Table of abbreviations |
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xxii | |
Table of cases |
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xxiii | |
Table of legislation |
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xliii | |
1 The origins of the European Union and EU law |
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1 | (52) |
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1.1 The historical rationale for the European Union |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 The EEC, ECSC, and EURATOM Treaties |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (5) |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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1.4.3 A common or internal market |
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10 | (2) |
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1.4.4 Economic and monetary union |
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12 | (1) |
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1.5 Economic and political difficulties |
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12 | (1) |
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1.6 Expansion of membership |
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13 | (1) |
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1.7 Institutional developments |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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1.10 The Single European Act (1986) |
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15 | (1) |
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1.11 Regional development |
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16 | (1) |
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1.12 Employment and social policy |
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16 | (1) |
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1.13 The Treaty on European Union (1992) |
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17 | (2) |
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1.14 Economic and monetary union |
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19 | (1) |
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1.15 The Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) |
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20 | (3) |
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1.16 The Charter of Fundamental Rights |
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23 | (1) |
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1.17 The Treaty of Nice (2001) |
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23 | (1) |
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1.18 The Treaty of Lisbon (2007) |
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24 | (2) |
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1.19 The UK's referendum on EU membership ('Brexit') |
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26 | (22) |
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1.19.1 The legal mechanism for a Member State to leave the EU |
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27 | (11) |
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1.19.2 Possible options for the relationship between the EU and a former Member State |
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38 | (10) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
2 The official institutions of the European Union |
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53 | (34) |
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2.1 The European Parliament |
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55 | (4) |
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55 | (1) |
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2.1.2 Functions and powers |
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55 | (4) |
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2.2 The Council of the European Union |
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59 | (7) |
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59 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Functions and powers |
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60 | (6) |
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66 | (7) |
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66 | (3) |
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2.3.2 Functions and powers |
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69 | (4) |
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2.4 The Court of Justice of the European Union |
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73 | (2) |
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2.4.1 The Court of Justice |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (3) |
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75 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Functions and powers |
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76 | (2) |
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2.6 The European Central Bank |
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78 | (2) |
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2.7 The Court of Auditors |
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80 | (3) |
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80 | (2) |
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2.7.2 Functions and powers |
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82 | (1) |
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2.8 The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
3 Sovereignty and sources of law |
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87 | (35) |
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87 | (15) |
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3.1.1 UK withdrawal from the EU |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (1) |
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3.1.3 The political problem |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (9) |
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3.2 Attribution of powers to the EU |
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102 | (2) |
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3.3 The principle of subsidiarity |
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104 | (4) |
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108 | (7) |
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108 | (4) |
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3.4.2 Secondary legislation |
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112 | (2) |
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3.4.3 Decisions of the Court of Justice |
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114 | (1) |
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3.4.4 International agreements and Conventions |
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114 | (1) |
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3.4.5 General principles of EU law |
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114 | (1) |
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3.5 Legislative procedures |
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115 | (5) |
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3.5.1 Ordinary legislative procedure |
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116 | (2) |
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3.5.2 Special legislative procedure |
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118 | (1) |
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3.5.3 Enhanced cooperation |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
4 Enforcing EU law rights in national courts |
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122 | (74) |
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122 | (34) |
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4.1.1 The measures that may have direct effect |
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123 | (4) |
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4.1.2 The condition for the direct effect of Treaty Articles and Regulations |
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127 | (3) |
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4.1.3 The conditions for the direct effect of Decisions |
