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xxiii | |
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xxxv | |
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xli | |
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1 The origins of the European Union and Ell law |
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1 | (43) |
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1.1 The historical rationale for the European Union |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 The EEC, ECSC, and EURATOM Treaties |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (5) |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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1.4.3 A common or internal market |
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10 | (2) |
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1.4.4 Economic and monetary union |
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12 | (1) |
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1.5 Economic and political difficulties |
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12 | (1) |
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1.6 Expansion of membership |
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13 | (1) |
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1.7 Institutional developments |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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1.10 The Single European Act (1986) |
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15 | (1) |
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1.11 Regional development |
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16 | (1) |
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1.12 Employment and social policy |
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17 | (1) |
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1.13 The Treaty on European Union (1992) |
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17 | (2) |
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1.14 Economic and monetary union |
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19 | (1) |
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1.15 The Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) |
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20 | (2) |
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1.16 The Charter of Fundamental Rights |
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22 | (1) |
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1.17 The Treaty of Nice (2001) |
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22 | (1) |
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1.18 The Treaty of Lisbon (2007) |
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23 | (3) |
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1.19 The UK's referendum on EU membership: `Brexit' |
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26 | (14) |
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1.19.1 The legal mechanism for a Member State to leave the EU |
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26 | (8) |
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1.19.2 Possible options for the relationship between the EU and a former Member State |
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34 | (6) |
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40 | (4) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (2) |
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2 Official institutions of the European Union |
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44 | (32) |
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2.1 The European Parliament |
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46 | (4) |
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46 | (1) |
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2.1.2 Functions and powers |
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46 | (4) |
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2.2 The Council of the European Union |
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50 | (6) |
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50 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Functions and powers |
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51 | (5) |
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56 | (7) |
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56 | (3) |
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2.3.2 Functions and powers |
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59 | (4) |
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2.4 Court of Justice of the European Union |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (3) |
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65 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Functions and powers |
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65 | (2) |
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2.6 The European Central Bank |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (3) |
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69 | (2) |
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2.7.2 Functions and powers |
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71 | (1) |
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2.8 European Economic and Social Committee and Committee of the Regions |
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72 | (4) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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3 Sovereignty and sources of law |
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76 | (33) |
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76 | (13) |
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77 | (1) |
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3.1.2 The political problem |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (9) |
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3.2 Attribution of powers to the EU |
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89 | (3) |
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3.3 The principle of subsidiarity |
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92 | (3) |
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95 | (8) |
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95 | (5) |
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3.4.2 Secondary legislation |
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100 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Decisions of the Court of Justice |
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101 | (1) |
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3.4.4 International agreements and Conventions |
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101 | (1) |
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3.4.5 General principles of EU law |
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102 | (1) |
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3.5 Legislative procedures |
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103 | (4) |
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3.5.1 Ordinary legislative procedure |
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103 | (4) |
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3.5.2 Special legislative procedure |
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107 | (1) |
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3.5.3 Enhanced cooperation |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (2) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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4 Enforcing EU law rights in national courts |
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109 | (71) |
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110 | (30) |
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4.1.1 The measures which may have direct effect |
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110 | (4) |
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4.1.2 The condition for the direct effect of Treaty Articles and Regulations |
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114 | (4) |
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4.1.3 The conditions for the direct effect of Decisions |
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118 | (1) |
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4.1.4 The conditions for the direct effect of Directives |
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118 | (18) |
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4.1.5 Incidental horizontal effect of Directives |
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136 | (3) |
