Table of abbreviations |
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xxiv | |
Table of cases |
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xxv | |
Table of legislation |
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xlvi | |
Lisbon table of equivalences |
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lii | |
Chapter 1 The origins of the European Union and EU law |
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1 | (26) |
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1.1 The historical rationale for the European Union |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2 The EEC, ECSC, and EURATOM Treaties |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (4) |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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1.4.3 A common or internal market |
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10 | (1) |
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1.4.4 Economic and monetary union |
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11 | (1) |
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1.5 Economic and political difficulties |
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11 | (2) |
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1.6 Expansion of membership |
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13 | (1) |
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1.7 Institutional developments |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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1.10 The Single European Act (1986) |
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14 | (1) |
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1.11 Regional development |
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15 | (1) |
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1.12 Employment and social policy |
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15 | (1) |
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1.13 The Treaty on European Union (1992) |
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16 | (2) |
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1.14 Economic and monetary union |
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18 | (1) |
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1.15 The Treaty of Amsterdam (199?) |
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19 | (2) |
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1.16 The Charter of Fundamental Rights |
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21 | (1) |
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1.17 The Treaty of Nice (2001) |
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21 | (1) |
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1.18 The Treaty of Lisbon (2007) |
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22 | (2) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
Chapter 2 Official institutions of the European Union |
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27 | (29) |
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2.1 The European Parliament |
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29 | (5) |
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29 | (1) |
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2.1.2 Functions and powers |
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30 | (4) |
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2.2 The Council of the European Union |
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34 | (3) |
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34 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Functions and powers |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (7) |
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37 | (3) |
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2.3.2 Functions and powers |
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40 | (4) |
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2.4 Court of Justice of the European Union |
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44 | (2) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (2) |
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46 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Functions and powers |
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47 | (1) |
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2.6 The European Central Bank |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (3) |
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49 | (1) |
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2.7.2 Functions and powers |
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50 | (2) |
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2.8 European Economic and Social Committee and Committee of the Regions |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
Chapter 3 Sovereignty and sources of law |
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56 | (29) |
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57 | (9) |
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3.1.1 The political problem |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (8) |
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3.2 Attribution of powers to the EU |
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66 | (2) |
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3.3 The principle of subsidiarity |
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68 | (3) |
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71 | (7) |
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71 | (4) |
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3.4.2 Secondary legislation |
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75 | (2) |
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3.4.3 Decisions of the Court of Justice |
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77 | (1) |
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3.4.4 International agreements and Conventions |
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77 | (1) |
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3.4.5 General principles of EU law |
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77 | (1) |
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3.5 Legislative procedures |
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78 | (5) |
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3.5.1 Ordinary legislative procedure |
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79 | (2) |
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3.5.2 Special legislative procedure |
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81 | (1) |
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3.5.3 Enhanced cooperation |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
Chapter 4 Enforcing EU law rights in national courts |
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85 | (63) |
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86 | (27) |
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4.1.1 The measures which may have direct effect |
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87 | (3) |
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4.1.2 The condition for the direct effect of Treaty Articles and Regulations |
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90 | (3) |
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4.1.3 The conditions for the direct effect of Decisions |
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93 | (1) |
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4.1.4 The conditions for the direct effect of Directives |
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94 | (16) |
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4.1.5 Incidental horizontal effect of Directives |
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110 | (2) |
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4.1.6 Summary of direct effect |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (18) |
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4.2.1 The measures which may have indirect effect |
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114 | (1) |
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4.2.2 The national law to which indirect effect can apply |
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115 | (3) |
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4.2.3 The time from which Directives can have indirect effect |
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118 | (2) |
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4.2.4 The extent of the duty: 'as far as possible' |
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120 | (8) |