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130 | (1) |
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4.1.4 The conditions for the direct effect of Directives |
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131 | (21) |
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4.1.5 Incidental horizontal effect of Directives |
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152 | (3) |
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4.1.6 Summary of direct effect |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (21) |
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4.2.1 The measures that may have indirect effect |
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157 | (1) |
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4.2.2 The national law to which indirect effect can apply |
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158 | (3) |
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4.2.3 The time from which Directives can have indirect effect |
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161 | (3) |
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4.2.4 The extent of the duty: 'as far as possible' |
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164 | (9) |
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4.2.5 The relationship between indirect effect and the supremacy of EU law |
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173 | (3) |
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4.2.6 Summary of indirect effect |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (15) |
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178 | (3) |
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181 | (8) |
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4.3.3 New remedies need not be created |
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189 | (2) |
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4.3.4 No further substantive conditions |
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191 | (1) |
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4.4 The possible impact of Brexit |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
5 Member State liability in damages |
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196 | (42) |
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5.1 The meaning of 'Member State' for the purpose of damages claims |
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197 | (1) |
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5.2 The establishment of the principle of State liability: Francovich |
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197 | (3) |
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5.3 The Francovich conditions governing the imposition of State liability |
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200 | (2) |
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5.4 The development of the principle of State liability |
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202 | (15) |
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5.4.1 Enactment of national legislation contrary to EU law: Factortame III |
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202 | (4) |
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5.4.2 Incorrect transposition of Directives: BT |
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206 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Administrative breaches: Hedley Lomas |
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207 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Judicial breaches: Kobler |
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208 | (9) |
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5.5 The development of the conditions governing the imposition of State liability: the Factortame III conditions |
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217 | (14) |
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5.5.1 The EU law breached must be intended to confer rights on individuals |
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220 | (1) |
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5.5.2 The breach must be sufficiently serious |
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221 | (8) |
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5.5.3 Causation of damage |
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229 | (2) |
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5.6 Comparing the conditions for liability |
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231 | (4) |
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5.7 Concurrent action against the EU |
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235 | (1) |
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5.8 The possible impact of Brexit |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (2) |
6 Preliminary references |
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238 | (74) |
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6.1 The questions of law that may be referred to the Court of Justice |
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240 | (2) |
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240 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Exclusion of certain policy areas |
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240 | (1) |
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6.1.3 Questions of EU law only |
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240 | (1) |
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6.1.4 No jurisdiction over the application of EU law to the facts |
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241 | (1) |
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6.2 The meaning of 'court or tribunal' |
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242 | (4) |
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6.3 The status of the national court |
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246 | (6) |
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6.3.1 Courts and tribunals against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy under national law |
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247 | (4) |
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6.3.2 Courts and tribunals against whose decisions there is a judicial remedy under national law |
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251 | (1) |
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6.4 Discretionary references |
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252 | (27) |
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252 | (6) |
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258 | (2) |
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6.4.3 Previous Court of Justice rulings |
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260 | (1) |
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6.4.4 The possibility of rejection of the reference |
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261 | (12) |
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6.4.5 The advantages of the Court of Justice |
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273 | (2) |
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6.4.6 The impact of any binding domestic precedent |
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275 | (1) |
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6.4.7 Other factors influencing the exercise of the discretion |
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276 | (2) |
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6.4.8 Summary of the discretion to refer |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (6) |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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6.5.3 Previous Court of Justice rulings |
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283 | (1) |
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6.5.4 The possibility of rejection of the reference |
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283 | (1) |
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6.5.5 Refusal to make a mandatory reference in breach of the ECHR |
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284 | (1) |
