Acknowledgements |
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ix | |
1 Introduction |
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1 | (10) |
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2 | (2) |
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What Do We Mean by Crisis Communication? |
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4 | (3) |
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What Distinguishes Crisis Communication? |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
2 Process Approach: Take a Process Approach to Crisis Communication |
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11 | (10) |
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What Do We Mean by "Communication Is a Process"? |
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12 | (1) |
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What Does a Process Approach Mean for Crisis? |
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12 | (2) |
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What Is a Crisis Life Cycle? |
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14 | (2) |
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How Can These Stages Be Used by Crisis Communicators? |
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16 | (1) |
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Why Should Communicators Participate in the Policy Formation Process? |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
3 Preevent Planning: Engage in Preevent Planning for Crisis Communication |
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21 | (12) |
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What Does Planning Involve? |
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21 | (2) |
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What Is Crisis Communication Planning? |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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What Is Included in a Crisis Plan? |
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26 | (2) |
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Standard Elements of a Crisis Communication Plan |
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28 | (1) |
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Implementing a Crisis Plan |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (2) |
4 Partnerships: Form Stakeholder Partnerships with Publics |
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33 | (12) |
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Why Do Crisis Leaders Sometimes Avoid Communicating With Their Publics? |
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33 | (1) |
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How Are Relationships With Publics Established? |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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Why Do Some Agencies and Organizations Fail to Establish Dialog? |
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36 | (1) |
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How Does Dialog Produce Partnerships With Publics? |
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37 | (1) |
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Are There Times When Dialog Should Be Avoided? |
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38 | (1) |
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What Roles Can Publics Play in Their Partnerships With Organizations and Agencies? |
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39 | (2) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (3) |
5 Public Concern: Listen to and Acknowledge Concerns of Publics |
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45 | (12) |
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How Do Publics Respond to Risks? |
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46 | (1) |
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What Communication Challenges Do Hazards Create? |
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46 | (3) |
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What Communication Challenges Does Outrage Create? |
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49 | (1) |
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How Should Agencies and Organizations Acknowledge the Concerns of Publics? |
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50 | (1) |
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How Do Organizations and Agencies Anticipate Which Issues Are Likely to Produce Public Outrage? |
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51 | (1) |
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How Can Organizations Communicate to Prevent and Manage Outrage? |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (2) |
6 Honesty: Communication With Honesty, Frankness, and Openness |
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57 | (12) |
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Why Is It So Important to Be Honest? |
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58 | (2) |
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What Does It Really Mean to Be Honest? |
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60 | (2) |
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What Are Some Challenges to Being Honest During a Crisis? |
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62 | (2) |
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How Is Openness Achieved During a Crisis? |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (2) |
7 Collaboration: Collaborate and Coordinate With Credible Sources |
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69 | (10) |
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Who Are the Credible Partners for an Organization? |
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70 | (2) |
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What Do Collaboration and Coordination Mean? |
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72 | (3) |
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Why Are Collaboration and Coordination So Important? |
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75 | (1) |
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How Can an Organization Create Collaboration and Coordination? |
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76 | (1) |
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It Is Possible to Coordinate and Cooperate With Hostile Groups? |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
8 Media Access: Meet the Needs of the Media and Remain Accessible |
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79 | (10) |
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Why Is Media Access Important? |
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80 | (2) |
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What Does Accessibility Mean? |
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82 | (1) |
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How Does an Organization Maintain Accessibility? |
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83 | (2) |
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What Happens If Organizations Are Not Open During a Crisis? |
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85 | (1) |
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Will the Media Tell a Negative Story Regardless of the Facts? |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (2) |
9 Compassion: Communicate With Compassion |
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89 | (12) |
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What Is a Compassionate Response to Crisis? |
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90 | (2) |
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Who Is the Best Organizational Spokesperson for Expressing Compassion? |
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92 | (1) |
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When Is Expressing Compassion Most Important? |
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93 | (1) |
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Should an Organization Express Compassion If Blame Is Uncertain? |
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94 | (1) |
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How Should an Organization Express Compassion If Blame Is Certain? |
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94 | (1) |
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How Should Spokespersons Express Compassion Through Social Media? |
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95 | (1) |
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What Role Does Culture Play in the Expression of Compassion? |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (3) |
10 Uncertainty: Accept Uncertainty and Ambiguity |
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101 | (12) |
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What Causes Uncertainty for Publics? |
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101 | (2) |
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How Do Publics Respond to Uncertainty? |
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103 | (1) |
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What Kind of Information Do Publics Seek to Reduce Their Uncertainty? |
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104 | (1) |
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How Can Organizations Avoid Overreassuring Their Publics? |
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105 | (1) |
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What Are Some Other Ways to Manage Uncertainty? |
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106 | (2) |
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What Are the Ethical Standards for Managing Uncertainty? |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (2) |
11 Empowerment: Communicate Messages of Empowerment |
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113 | (12) |
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How Can Messages Empower Publics? |
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113 | (1) |
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What Are the Components of an Empowering Message? |
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114 | (1) |
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How Can Risk and Crisis Communicators Help Their Publics Internalize the Risk? |
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114 | (2) |
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How Should Messages Be Distributed to Publics? |
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116 | (1) |
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How Much Explanation of the Crisis Is Necessary? |
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117 | (1) |
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How Should Recommendations for Self-Protective Actions Be Communicated? |
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118 | (2) |
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What If Publics Are Given Competing Recommendations for Empowerment? |
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120 | (1) |
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What Is the Role of Empowering Messages Outside the Acute Phase of Crisis? |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (2) |
12 Conclusion: Implementing the Best Practices |
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125 | (12) |
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Are Crises Really Occurring More Often and Are They Getting Worse? |
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126 | (2) |
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How Can an Organization Repair Its Damaged Image? |
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128 | (2) |
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Are There Ever Positive Outcomes to a Crisis? |
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130 | (2) |
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What Are the Challenges to Implementing the Best Practices? |
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132 | (1) |
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How Can the Best Practices Approach to a Crisis Be Used? |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (2) |
Index |
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137 | |