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El. knyga: Commercial Contract Law: Transatlantic Perspectives

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Edited by (University of Florida), Edited by (University of Nevada, Las Vegas), Edited by (University of Sheffield), Edited by (University of Sheffield)
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 31-Jan-2013
  • Leidėjas: Cambridge University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781107302778
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Commercial Contract Law: Transatlantic PerspectivesDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 31-Jan-2013
  • Leidėjas: Cambridge University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781107302778
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"This book focuses on the law of commercial contracts as constructed by the U.S. and UK legal systems. Leading scholars from both sides of the Atlantic provide works of original scholarship focusing on current debates and trends from the two dominant common law systems. The chapters approach the subject areas from a variety of perspectives - doctrinal analysis, law and economic analysis, and social-legal studies, as well as other theoretical perspectives. The book covers the major themes that underlie the key debates relating to commercial contract law: role of consent; normative theories of contract law; contract design and good faith; implied terms and interpretation; policing contract behavior; misrepresentation, breach, and remedies; and the regionaland international harmonization of contract law. Contributors provide insights on the many commonalities, but more interestingly, on the key divergences of the United States and United Kingdom's approaches to numerous areas of contract law. Such a comparative analysis provides a basis for future developments and improvements of commercial contract law in both countries, as well as other countries that are members of the common law systems. At the same time, insights gathered here should also be of interest to scholars and practitioners of the civil law tradition"--

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This book is a comparative look at the law of commercial contracts as constructed by the US and UK legal systems.
Contributors xxi
Foreword xxvii
Maurice Kay
PART I THE ROLE OF CONSENT
1(82)
1 Transatlantic Perspectives: Fundamental Themes and Debates
3(11)
I Legacy of Rob Bradgate
3(9)
A Commercial Contract Law in the United Kingdom and United States
4(1)
1 Statutory Interventions into the Common Law
4(1)
2 Divergence, Convergence, and Law Reform
5(1)
B Major Themes
6(2)
1 Topical Preview
8(1)
2 Consent and Promise
8(1)
3 Theories of Contract, Networks, and Equity
8(1)
4 Discrete and Relational Contracting
9(1)
5 Implied Terms and Contract Interpretation
9(1)
6 Contract Law's Regulatory Function
10(1)
7 Misrepresentation and Breach
11(1)
8 Contract and Sales Law Harmonization
11(1)
II Conclusion
12(2)
2 Competing Theories of Contract: An Emerging Consensus?
14(27)
I Introduction
15(2)
II The Competing Theories of Contract
17(13)
A Contract as Based upon Promises
17(5)
B Contract as Based upon Agreement
22(4)
C Contract as Based upon the Reliance
26(1)
D Contract as Based upon the Assumption of Legally Binding Obligations
27(1)
E Contract as Based upon the Transfer of Rights
28(1)
F Contract as Based upon Relationship
28(2)
G Conclusion on Competing Theories of Contract
30(1)
III Connections between Competing Theories of Contract
30(6)
IV Future Developments of Contract Theory: An Emerging Consensus?
36(3)
V Conclusion
39(2)
3 Contracts, Courts, and the Construction of Consent
41(26)
I Introduction
41(3)
II Conflation of Efficiency and Consent
44(6)
III Illusory Nature of Party-Centrism
50(6)
IV Candor in the Judicial Construction of Consent
56(8)
V Conclusion
64(3)
4 Are Mortgage Contracts Promises?
67(16)
I Introduction
68(2)
II Why Do People Make Promises?
70(2)
III Are Contracts Promises?
72(2)
IV Are Mortgage Contracts Typically Promises?
74(2)
V If Modern Mortgage Contracts Are Typically Not Promises, Is Strategic Default Morally Acceptable After All?
76(4)
VI Conclusion
80(3)
PART II NORMATIVE VIEWS OF CONTRACT
83(96)
5 Naturalistic Contract
85(31)
I Introduction
86(1)
II Essential Normativity of Contract Doctrine
87(9)
III Minimum Content of Natural Contract Law
96(3)
IV Limits of Empiricism?