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4.2.5 The relationship between indirect effect and the supremacy of EU law |
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128 | (2) |
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4.2.6 Summary of Indirect effect |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (14) |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (8) |
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4.3.3 New remedies need not be created |
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142 | (2) |
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4.3.4 No further substantive conditions |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (2) |
Chapter 5 Member State liability in damages |
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148 | (38) |
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5.1 The meaning of 'Member State' for this purpose of damages claims |
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149 | (1) |
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5.2 The establishment of the principle of State liability: Francovich |
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150 | (2) |
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5.3 The Francovich conditions governing the imposition of State liability |
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152 | (2) |
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5.4 The development of the principle of State liability |
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154 | (13) |
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5.4.1 Enactment of national legislation contrary to EU law: Factortame III |
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154 | (4) |
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5.4.2 Incorrect transposition of Directives: BT |
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158 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Administrative breaches: Hedley Lomas |
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159 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Judicial breaches: Kobler |
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160 | (7) |
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5.5 The development of the conditions governing the imposition of State liability: the Factortame III conditions |
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167 | (12) |
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5.5.1 The EU law breached must be intended to confer rights on individuals |
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170 | (1) |
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5.5.2 The breach must be sufficiently serious |
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170 | (7) |
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5.5.3 Causation of damage |
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177 | (2) |
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5.6 Comparing the conditions for liability |
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179 | (4) |
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5.6.1 Summary of State liability |
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181 | (2) |
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5.7 Concurrent action against the EU |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (2) |
Chapter 6 Preliminary references |
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186 | (64) |
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6.1 The questions of law which may be referred to the Court of Justice |
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188 | (3) |
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188 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Exclusion of certain policy areas |
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189 | (1) |
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6.1.3 Questions of EU law only |
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189 | (1) |
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6.1.4 No jurisdiction over the application of EU law to the facts |
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190 | (1) |
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6.2 The meaning of 'court or tribunal' |
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191 | (1) |
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6.3 The status of the national court |
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192 | (6) |
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6.3.1 Courts and tribunals against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy under rational law |
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193 | (4) |
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6.3.2 Courts and tribunals against whose decisions there is a judicial remedy under national law |
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197 | (1) |
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6.4 Discretionary references |
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198 | (24) |
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198 | (5) |
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203 | (2) |
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6.4.3 Previous Court of Justice rulings |
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205 | (1) |
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6.4.4 The possibility of rejection of the reference |
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206 | (11) |
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6.4.5 The advantages of the Court of Justice |
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217 | (1) |
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6.4.6 The impact of any binding domestic precedent |
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218 | (2) |
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6.4.7 Other factors influencing the exercise of the discretion |
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220 | (1) |
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6.4.8 Summary of the discretion to refer |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (4) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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6.5.3 Previous Court of Justice rulings |
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225 | (1) |
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6.5.4 The possibility of rejection of the reference |
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226 | (1) |
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6.5.5 Summary of the obligation to refer |
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226 | (1) |
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6.6 References concerning the validity of EU law |
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226 | (6) |
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6.7 Summary of the national courts' decision-making process in preliminary references |
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232 | (1) |
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6.8 The provision of reasons by the national court for not making a reference |
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233 | (1) |
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6.9 The timing of the reference |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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6.10.1 Suspension of national measures based on allegedly invalid EU law |
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235 | (1) |
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6.10.2 Suspension of national measures which may be incompatible with EU law as it is correctly interpreted |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (9) |
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6.11.1 The drafting of the reference |
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236 | (2) |
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6.11.2 Pleadings before the Court of Justice |
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238 | (1) |
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6.11.3 Costs and legal aid |
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238 | (1) |
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6.11.4 The standard procedure |
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239 | (1) |
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6.11.5 Special procedures under Article 267 TFEU |
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239 | (6) |