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6.5.6 Summary of the obligation to refer |
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284 | (1) |
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6.6 References concerning the validity of EU law |
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285 | (6) |
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6.7 Summary of the national courts' decision-making process in preliminary references |
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291 | (1) |
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6.8 The provision of reasons by the national court for not making a reference |
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292 | (1) |
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6.9 The timing of the reference |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (2) |
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6.10.1 Suspension of national measures based on allegedly invalid EU law |
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294 | (1) |
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6.10.2 Suspension of national measures that may be incompatible with EU law as it is correctly interpreted |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (9) |
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6.11.1 The drafting of the reference |
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296 | (2) |
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6.11.2 Pleadings before the Court of Justice |
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298 | (1) |
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6.11.3 Costs and legal aid |
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298 | (1) |
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6.11.4 The standard procedure |
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299 | (1) |
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6.11.5 Special procedures under Article 267 TFEU |
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300 | (5) |
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6.12 The effects of a preliminary ruling |
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305 | (2) |
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6.13 The possible impact of Brexit |
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307 | (2) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
7 Challenging EU action or inaction |
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312 | (44) |
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7.1 The Commission's Supervisory Role |
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313 | (2) |
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7.1.1 Article 258 TFEU: enforcement actions by the Commission |
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313 | (2) |
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7.2 Article 260 TFEU: judicial remedies against the Member State |
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315 | (4) |
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7.2.1 Interim measures: Articles 278 and 279 TFEU |
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318 | (1) |
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7.3 Direct action: Article 263 TFEU |
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319 | (1) |
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7.4 Which acts may be challenged? |
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320 | (1) |
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7.4.1 Acts of the legislative institutions |
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320 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Acts with binding legal effects |
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320 | (1) |
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7.5 Who can bring an action under Article 263 TFEU? |
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321 | (1) |
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7.6 Locus standi: permissible applicants under Article 263 TFEU |
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321 | (2) |
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7.6.1 Privileged applicants |
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322 | (1) |
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7.6.2 'Semi-privileged' applicants |
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322 | (1) |
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7.6.3 Non-privileged applicants |
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322 | (1) |
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7.7 Non-privileged applicants: direct concern |
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323 | (2) |
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7.8 Non-privileged applicants: individual concern |
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325 | (10) |
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7.8.1 The 'closed class' test |
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327 | (2) |
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7.8.2 A 'test' based on the facts and circumstances |
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329 | (5) |
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7.8.3 Measures issued as a result of proceedings initiated by applicant |
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334 | (1) |
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7.8.4 Anti-dumping measures |
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334 | (1) |
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7.9 Reforming locus standi for non-privileged applicants |
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335 | (5) |
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335 | (5) |
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7.10 Regulatory acts that do not entail implementing measures |
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340 | (3) |
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343 | (1) |
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7.12 Grounds for annulment |
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344 | (3) |
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7.12.1 Lack of competence |
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344 | (1) |
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7.12.2 Infringement of an essential procedural requirement |
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345 | (1) |
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7.12.3 Infringement of the Treaties or of any rule of law relating to their application |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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7.15 The plea of illegality |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (3) |
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7.16.1 Locus standi (standing) |
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349 | (2) |
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7.16.2 Challengeable grounds |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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7.17 The relationship between Article 263 TFEU and Article 265 TFEU |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
8 EU liability in damages |
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356 | (40) |
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8.1 Jurisdiction of the EU Courts |
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357 | (1) |
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8.2 Parties to Article 340 TFEU actions |
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358 | (1) |
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8.3 The meaning of 'general principles common to the laws of the Member States' |
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359 | (1) |
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8.4 Wrongful acts by the EU institutions |
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360 | (14) |
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8.4.1 An EU institution must be responsible for the act |
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360 | (1) |
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8.4.2 The act at issue must be wrongful |