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4.1.6 Summary of direct effect |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (20) |
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4.2.1 The measures which may have indirect effect |
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140 | (2) |
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4.2.2 The national law to which indirect effect can apply |
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142 | (2) |
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4.2.3 The time from which Directives can have indirect effect |
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144 | (3) |
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4.2.4 The extent of the duty: `as far as possible' |
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147 | (10) |
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4.2.5 The relationship between indirect effect and the supremacy of EU law |
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157 | (2) |
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4.2.6 Summary of Indirect effect |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (17) |
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162 | (3) |
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165 | (9) |
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4.3.3 New remedies need not be created |
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174 | (2) |
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4.3.4 No further substantive conditions |
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176 | (1) |
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4.4 The possible impact of Brexit |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (3) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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5 Member State liability in damages |
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180 | (43) |
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5.1 The meaning of `Member State' for this purpose of damages claims |
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181 | (1) |
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5.2 The establishment of the principle of State liability: Francovich |
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181 | (3) |
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5.3 The Francovich conditions governing the imposition of State liability |
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184 | (2) |
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5.4 The development of the principle of State liability |
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186 | (17) |
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5.4.1 Enactment of national legislation contrary to EU law: Factortame III |
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186 | (5) |
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5.4.2 Incorrect transposition of Directives: BT |
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191 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Administrative breaches: Hedley Lomas |
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192 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Judicial breaches: Kobler |
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193 | (10) |
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5.5 The development of the conditions governing the imposition of State liability: the Factortame III conditions |
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203 | (14) |
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5.5.1 The EU law breached must be intended to confer rights on individuals |
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206 | (1) |
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5.5.2 The breach must be sufficiently serious |
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207 | (8) |
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5.5.3 Causation of damage |
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215 | (2) |
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5.6 Comparing the conditions for liability |
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217 | (3) |
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5.6.1 Summary of State liability |
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219 | (1) |
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5.7 Concurrent action against the EU |
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220 | (1) |
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5.8 The possible impact of Brexit |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (2) |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (74) |
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6.1 The questions of law which may be referred to the Court of Justice |
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225 | (2) |
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225 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Exclusion of certain policy areas |
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225 | (1) |
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6.1.3 Questions of EU law only |
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226 | (1) |
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6.1.4 No jurisdiction over the application of EU law to the facts |
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226 | (1) |
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6.2 The meaning of `court or tribunal' |
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227 | (5) |
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6.3 The status of the national court |
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232 | (5) |
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6.3.1 Courts and tribunals against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy under rational law |
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232 | (4) |
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6.3.2 Courts and tribunals against whose decisions there is a judicial remedy under national law |
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236 | (1) |
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6.4 Discretionary references |
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237 | (28) |
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238 | (5) |
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243 | (3) |
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6.4.3 Previous Court of Justice rulings |
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246 | (1) |
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6.4.4 The possibility of rejection of the reference |
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246 | (13) |
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6.4.5 The advantages of the Court of Justice |
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259 | (2) |
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6.4.6 The impact of any binding domestic precedent |
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261 | (1) |
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6.4.7 Other factors influencing the exercise of the discretion |
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262 | (2) |
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6.4.8 Summary of the discretion to refer |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (6) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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6.5.3 Previous Court of Justice rulings |
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268 | (1) |
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6.5.4 The possibility of rejection of the reference |
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269 | (1) |
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6.5.5 Refusal to make a mandatory reference in breach of the ECHR |
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269 | (1) |
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6.5.6 Summary of the obligation to refer |
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270 | (1) |
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6.6 References concerning the validity of EU law |
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271 | (6) |
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6.7 Summary of the national courts' decision-making process in preliminary references |
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277 | (1) |
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6.8 The provision of reasons by the national court for not making a reference |
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278 | (1) |