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6.12 The effects of a preliminary ruling |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
Chapter 7 Challenging EU action or inaction |
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250 | (42) |
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7.1 Article 258 TFEU: enforcement actions by the Commission |
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252 | (2) |
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7.2 Article 260 TFEU: judicial remedies against the Member State |
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254 | (3) |
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7.3 Direct action: Article 263 TFEU |
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257 | (1) |
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7.4 Which acts may be challenged? |
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258 | (1) |
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7.4.1 Acts of the legislative institutions |
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258 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Acts with binding legal effects |
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258 | (1) |
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7.5 Who can bring an action under Article 263 TFEU? |
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259 | (1) |
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7.6 Locus standi: permissible applicants under Article 263 TFEU |
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259 | (2) |
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7.6.1 Privileged applicants |
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260 | (1) |
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7.6.2 'Semi-privileged' applicants |
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260 | (1) |
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7.6.3 Non-privileged applicants |
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260 | (1) |
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7.7 Non-privileged applicants: direct concern |
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261 | (3) |
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7.8 Non-privileged applicants: individual concern |
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264 | (9) |
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7.8.1 The 'closed class' test |
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265 | (2) |
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7.8.2 A 'test' based on the facts and circumstances |
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267 | (5) |
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7.8.3 Measures issued as a result of proceedings initiated by applicant |
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272 | (1) |
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7.8.4 Anti-dumping measures |
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272 | (1) |
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7.9 Reforming locus standi for non-privileged applicants |
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273 | (4) |
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273 | (4) |
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7.10 Regulatory acts which do not entail implementing measures |
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277 | (3) |
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280 | (1) |
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7.12 Grounds for annulment |
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280 | (3) |
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7.12.1 Lack of competence |
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280 | (2) |
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7.12.2 Infringement of an essential procedural requirement |
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282 | (1) |
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7.12.3 Infringement of the Treaties or of any rule of law relating to its application |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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7.15 The plea of illegality |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (3) |
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285 | (2) |
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7.16.2 Challengeable grounds |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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7.17 The relationship between Article 263 TFEU and Article 265 TFEU |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
Chapter 8 EU liability in damages |
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292 | (34) |
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8.1 Jurisdiction of the EU Courts |
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294 | (1) |
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8.2 Parties to Article 340 TFEU actions |
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294 | (1) |
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8.3 The meaning of 'general principles common to the laws of the Member States' |
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295 | (1) |
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8.4 Wrongful acts by the EU institutions |
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296 | (13) |
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8.4.1 Whether an EU institution is responsible |
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296 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Whether an act is wrongful |
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296 | (12) |
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8.4.3 Wrongful acts by ELI servants |
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308 | (1) |
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8.4.4 Acts which are not wrongful |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (6) |
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309 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Reduction in damages |
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310 | (5) |
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315 | (4) |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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8.9 The relationship between Article 340 TFEU and other actions |
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321 | (2) |
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8.9.1 Other actions against the EU |
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321 | (1) |
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8.9.2 Concurrent action against a Member State |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
Chapter 9 Human rights in the EU |
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326 | (52) |
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9.1 A brief history of human rights protection in Europe: the EU and the Council of Europe compared |
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327 | (2) |
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9.2 The development of human rights protection by the EU |
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329 | (13) |
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9.2.1 The EEC Treaty 1957 |
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329 | (2) |
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9.2.2 The role of the Court of Justice |
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331 | (9) |
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9.2.3 Legislative developments and political statements |
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340 | (2) |
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342 | (1) |
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9.3 The need for human rights protection against the EU and its Member States |
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342 | (2) |
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9.4 The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU |
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344 | (17) |
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344 | (1) |
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9.4.2 The legal effect of the Charter |
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345 | (5) |
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9.4.3 The application of the Charter to Member States |
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350 | (4) |
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9.4.4 The scope and interpretation of the Charter |