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360 | (13) |
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8.4.3 Wrongful acts by EU servants |
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373 | (1) |
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8.4.4 Acts that are not wrongful |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (7) |
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374 | (2) |
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8.5.2 Reduction in damages |
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376 | (5) |
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381 | (5) |
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386 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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8.9 The relationship between Article 340 TFEU and other actions |
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387 | (6) |
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8.9.1 Other actions against the EU |
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387 | (2) |
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8.9.2 Concurrent action against a Member State |
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389 | (4) |
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8.10 The possible impact of Brexit |
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393 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
9 Human rights in the European Union |
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396 | (62) |
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9.1 A brief history of human rights protection in Europe: the EU and the Council of Europe compared |
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396 | (3) |
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9.2 The development of human rights protection by the EU |
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399 | (14) |
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9.2.1 The EEC Treaty 1957 |
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399 | (2) |
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9.2.2 The role of the Court of Justice |
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401 | (9) |
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9.2.3 Legislative developments and political statements |
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410 | (3) |
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413 | (1) |
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9.3 The need for human rights protection against the EU and its Member States |
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413 | (2) |
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9.4 The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU |
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415 | (20) |
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415 | (1) |
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9.4.2 The legal effect of the Charter |
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416 | (6) |
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9.4.3 The application of the Charter to Member States |
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422 | (6) |
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9.4.4 The scope and interpretation of the Charter |
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428 | (7) |
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9.5 The enforcement of human rights in EU law |
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435 | (12) |
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9.5.1 Actions for enforcement against the EU |
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435 | (2) |
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9.5.2 Actions for enforcement against Member States |
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437 | (10) |
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9.5.3 Actions for enforcement against individuals or businesses |
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447 | (1) |
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9.6 Accession to the ECHR |
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447 | (6) |
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9.7 The possible impact of Brexit |
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453 | (1) |
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454 | (1) |
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455 | (1) |
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455 | (2) |
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457 | (1) |
10 Free movement of goods |
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458 | (64) |
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459 | (2) |
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459 | (1) |
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459 | (1) |
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460 | (1) |
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10.1.4 Economic and monetary union |
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460 | (1) |
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10.2 Legislative provisions |
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461 | (1) |
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462 | (2) |
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10.4 Article 30 TFEU: the prohibition of customs duties and charges having equivalent effect |
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464 | (3) |
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10.4.1 Charges having an equivalent effect |
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465 | (1) |
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466 | (1) |
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10.5 Charges for services rendered |
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467 | (6) |
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10.5.1 The service must be of direct benefit to the goods or traders concerned |
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468 | (2) |
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10.5.2 The charge must be proportionate to the services rendered |
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470 | (1) |
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10.5.3 'Services' permitted under EU law |
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470 | (1) |
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10.5.4 'Services' mandated by EU law |
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471 | (1) |
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10.5.5 No other exceptions |
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472 | (1) |
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10.6 Related considerations |
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473 | (2) |
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10.6.1 Article 30 TFEU is inapplicable when dealing with internal taxation |
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473 | (1) |
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10.6.2 Determining when the charge is a tax and when it is a CHEE |
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473 | (2) |
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10.6.3 The relevant Treaty Articles are mutually exclusive |
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475 | (1) |
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10.7 Article 110 TFEU: the prohibition of discriminatory taxation |
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475 | (13) |
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10.7.1 Article 110 TFEU prohibition |
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476 | (2) |
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10.7.2 Direct and indirect discrimination |
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478 | (2) |
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10.7.3 Methods of tax collection and the basis of assessment |
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480 | (2) |
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10.7.4 Objective justification |
