airport Design and Certification
182(5)
7.3.1 ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices
182(1)
7.3.2 Airport Certification
183(2)
7.3.3 Airport Site Selection
185(2)
7.4 Ground Operations Risk
187(7)
7.4.1 Occupational Safety
187(1)
7.4.2 Ramp Operations
188(2)
7.4.3 Aviation Fuel Handling
190(1)
7.4.4 Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting
190(1)
7.4.5 De-icing and Anti-icing
191(1)
7.4.6 Hangars and Maintenance Shops
192(1)
7.4.7 Wildlife and Foreign Object Debris (FOD)
193(1)
7.4.8 Airport Terminal Buildings
193(1)
7.5 Flight Operational Risks
194(10)
7.5.1 Runway Incursions
194(1)
7.5.2 Classification and Prevention
195(2)
7.5.3 Runway Incursion Case Studies
197(2)
7.5.4 Runway Excursions
199(1)
7.5.5 Runway Excursion Case Studies
200(4)
7.5.6 Parked Aircraft
204(1)
7.6 Conclusion
204(5)
Key Terms
205(1)
Topics for Discussion
205(1)
References
205(4)
8 Air Traffic Safety Systems
209(32)
Introduction
209(1)
8.1 History, Regulation, and Stakeholders
210(2)
8.1.1 History of Air Traffic Control
210(1)
8.1.2 Regulation
211(1)
8.1.3 Stakeholders
211(1)
8.2 The ATC System and Its Components
212(7)
8.2.1 Airspace Division
212(1)
8.2.2 FIR Subdivisions
213(1)
8.2.3 Airspace Classification
213(1)
8.2.4 Air Traffic Services
213(1)
8.2.5 Types of ATC Facilities
214(1)
8.2.6 Flight Plans
214(1)
8.2.7 Radar
214(3)
8.2.8 Data Link Communications
217(2)
8.3 Aircraft Navigation
219(2)
8.3.1 Traditional Navigation
219(1)
8.3.2 Global Navigation Satellite Systems
219(1)
8.3.3 Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems
220(1)
8.3.4 Advantages of Satellite-Based Navigation
220(1)
8.3.5 Performance-Based Navigation
221(1)
8.4 A Typical Commercial Flight
221(3)
8.4.1 Flight Planning and Aircraft Preparation
221(1)
8.4.2 Start-Up, Pushback, and Taxi
222(1)
8.4.3 Takeoff and Departure
222(1)
8.4.4 Enroute
222(1)
8.4.5 Descent, Approach, and Landing
223(1)
8.4.6 Taxi-in and Shutdown
223(1)
8.5 Integration of Other Air Vehicles
224(2)
8.5.1 Background
224(1)
8.5.2 Small Unmanned Aerial Systems
224(1)
8.5.3 Urban Air Mobility
224(1)
8.5.4 UAS Safety Events and Investigations
225(1)
8.6 Future Developments
226(4)
8.6.1 Aircraft 4D Trajectory Concept
226(1)
8.6.2 FAA NextGen Program
226(1)
8.6.3 Single European Sky ATM Research
227(1)
8.6.4 NextGen--SESAR Harmonization
228(1)
8.6.5 Airport Surface Detection Equipment
229(1)
8.6.6 Remote Towers
229(1)
8.6.7 Holographic Radar
229(1)
8.7 ATC Related Case Studies
230(5)
8.7.1 Uberlingen
230(1)
8.7.2 Air France Flight 447
231(2)
8.7.3 Malaysian Airline Flight MH370
233(1)
8.7.4 Midair Collision in Brazil
233(2)
8.8 Conclusion
235(6)
Key Terms
235(1)
Topics for Discussion
236(1)
References
236(5)
Part III Human Safety
9 An Introduction to Human Safety
241(20)
Introduction
241(1)
9.1 Asiana214
241(3)
9.2 The MK1 Human Being
244(1)
9.3 Fatal Confusion on the Flight Deck
245(3)
9.4 The Birth of Modern Aviation Human Factors
248(1)
9.5 Evolution of Crew Resource Management Principles
249(4)
9.6 CRM Beyond the Flight Deck
253(1)
9.7 The Human within a System
253(2)
9.8 Protecting the Human--Workplace Health and Safety
255(3)
9.9 Conclusion
258(3)
Key Terms
258(1)
Topics for Discussion
258(1)
References
259(2)
10 Humans as the Challenge
261(28)
Introduction
261(1)
10.1 Human-Centered Design
261(1)
10.2 Philosophy of Human Error
262(2)