99(2)
V Dualism
101(9)
VI Is Naturalism Fallacious?
110(4)
VII So What?
114(2)
6 Contract in a Networked World
116(30)
I Introduction
116(3)
II Three Test Cases
119(8)
A Clarke v. Dunraven
120(2)
B OFT v. Lloyds TSB
122(2)
C The Eurymedon
124(2)
D Reasonable Expectations
126(1)
III The Basis for Network Effects: Consumer Contracts
127(5)
A The Nature of the Modern Regulation of Consumer Transactions
127(2)
B Networks and OFT v. Lloyds TSB
129(1)
1 The Legislative Approach
129(1)
2 The Courts' Approach
130(1)
3 The Boyack Hypothetical
131(1)
4 Beyond OFT v. Lloyds TSB
132(1)
IV The Basis for Network Effects: Commercial Contracts
132(10)
A The Nature of the Modern Regulation of Commercial Transactions
133(1)
B The "Hoffmannisation" of Contract Law
134(4)
C Network Effects and The Eurymedon
138(1)
D Beware the Classical Inheritance
139(1)
E Big Businesses, Small Businesses, and Shopping Malls
140(2)
V The Basis for Network Effects: Private Contracts
142(1)
VI Conclusion
143(1)
VII Coda
144(2)
7 Contract Transactions and Equity
146(33)
I Introduction
147(3)
II Equity in a Contractual Context
150(5)
III Equitable Principles and Contract Law
155(14)
A Restating the Issue
155(1)
B The Contractual Solution
156(8)
C The Equitable Approach
164(5)
IV The Domain of Equity
169(7)
A A Complex Transactional Web
173(1)
B The Difficulty of Dealing with the Obligation
174(1)
C A Relational Attempt to Deal with this Difficulty
174(1)
D Indeterminacy and Vulnerability
175(1)
V Conclusion
176(3)
PART III CONTRACT DESIGN AND GOOD FAITH
179(44)
8 The Duty to Draft Reasonably and Online Contracts
181(20)
I Introduction
181(3)
II Modern Contracts and the Diminishing of Consent
184(3)
III Duty to Read
187(3)
IV Code as Law and Form as Function
190(10)
A Transactional Hurdles or "Contracts as Checkout Line"
194(4)
B Visualization Strategies or "Contracts as Road Signs and Traffic Lights"
198(1)
C Sensorial Landscaping or "Contracts as Neighborhoods"
199(1)
V Conclusion
200(1)
9 Managing Change in Uncertain Times: Relational View of Good Faith
201(22)
I Introduction
201(1)
II Long-Term and Complex Outsourcing Contracts
202(4)
III A Limited Recognition of Good Faith
206(7)
IV Does the Restricted Approach to Good Faith Accord with Practice?
213(1)
V Theory of Relational Contract
214(2)
VI A Construct of Good Faith as Seen through a Relational Prism
216(4)
A The Extent of the Duty
217(1)
B Criticisms of the Construct
218(1)
C Should Such a Construct Be Accepted?
219(1)
VII Conclusion
220(3)
PART IV IMPLIED TERMS AND INTERPRETATION
223(64)
10 Implied Terms in English Contract Law
225(15)
I Introduction
225(1)
II The Historical Development of the Implied Term
226(7)
A Historical Context
226(2)
B Creation of Implied Terms
228(5)
III Theoretical Context
233(5)
IV Concluding Remarks
238(2)
11 Contract Interpretation: Judicial Role Not Parties' Choice
240(47)
I Introduction: Challenging Party Choice Theory
241(8)
II The Importance of a Judicial Interpretation Rule
249(6)
III Faulty Assumptions Underlie the New Formalists' Opt-in Rule
255(8)
IV Reducing Party Costs and Risks
263(5)
V The Opt-in Rule Should be Justified Like any Other Common Law Doctrine
268(4)
VI Rawlsian Theory, Contextual Evidence, Consequentialist Analysis, Equity, and Probabilistic Models Support a Judicial Interpretation Rule
272(3)
VII Courts, Restatements, and Empirical Evidence Challenge Party Choice Theory
275(9)
A Jacob & Youngs: Should Goals Affect Interpretation?