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6.9 The timing of the reference |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (2) |
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6.10.1 Suspension of national measures based on allegedly invalid EU law |
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280 | (1) |
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6.10.2 Suspension of national measures which maybe incompatible with EU law as it is correctly interpreted |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (10) |
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6.11.1 The drafting of the reference |
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282 | (2) |
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6.11.2 Pleadings before the Court of Justice |
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284 | (1) |
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6.11.3 Costs and legal aid |
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284 | (1) |
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6.11.4 The standard procedure |
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285 | (1) |
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6.11.5 Special procedures under Article 267 TFEU |
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286 | (6) |
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6.12 The effects of a preliminary ruling |
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292 | (1) |
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6.13 The possible impact of Brexit |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (3) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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7 Challenging EU action or inaction |
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297 | (43) |
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7.1 The Commission's Supervisory Role |
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298 | (2) |
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7.1.2 Article 258 TFEU: enforcement actions by the Commission |
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298 | (2) |
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7.2 Article 260 TFEU: judicial remedies against the Member State |
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300 | (4) |
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7.2.1 Interim Measures---Articles 278 and 279 TFEU |
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303 | (1) |
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7.3 Direct action: Article 263 TFEU |
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304 | (1) |
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7.4 Which acts may be challenged? |
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305 | (2) |
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7.4.1 Acts of the legislative institutions |
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305 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Acts with binding legal effects |
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305 | (2) |
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7.5 Who can bring an action under Article 263 TFEU? |
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307 | (1) |
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7.6 Locus standi: permissible applicants under Article 263 TFEU |
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307 | (2) |
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7.6.1 Privileged applicants |
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307 | (1) |
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7.6.2 `Semi-privileged' applicants |
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307 | (1) |
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7.6.3 Non-privileged applicants |
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308 | (1) |
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7.7 Non-privileged applicants: direct concern |
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309 | (2) |
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7.8 Non-privileged applicants: individual concern |
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311 | (9) |
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7.8.1 The `closed class' test |
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312 | (3) |
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7.8.2 A `test' based on the facts and circumstances |
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315 | (4) |
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7.8.3 Measures issued as a result of proceedings initiated by applicant |
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319 | (1) |
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7.8.4 Anti-dumping measures |
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320 | (1) |
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7.9 Reforming locus standi for non-privileged applicants |
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320 | (5) |
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320 | (5) |
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7.10 Regulatory acts which do not entail Implementing measures |
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325 | (3) |
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328 | (1) |
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7.12 Grounds for annulment |
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328 | (3) |
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7.12.1 Lack of competence |
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328 | (1) |
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7.12.2 Infringement of an essential procedural requirement |
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329 | (1) |
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7.12.3 Infringement of the Treaties or of any rule of law relating to its application |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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7.15 The plea of illegality |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (4) |
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333 | (3) |
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7.16.2 Challengeable grounds |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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7.17 The relationship between Article 263 TFEU and Article 265 TFEU |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (3) |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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8 EU liability in damages |
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340 | (43) |
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8.1 Jurisdiction of the EU Courts |
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341 | (1) |
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8.2 Parties to Article 340 TFEU actions |
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342 | (1) |
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8.3 The meaning of `general principles common to the laws of the Member States' |
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343 | (1) |
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8.4 Wrongful acts by the EU institutions |
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344 | (15) |
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8.4.1 An EU institution must be responsible for the act |
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344 | (1) |
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8.4.2 The act at issue must be wrongful |
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345 | (13) |
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8.4.3 Wrongful acts by EU servants |
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358 | (1) |
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8.4.4 Acts which are not wrongful |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (8) |
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359 | (2) |
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8.5.2 Reduction in damages |
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361 | (6) |
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367 | (5) |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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8.9 The relationship between Article 340 TFEU and other actions |
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374 | (6) |
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8.9.1 Other actions against the EU |
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374 | (1) |