10.3 Who Is the Ace?
264(1)
10.4 Understanding the Human Factor
265(4)
10.5 Safety Myths
269(1)
10.6 What about "Pilot Error?"
269(2)
10.7 Cognitive Error
271(1)
10.8 Situational Awareness (SA)
272(4)
10.9 Human Performance
276(3)
10.10 Tools to Enhance Human Performance
279(1)
10.11 Fitness for Duty
279(3)
10.12 Communication Issues
282(1)
10.13 Humans and Automation
283(3)
10.13.1 The Startle Effect
285(1)
10.14 Conclusion
286(3)
Key Terms
286(1)
Topics for Discussion
286(1)
References
286(3)
11 Humans as the Solution
289(18)
Introduction
289(1)
11.1 Professionalism in Aviation Exemplified
289(4)
11.2 Leadership and Followership for Safety
293(1)
11.3 Safety Leadership
294(2)
11.4 Enhancing Human Performance
296(5)
11.4.1 Recruitment and Selection
296(1)
11.4.2 Competency-Based Training
297(2)
11.4.3 Practice Makes Perfect
299(2)
11.5 Information Sharing
301(2)
11.5.1 Tactical Information Sharing
301(2)
11.5.2 Strategic Information Sharing
303(1)
11.6 Seeing the Big Picture
303(2)
11.7 Conclusion
305(2)
Key Terms
306(1)
Topics for Discussion
306(1)
References
306(1)
12 Safety Culture
307(22)
Introduction
307(1)
12.1 What Is Culture?
307(5)
12.1.1 Defining Culture
307(1)
12.1.2 National Culture
308(2)
12.1.3 Organizational Culture
310(1)
12.1.4 Defining Safety Culture
311(1)
12.2 Concepts of Safety Culture
312(5)
12.2.1 Describing Safety Culture
312(1)
12.2.2 Modeling Safety Culture
313(1)
12.2.3 Reason's Model of Safety Culture
314(1)
12.2.4 Measuring Safety Culture
315(2)
12.3 The Power of Safety Culture
317(12)
12.3.1 Trust
317(1)
12.3.2 A Culture of Concealment
318(1)
12.3.3 Why Is Safety Culture Important?
319(1)
12.3.4 Does Poor Safety Culture Cause Accidents?
320(1)
12.3.5 Regulating Safety Culture
321(1)
12.3.6 Managing Safety Culture
322(1)
Key Terms
323(1)
Topics for Discussion
324(1)
References
324(5)
Part IV Organizational and System Safety
13 Introduction to System Theory and Practice
329(22)
Introduction
329(1)
13.1 The Boeing MAX Accidents
329(5)
13.2 Systems, Accidents, and Hazards
334(4)
13.2.1 Models
335(1)
13.2.2 Reliability Theory
335(3)
13.3 Systems Theory
338(7)
13.3.1 The Third Kind of System
339(3)
13.3.2 Humans in a System
342(1)
13.3.3 Control Structures
343(2)
13.4 STAMP
345(2)
13.4.1 Safety Analysis Using System Theory
346(1)
13.5 The B-737 MAX Series Aircraft
347(1)
13.6 Question: Why Was This Not a Problem Before?
348(3)
Key Terms
349(1)
Topics for Discussion
349(1)
References
350(1)
14 Safety Management Systems and Safety Data
351(42)
Introduction
351(3)
14.1 Evolution of SMS
354(1)
14.2 ICAO Annex 19: Consolidation of SMS Standards
355(1)
14.3 Structure of SMS: Four Components (Pillars of SMS)
355(15)
14.3.1 Component 1: Safety Policy
356(2)
14.3.2 Component 2: Safety Risk Management
358(5)
14.3.3 Component 3: Safety Assurance
363(4)
14.3.4 Component 4: Safety Promotion
367(3)
14.4 How to Implement SMS: A Phased Approach
370(2)
14.5 Future SMS Challenges
372(1)
14.6 Safety Data
373(12)
14.6.1 Aviation Accident and Safety Statistics
375(1)
14.6.2 Industry Involvement with Safety Data
376(9)
14.7 Other Sources of Safety Data
385(2)
14.8 Caveat Dealing with Safety Statistics
387(1)
14.9 Conclusion
388(5)
Key Terms
390(1)
Topics for Discussion
391(1)
References
392(1)
15 Proactive System Safety
393(26)
Introduction
393(1)
15.1 Managing Ultrasafe Systems
394(8)
15.1.1 High Reliability Organizations (HRO)
394(1)
15.1.2 Adaptability
395(1)
15.1.3 Resilience Engineering
396(2)
15.1.4 Safety II
398(3)