275(4)
B Residual Uncertainty: Overall Objectives and Prospective Consequences
279(3)
C When Should Trade Usage Govern Meaning?
282(2)
VIII Conclusion
284(3)
PART V POLICING CONTRACTING BEHAVIOR
287(96)
12 The Paradox of the French Method for Calculating the Compensation of Commercial Agents and the Importance of Conceptualising the Remedial Scheme under Directive 86/653
289(20)
I Introduction
290(3)
II The Different Interpretations on the Calculation of "Compensation" between France and UK
293(10)
III Reconciling Compensation and Indemnity?
303(4)
IV Conclusion
307(2)
13 Unconscionability in American Contract Law: A Twenty-First-Century Survey
309(30)
I Introduction
309(1)
II Mid-Twentieth-Century Development - the 1950s and 1960s
310(3)
III Further Development - the 1970s and 1980s
313(1)
IV Unconscionability at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century
314(23)
A Unconscionability as Applied to Mandatory Arbitration Clauses
315(5)
B Unconscionability in Non-Arbitration Cases - Doctrinal Developments
320(1)
1 Adhesion Contracts
320(2)
2 Sliding Off the Scale
322(2)
3 Mutuality
324(1)
C Unconscionability in Action: Recent Examples
325(1)
1 Sales and Leases of Goods
326(1)
2 Service Contracts
327(1)
3 Domestic Relations
328(2)
4 Real Estate Transactions
330(3)
5 Consumer Lending and Credit
333(4)
V Conclusion
337(2)
14 Unfair Terms in Comparative Perspective: Software Contracts
339(27)
I Introduction
340(3)
II The Challenge to Contract Theory Presented by SFKs
343(4)
III US Law Reform and Software Contracts
347(12)
A Advance Disclosure and a Step for Active Assent
349(2)
B Reducing the Impact of Product Flaws
351(1)
C Remedies and Dispute Resolution
352(2)
D Protecting Intellectual Property Rights
354(5)
IV Unfair Terms in Comparative Perspective
359(5)
A ALI Principles and the EU Unfair Contract Terms Directive: Differences
360(2)
B ALI Principles and the EU Unfair Contract Terms Directive: Similarities
362(2)
V Conclusion
364(2)
15 (D)CFR Initiative and Consumer Unfair Terms
366(17)
I Introduction
366(1)
II Evolution of the (D)CFR Initiative
367(1)
III Rationale for EU Private Law Consolidation
368(3)
IV (D)CFR Initiative and the Effective Policing of Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts
371(10)
A National Judges' Elaboration of Europeanised Unfairness Standards
373(2)
B Judicial Approach to Article 267 TFEU References
375(2)
C (Non-harmonised) National Background Rules
377(1)
D Towards a Multi-Dimensional Perspective
378(1)
E Procedural Dimension: Collective Proceedings
379(2)
V Conclusion
381(2)
PART VI MISREPRESENTATION, BREACH, AND REMEDIES
383(120)
16 Remedies for Misrepresentation: An Integrated System
385(31)
I Introduction
386(1)
II Misrepresentation
387(2)
III Rescission
389(11)
A Rescission as a Self-Help Remedy?