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8.9.2 Concurrent action against a Member State |
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375 | (5) |
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8.10 The possible impact of Brexit |
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380 | (1) |
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380 | (3) |
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381 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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383 | (60) |
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9.1 A brief history of human rights protection in Europe: the EU and the Council of Europe compared |
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383 | (3) |
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9.2 The development of human rights protection by the EU |
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386 | (14) |
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9.2.1 The EEC Treaty 1957 |
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386 | (2) |
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9.2.2 The role of the Court of Justice |
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388 | (9) |
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9.2.3 Legislative developments and political statements |
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397 | (2) |
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399 | (1) |
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9.3 The need for human rights protection against the EU and its Member States |
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400 | (2) |
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9.4 The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU |
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402 | (19) |
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402 | (1) |
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9.4.2 The legal effect of the Charter |
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403 | (5) |
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9.4.3 The application of the Charter to Member States |
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408 | (6) |
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9.4.4 The scope and interpretation of the Charter |
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414 | (7) |
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9.5 Enforcement of human rights in EU law |
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421 | (12) |
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9.5.1 Actions for enforcement against the EU |
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422 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Actions for enforcement against Member States |
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423 | (10) |
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9.6 Accession to the ECHR |
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433 | (6) |
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9.7 The possible impact of Brexit |
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439 | (1) |
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440 | (3) |
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440 | (1) |
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440 | (2) |
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442 | (1) |
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10 Free movement of goods |
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443 | (59) |
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444 | (2) |
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444 | (1) |
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444 | (1) |
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445 | (1) |
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10.1.4 Economic and monetary union |
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445 | (1) |
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10.2 Legislative provisions |
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446 | (1) |
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447 | (2) |
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10.4 Article 30 TFEU: the prohibition of customs duties and charges having equivalent effect |
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449 | (3) |
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10.4.1 Charges having an equivalent effect (CHEEs) |
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450 | (1) |
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451 | (1) |
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10.5 Charges for services rendered |
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452 | (6) |
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10.5.1 The service must be of direct benefit to the goods or traders concerned |
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453 | (2) |
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10.5.2 The charge must be proportionate to the services rendered |
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455 | (1) |
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10.5.3 `Services' permitted under EU law |
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455 | (1) |
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10.5.4 `Services' mandated by EU law |
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456 | (1) |
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10.5.5 No other exceptions |
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457 | (1) |
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10.6 Related considerations |
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458 | (2) |
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10.6.1 Article 30 is inapplicable when dealing with internal taxation |
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458 | (1) |
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10.6.2 Determining when the charge is a tax and when it is a CHEE |
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458 | (1) |
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10.6.3 It is important from the outset to appreciate that the relevant Treaty Articles are mutually exclusive |
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459 | (1) |
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10.7 Article 110 TFEU: the prohibition of discriminatory taxation |
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460 | (12) |
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10.7.1 The Article 110 TFEU prohibition |
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460 | (2) |
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10.7.2 Direct and indirect discrimination |
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462 | (2) |
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10.7.3 Methods of tax collection and the basis of assessment |
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464 | (3) |
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10.7.4 Objective justification |
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467 | (1) |
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10.7.5 Article 110(1): `similar' products |
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468 | (2) |
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10.7.6 Article 110(2): `indirect protection to other products' |
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470 | (2) |
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10.8 Articles 34 and 35 TFEU: the prohibition of quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect |
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472 | (30) |
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472 | (1) |
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10.8.2 Quantitative restrictions |
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473 | (1) |
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10.8.3 Measures having equivalent effect to quantitative restrictions (MEQRs) |
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473 | (1) |
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474 | (5) |
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10.8.5 Obligation of Member States to ensure free movement of goods |
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479 | (3) |
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482 | (2) |
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10.8.7 Scope of the rule of reason |
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484 | (1) |
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10.8.8 Application of the principle of proportionality |