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354 | (7) |
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9.5 Enforcement of human rights in EU law |
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361 | (9) |
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9.5.1 Actions for enforcement against the EU |
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361 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Actions for enforcement against Member States |
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362 | (8) |
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9.6 Accession to the ECHR |
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370 | (4) |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (1) |
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375 | (2) |
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377 | (1) |
Chapter 10 Free movement of goods |
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378 | (49) |
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379 | (2) |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (1) |
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380 | (1) |
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10.1.4 Economic and monetary union |
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380 | (1) |
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10.2 Legislative provisions |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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10.4 Article 30 TFEU: the prohibition of customs duties and charges having equivalent effect |
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383 | (2) |
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10.4.1 Charges having an equivalent effect (CHEEs) |
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383 | (2) |
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385 | (1) |
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10.5 Charges for services rendered |
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385 | (6) |
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10.5.1 The service must be of direct benefit to the goods or traders concerned |
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386 | (2) |
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10.5.2 The charge must be proportionate to the services rendered |
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388 | (1) |
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10.5.3 'Services' permitted under EU law |
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388 | (1) |
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10.5.4 'Services' mandated by EU law |
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389 | (1) |
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10.5.5 No other exceptions |
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390 | (1) |
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10.6 Related considerations |
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391 | (2) |
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10.6.1 Article 30 is inapplicable when dealing with internal taxation |
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391 | (1) |
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10.6.2 Determining when the charge is a tax and when it is a CHEE |
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391 | (1) |
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10.6.3 It is important from the outset to appreciate that the relevant Treaty Articles are mutually exclusive |
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391 | (2) |
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10.7 Article 110 TFEU: the prohibition of discriminatory taxation |
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393 | (11) |
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10.7.1 The Article 110 TFEU prohibition |
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393 | (2) |
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10.7.2 Direct and indirect discrimination |
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395 | (1) |
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10.7.3 Methods of tax collection and the basis of assessment |
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396 | (3) |
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10.7.4 Objective justification |
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399 | (2) |
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10.7.5 Article 110(1): 'similar' products |
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401 | (1) |
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10.7.6 Article 110(2): 'indirect protection to other products' |
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402 | (2) |
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10.8 Articles 34 and 35 TFEU: the prohibition of quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect |
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404 | (19) |
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404 | (1) |
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10.8.2 Quantitative restrictions |
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405 | (1) |
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10.8.3 Measures having equivalent effect to quantitative restrictions (MEQRs) |
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405 | (1) |
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406 | (4) |
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10.8.5 Obligation of Member States to ensure free movement of goods |
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410 | (1) |
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411 | (2) |
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10.8.7 Scope of the rule of reason |
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413 | (1) |
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10.8.8 Application of the principle of proportionality |
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414 | (1) |
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10.8.9 Extension of the mandatory requirements |
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415 | (1) |
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10.8.10 Development of principles relating to indistinctly applicable measures |
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415 | (2) |
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10.8.11 The Keck judgment: selling arrangements |
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417 | (2) |
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419 | (2) |
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10.8.13 No arbitrary discrimination, disguised restriction on trade |
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421 | (2) |
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423 | (1) |
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423 | (2) |
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425 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
Chapter 11 Free movement of persons |
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427 | (53) |
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11.1 Free movement of workers |
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428 | (24) |
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11.1.1 Article 45 TFEU: vertical and horizontal direct effect |
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428 | (2) |
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11.1.2 The definition of 'worker' |
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430 | (6) |
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11.1.3 The rights of workers under EU law |
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436 | (16) |
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452 | (18) |
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453 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Article 21(1) TFEU: direct effect |
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454 | (2) |
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11.2.3 The rights of EU citizens and their families |
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456 | (14) |
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11.3 Derogations to the free movement of persons |
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470 | (7) |
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11.3.1 Public policy and public security |
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470 | (5) |
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475 | (1) |
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11.3.3 Procedural safeguards in the case of expulsion |