389(1)
B Practical Justice
390(1)
C Rescission as of Right
390(2)
D Indemnity
392(1)
E Compensation
393(1)
F When Restitutio in Integrum Is Impossible
394(1)
G Partial Rescission
395(4)
H Summary of Rescission
399(1)
IV Damages
400(14)
A Tort Damages
401(1)
B Fraudulent Misrepresentation (Deceit)
402(1)
C Negligent Misstatement
403(1)
D Negligent Misrepresentation
404(5)
E Innocent Misrepresentation
409(4)
F Comparative Perspectives
413(1)
V Conclusion - Integrating Damages with Rescission
414(2)
17 Re-Examining Damages for Fraudulent Misrepresentation: Towards a More Measured Response to Compensation and Deterrence
416(18)
I Introduction
417(1)
II The Crucible of Misrepresentation
417(1)
III Fraudulent Misrepresentation and Causation
418(4)
IV Impact on Risk Allocation
422(1)
V Negligent Contractual Misrepresentation
423(1)
VI Accentuating the Punishment
424(2)
VII Exemplary Damages
426(1)
VIII Proportionality
427(1)
IX Further Dangers of the Compensation Myth
428(2)
X Availability of Exemplary Damages for Fraudulent Misrepresentation
430(1)
XI Wider Considerations
431(1)
XII Conclusion
432(2)
18 Remedies for a Documentary Breach: English Law and the CISG
434(32)
I Introduction
435(1)
II Termination
436(24)
A Duality of the Rights to Reject and Terminate
436(7)
B Rejection or Termination
443(5)
C Rejection and Termination
448(12)
III Damages
460(4)
IV Conclusion
464(2)
19 The Irrelevance of the Performance Interest: A Comparative Analysis of "Keep-Open" Covenants in Scotland and England
466(37)
I Introduction
467(4)
II Scots Law of Keep-Open Covenants
471(1)
III Why Would Commercial Parties Ever Seek Literal Enforcement?
471(11)
IV Enforcement of Keep-Open Obligations under the English Law
482(4)
V The Wisdom of Lord Justice Millet
486(3)
VI Supervisory Problems in the Law of Keep-Open Covenants
489(5)
VII Commercial Uniqueness Cases
494(1)
VIII Advice to English Landlords
495(1)
IX Changing the Default Law, Commercial Leasing, and the Irrelevance of the Performance Interest
496(5)
X Conclusion
501(2)
PART VII HARMONIZING CONTRACT LAW
503(78)
20 Harmonisation of European Contract Law: Default and Mandatory Rules
505(24)
I Introduction
505(1)
II Default and Mandatory Rules: A Comparison
506(3)
III Justifications for the Harmonisation of European Contract Law
509(6)
IV Harmonisation of Default Rules
515(6)
V Harmonisation of Mandatory Rules
521(6)
VI Conclusion
527(2)
21 Europeanisation of Contract Law and the Proposed Common European Sales Law
529(30)
I Introduction: Proposed Common European Sales Law
530(9)
II A Historical Scottish Perspective
539(6)
III Comparing the Proposed CESL with the UK Sale of Goods Act
545(11)
A Implied Terms or Rules
546(1)
B Quality Defined
547(3)
C Time of Conformity
550(2)
D Termination: The Right to Reject
552(4)
E Overview
556(1)
IV Conclusion
556(3)
22 Harmonization of International Sales Law
559(22)
I Introduction
560(1)
II Goal of Harmonizing International Sales Law
560(11)
A Substantive Shortcomings
561(1)
1 Problem of Reservations
562(1)
2 Problem of Translation
563(1)
B Uniformity of Application and National Law Bias
564(1)
1 Nationally Biased Interpretations
564(1)
2 Uniformity Principle and the Problem of Divergent Interpretations
565(5)
C Widespread Approval and Widespread Disregard
570(1)
III Uniformity in Practice and the Problem of Scarcity
571(4)
A Civil-Common Law Divide
572(1)
B German Role in CISG Jurisprudence
572(2)
C Understated Role of Unreported Arbitration Cases
574(1)
D Summary
575(1)
IV Value of the CISG outside the Context of International Harmonization
575(3)
A CISG as Customary International Law and as Soft Law
576(1)
B Use as a Model National Law
577(1)
V Conclusion
578(3)
Index 581
Larry A. DiMatteo is the Huber Hurst Professor of Contract Law and Legal Studies at the Warrington College of Business Administration and Affiliated Professor at the Levin College of Law at the University of Florida. Qi Zhou is a Lecturer at the University of Sheffield, School of Law. Séverine Saintier is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Sheffield, School of Law. Keith Rowley is the William S. Boyd Professor of Law at University of Nevada, Las Vegas, William S. Boyd School of Law.
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