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485 | (1) |
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10.8.9 Extension of the mandatory requirements |
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485 | (1) |
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10.8.10 Development of principles relating to indistinctly applicable measures |
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486 | (2) |
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10.8.11 The Keck judgment: selling arrangements |
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488 | (2) |
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10.8.12 Further developments: a further category of MEQRs? |
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490 | (3) |
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493 | (4) |
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10.8.14 No arbitrary discrimination, disguised restriction on trade |
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497 | (1) |
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498 | (1) |
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499 | (1) |
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500 | (1) |
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500 | (2) |
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11 Free movement of persons |
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502 | (55) |
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503 | (19) |
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504 | (1) |
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11.1.2 Article 21 (1) TFEU: direct effect |
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505 | (2) |
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11.1.3 The rights of EU citizens and their families |
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507 | (15) |
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11.2 Free movement of workers---substantive rights |
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522 | (24) |
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522 | (1) |
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11.2.2 The definition of `worker' |
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523 | (7) |
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11.2.3 The rights of workers under EU law |
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530 | (16) |
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11.3 Derogations to the free movement of persons |
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546 | (8) |
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11.3.1 Public policy and public security |
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547 | (5) |
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552 | (1) |
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11.3.3 Procedural safeguards in the case of expulsion |
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553 | (1) |
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11.4 Free movement of persons and Brexit |
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554 | (3) |
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555 | (1) |
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555 | (1) |
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556 | (1) |
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12 Freedom of establishment and freedom to provide and receive services |
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557 | (35) |
|
12.1 Freedom of establishment |
|
|
558 | (18) |
|
|
558 | (2) |
|
12.1.2 Meaning of `establishment' |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
|
561 | (3) |
|
12.1.4 Rights pertaining to the freedom of establishment |
|
|
564 | (12) |
|
12.2 Freedom to provide services |
|
|
576 | (11) |
|
12.2.1 Article 56 and 57 TFEU: direct effect |
|
|
576 | (2) |
|
12.2.2 The scope of Article 56 TFEU |
|
|
578 | (5) |
|
12.2.3 Rights pertaining to the freedom to provide services |
|
|
583 | (3) |
|
12.2.4 The Services Directive |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
12.3 Derogations to the freedom of establishment and the freedom to provide and receive services |
|
|
587 | (5) |
|
12.3.1 The official authority exception |
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
12.3.2 Public policy, public security, and public health |
|
|
588 | (2) |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
13 Competition law: Article 101 TFEU |
|
|
592 | (34) |
|
13.1 Outline of Article 101 TFEU |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
13.2 Article 101(1): the prohibition |
|
|
594 | (19) |
|
13.2.1 Agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings, and concerted practices |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
13.2.4 Decisions by associations of undertakings |
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
13.2.5 Concerted practices |
|
|
597 | (3) |
|
|
600 | (2) |
|
13.2.7 Vertical and horizontal agreements |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
13.2.8 Which may affect trade between Member States |
|
|
603 | (5) |
|
13.2.9 Object or effect: prevention, restriction, or distortion of competition |
|
|
608 | (2) |
|
13.2.10 Agreements of minor importance |
|
|
610 | (3) |
|
13.2.11 Prevention, restriction, and distortion of competition |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
13.4 Article 101(3) TFEU: exemption from Article 101(1) |
|
|
614 | (6) |
|
13.4.1 Individual exemption |
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
13.4.2 Improving production or distribution of goods or promoting technical or economic progress |
|
|
615 | (2) |
|
13.4.3 Allowing consumers a fair share of the resulting benefit |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
13.4.4 No restrictions that are not indispensable |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
13.4.5 No elimination of competition |
|
|
618 | (2) |
|
|
620 | (6) |
|
13.5.1 Regulation 330/2010 |
|
|
620 | (3) |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
|
624 | (2) |
|
14 Competition law: Article 102 TFEU |
|
|
626 | (36) |
|
14.1 Outline of Article 102 TFEU |
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
14.2 Article 102: the prohibition |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
628 | (13) |
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
14.3.2 Relevant product market (RPM) |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
14.3.3 Establishing the RPM |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
14.3.4 Demand substitutability |
|
|
629 | (3) |
|
14.3.5 The 1997 Notice on the definition of the relevant market |
|
|
632 | (2) |
|
14.3.6 Intermediate markets |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
14.3.7 Supply substitutability |
|
|
635 | (3) |
|
14.3.8 Relevant geographic market (RGM) |
|
|
638 | (2) |
|
14.3.9 `Within the internal market or a substantial part of it' |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
14.3.10 Relevant temporal (or seasonal) market (RTM) |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
|
641 | (8) |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
|
643 | (2) |
|
14.4.3 Financial and technological resources and intellectual property rights |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
14.4.4 Vertical integration |
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
14.4.6 Collective dominance |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
|
649 | (9) |
|
|
650 | (4) |
|
|
654 | (2) |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
14.6 Effect on trade between Member States |
|
|
658 | (4) |
|
14.6.1 Guidance on the Commission's enforcement priorities in applying Article 82 of the EC Treaty [ 102 TFEU] to abusive exclusionary conduct by dominant undertakings (OJ 2009/C 45/02) |
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
15 Enforcement of EU competition law |
|
|
662 | (15) |
|
15.1 The enforcement regime |
|
|
662 | (3) |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
15.3 Relationship between Articles 101 and 102 TFEU and national competition laws |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
15.4 Cooperation with national authorities |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
15.5 Cooperation with national courts |
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
15.6 The powers of the competition authorities of the Member States |
|
|
667 | (1) |
|
15.7 The European Commission's powers |
|
|
667 | (5) |
|
15.8 Safeguards for undertakings |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
|
672 | (2) |
|
15.10 Private enforcement |
|
|
674 | (3) |
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
|
676 | (1) |
Index |
|
677 | |