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476 | (1) |
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477 | (1) |
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478 | (1) |
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|
478 | (2) |
Chapter 12 Freedom of establishment and freedom to provide and receive services |
|
480 | (34) |
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12.1 Freedom of establishment |
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481 | (17) |
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481 | (2) |
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12.1.2 Meaning of 'establishment' |
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483 | (1) |
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484 | (2) |
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12.1.4 Rights pertaining to the freedom of establishment |
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486 | (12) |
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12.2 Freedom to provide services |
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498 | (11) |
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12.2.1 Article 56 and 57 TFEU: direct effect |
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|
498 | (2) |
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12.2.2 The scope of Article 56 TFEU |
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500 | (5) |
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12.2.3 Rights pertaining to the freedom to provide services |
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505 | (3) |
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12.2.4 The Services Directive |
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|
508 | (1) |
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12.3 Derogations to the freedom of establishment and the freedom to provide and receive services |
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|
509 | (3) |
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12.3.1 The official authority exception |
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|
509 | (1) |
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12.3.2 Public policy, public security, and public health |
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|
510 | (2) |
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|
512 | (1) |
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|
512 | (2) |
Chapter 13 Competition law: Article 101 TFEU |
|
514 | (30) |
|
13.1 Outline of Article 101 TFEU |
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|
516 | (1) |
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13.2 Article 101(1): the prohibition |
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|
517 | (16) |
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13.2.1 Agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings, and concerted practices |
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|
517 | (1) |
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|
517 | (1) |
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|
518 | (1) |
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13.2.4 Decisions by associations of undertakings |
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|
519 | (1) |
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13.2.5 Concerted practices |
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|
520 | (2) |
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|
522 | (1) |
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13.2.7 Vertical and horizontal agreements |
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|
523 | (1) |
|
13.2.8 Which may affect trade between Member States |
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|
524 | (4) |
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13.2.9 Object or effect: prevention, restriction, or distortion of competition |
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|
528 | (2) |
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13.2.10 Agreements of minor importance |
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|
530 | (3) |
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13.2.11 Prevention, restriction, and distortion of competition |
|
|
533 | (1) |
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|
533 | (1) |
|
13.4 Article 101(3) TFEU: exemption from Article 101(1) |
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|
534 | (4) |
|
13.4.1 Individual exemption |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
13.4.2 Improving production or distribution of goods or promoting technical or economic progress |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
13.4.3 Allowing consumers a fair share of the resulting benefit |
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|
536 | (1) |
|
13.4.4 No restrictions that are not indispensable |
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|
537 | (1) |
|
13.4.5 No elimination of competition |
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|
537 | (1) |
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|
538 | (3) |
|
13.5.1 Regulation 330/2010 |
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|
539 | (2) |
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|
541 | (1) |
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|
542 | (1) |
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|
543 | (1) |
Chapter 14 Competition law: Article 102 TFEU |
|
544 | (34) |
|
14.1 Outline of Article 102 TFEU |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
14.2 Article 102: the prohibition |
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|
546 | (1) |
|
|
546 | (1) |
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|
546 | (12) |
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|
547 | (1) |
|
14.3.2 Relevant product market (RPM) |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
14.3.3 Establishing the RPM |
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|
548 | (1) |
|
14.3.4 Demand substitutability |
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|
548 | (3) |
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14.3.5 The 1997 Notice on the definition of the relevant market |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
14.3.6 Intermediate markets |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
14.3.7 Supply substitutability |
|
|
553 | (2) |
|
14.3.8 Relevant geographic market (RGM) |
|
|
555 | (2) |
|
14.3.9 'Within the internal market or a substantial part of it' |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
14.3.10 Relevant temporal (or seasonal) market (RTM) |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
|
558 | (7) |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
|
560 | (2) |
|
14.4.3 Financial and technological resources and intellectual property rights |
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
14.4.4 Vertical integration |
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|
563 | (1) |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
14.4.6 Collective dominance |
|
|
564 | (1) |
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|
565 | (9) |
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|
566 | (4) |
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|
570 | (2) |
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|
572 | (1) |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
14.6 Effect on trade between Member States |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
14.6.1 Guidance on the Commission's enforcement priorities in applying Article 82 of the EC Treaty [ 102 TFEU] to abusive exclusionary conduct by dominant undertakings (0J 2009/C 45/02) |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
577 | (1) |
Chapter 15 Enforcement of EU competition law |
|
578 | (15) |
|
15.1 The enforcement regime |
|
|
579 | (2) |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
15.3 Relationship between Articles 101 and 102 TFEU and national competition laws |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
15.4 Cooperation with national authorities |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
15.5 Cooperation with national courts |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
15.6 The powers of the competition authorities of the Member States |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
15.7 The European Commission's powers |
|
|
583 | (5) |
|
15.8 Safeguards for undertakings |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
|
588 | (2) |
|
15.10 Private enforcement |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
|
592 | (1) |
Index |
|
593 | (16) |
Map of the EU |
|
609 | |