15.1.5 Resilience Engineering or HRO?
401(1)
15.2 Cognitive Systems Engineering
402(2)
15.2.1 Improving Automation Design
402(1)
15.2.2 Training
403(1)
15.3 Certification and Reliability Theory
404(1)
15.4 Collecting the Data
405(3)
15.5 Industry and Trade Associations
408(4)
15.5.1 Nongovernmental Organizations
408(1)
15.5.2 Labor Unions
409(3)
15.5.3 Industry Trade Associations
412(1)
15.6 Other Government Oversight
412(1)
15.7 The Influence of Oversight
413(1)
15.8 How to Measure Nothing
413(1)
15.9 Myths of Big Data
413(1)
15.10 Identifying Leading Indicators
414(5)
Key Terms
416(1)
Topics for Discussion
416(1)
References
417(2)
16 The Role of Government
419(38)
Introduction
419(1)
16.1 The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
419(8)
16.1.1 ICAO Background
419(3)
16.1.2 ICAO Organization
422(2)
16.1.3 ICAO Rulemaking and Standards
424(1)
16.1.4 ICAO Safety Management
425(1)
16.1.5 ICAO Current Events
426(1)
16.2 The European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
427(5)
16.2.1 EASA Background
427(1)
16.2.2 EASA Organization
428(1)
16.2.3 EASA Rulemaking
428(3)
16.2.4 EASA Current Events--Response to the War in Ukraine
431(1)
16.3 The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
432(9)
16.3.1 FAA Background
433(1)
16.3.2 FAA Organization
433(1)
16.3.3 The FAA and the Boeing 737-MAX Accidents
434(2)
16.3.4 FAA Rulemaking Process
436(3)
16.3.5 FAA Airworthiness Directives
439(1)
16.3.6 The Colgan Air Crash and Its Aftermath
439(2)
16.4 National Aviation Authorities (NAAs)
441(4)
16.4.1 Civil Aviation Authority--CAA (UK)
441(2)
16.4.2 Transport Canada (TC)
443(1)
16.4.3 Civil Aviation Safety Authority--CASA (Australia)
443(1)
16.4.4 Agenda Nacional de Aviacao Civil--ANAC (Brasil)
444(1)
16.4.5 The Civil Aviation Administration of China--CAAC
444(1)
16.5 The Criminalization of Aviation Accidents
445(12)
16.5.1 The Growth of Criminalization in Commercial Aviation
446(1)
16.5.2 Why Does Criminalization Happen?
446(1)
16.5.3 The Impact on Safety of Criminalization
447(1)
16.5.4 Mitigating the Effects of Criminalization
448(1)
16.5.5 Corporate Criminalization
448(1)
16.5.6 Examples of Criminalization in Commercial Aviation
449(4)
16.5.7 Resolving Criminalization
453(1)
Key Terms
454(1)
Topics for Discussion
454(1)
References
455(1)
Further References
456(1)
17 The Future of Commercial Aviation Safety
457(28)
Introduction
457(1)
17.1 Future Airspace
457(7)
17.1.1 The Future by Numbers
457(1)
17.1.2 Future Complexity
458(2)
17.1.3 Advanced and Integrated Air Traffic Management (ATM)
460(1)
17.1.4 Challenges on the Near Horizon
460(2)
17.1.5 Challenges on the Far Horizon
462(2)
17.2 Digital Transformation
464(6)
17.2.1 Possibilities and Challenges
464(1)
17.2.2 Artificial Intelligence
465(1)
17.2.3 New Technologies Meet Old Rules
466(1)
17.2.4 Automation--With Humans
467(1)
17.2.5 Autonomy--Without Humans
468(2)
17.3 Sustainable Aviation
470(4)
17.3.1 Changing Climate
470(1)
17.3.2 The Operational Impact of Climate Change
471(1)
17.3.3 Changing Attitudes and Rules
472(1)
17.3.4 Technological Solutions
473(1)
17.4 Managing Future Risks
474(2)
17.4.1 Compliance Plus
475(1)
17.4.2 Insuring the Future
475(1)
17.5 New Looks
476(4)
17.5.1 Supersonic Flight
476(2)
17.5.2 Commercial Spaceflight
478(2)
17.6 Future Challenges
480(5)
Key Terms
480(1)
Topics for Discussion
481(1)
References
481(4)
Index 485
Dr. Rodrigues is currently the Health Safety Environment (HSE) manager for the Petroleum Institute (part of Abu Dhabi National Oil Company - ADNOC) in Abu Dhabi. Prior to his current employment with the Petroleum Institute, he was a tenured, full-professor in the college of aviation and the program chair for the BS in Safety Sciences degree at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU) in Daytona Beach, Florida.