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482 | (2) |
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10.7.5 Article 110 TFEU, first paragraph: 'similar' products |
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484 | (2) |
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10.7.6 Article 110 TFEU, second paragraph: 'indirect protection to other products' |
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486 | (2) |
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10.8 Articles 34 and 35 TFEU: the prohibition of quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect |
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488 | (31) |
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488 | (1) |
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10.8.2 Quantitative restrictions |
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489 | (1) |
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10.8.3 Measures having equivalent effect to quantitative restrictions |
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489 | (1) |
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490 | (5) |
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10.8.5 Obligation of Member States to ensure free movement of goods |
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495 | (3) |
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498 | (5) |
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10.8.7 Extension of the mandatory requirements |
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503 | (1) |
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10.8.8 Development of principles relating to indistinctly applicable measures |
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504 | (1) |
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10.8.9 The Keck judgment: selling arrangements |
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505 | (3) |
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10.8.10 Further developments: a further category of MEQRs? |
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508 | (3) |
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511 | (6) |
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10.8.12 No arbitrary discrimination, disguised restriction on trade |
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517 | (1) |
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518 | (1) |
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519 | (1) |
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520 | (1) |
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521 | (1) |
11 Free movement of persons |
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522 | (61) |
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523 | (22) |
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524 | (1) |
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11.1.2 Dual EU-UK citizens |
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525 | (2) |
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11.1.3 Article 21(1) TFEU: direct effect |
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527 | (1) |
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11.1.4 The rights of EU citizens and their families |
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528 | (17) |
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11.2 Free movement of workers: substantive rights |
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545 | (26) |
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545 | (1) |
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11.2.2 The definition of 'worker' |
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546 | (7) |
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11.2.3 The rights of workers under EU law |
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553 | (18) |
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11.3 Derogations to the free movement of persons |
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571 | (9) |
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11.3.1 Public policy and public security |
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571 | (6) |
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577 | (1) |
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11.3.3 Procedural safeguards in the case of expulsion |
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578 | (2) |
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11.4 Free movement of persons and Brexit |
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580 | (1) |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
582 | (1) |
12 Freedom of establishment and freedom to provide and receive services |
|
583 | (37) |
|
12.1 Freedom of establishment |
|
|
584 | (19) |
|
|
584 | (3) |
|
12.1.2 Meaning of 'establishment' |
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
|
588 | (2) |
|
12.1.4 Rights pertaining to the freedom of establishment |
|
|
590 | (13) |
|
12.2 Freedom to provide services |
|
|
603 | (11) |
|
12.2.1 Article 56 and 57 TFEU: direct effect |
|
|
603 | (2) |
|
12.2.2 The scope of Article 56 TFEU |
|
|
605 | (5) |
|
12.2.3 Rights pertaining to the freedom to provide services |
|
|
610 | (3) |
|
12.2.4 The Services Directive |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
12.3 Derogations to the freedom of establishment and the freedom to provide and receive services |
|
|
614 | (3) |
|
12.3.1 The official authority exception |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
12.3.2 Public policy, public security, and public health |
|
|
615 | (2) |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
618 | (2) |
13 Competition law: Article 101 TFEU |
|
620 | (32) |
|
13.1 Outline of Article 101 TFEU |
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
13.2 Article 101(1) TFEU: the prohibition |
|
|
622 | (19) |
|
13.2.1 Agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings, and concerted practices |
|
|
622 | (8) |
|
13.2.2 Which may affect trade between Member States |
|
|
630 | (5) |
|
13.2.3 Object or effect: prevention, restriction, or distortion of competition |
|
|
635 | (6) |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
13.4 Article 101(3) TFEU: exemption from Article 101(1) |
|
|
641 | (8) |
|
13.4.1 Individual exemption |
|
|
642 | (4) |
|
|
646 | (3) |
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
|
651 | (1) |
14 Competition law: Article 102 TFEU |
|
652 | (34) |
|
14.1 Outline of Article 102 TFEU |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
14.2 Article 102 TFEU: the prohibition |
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
|
654 | (12) |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
14.3.2 Relevant product market |
|
|
654 | (8) |
|
14.3.3 Relevant geographic market (RGM) |
|
|
662 | (4) |
|
14.3.4 Relevant temporal (or seasonal) market |
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
|
666 | (7) |
|
|
667 | (2) |
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
14.4.3 Financial and technological resources and intellectual property rights |
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
14.4.4 Vertical integration |
|
|
671 | (1) |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
14.4.6 Collective dominance |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
|
673 | (9) |
|
|
674 | (4) |
|
|
678 | (2) |
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
14.6 Effect on trade between Member States |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
14.6.1 The Commission's 2009 Guidance |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
|
685 | (1) |
15 Enforcement of EU competition law |
|
686 | (13) |
|
15.1 The enforcement regime |
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
15.3 The relationship between Articles 101 and 102 TFEU and national competition laws |
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
15.4 Cooperation with national authorities |
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
15.5 Cooperation with national courts |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
15.6 The powers of the competition authorities of the Member States |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
15.7 The European Commission's powers |
|
|
689 | (4) |
|
15.8 Safeguards for undertakings |
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
15.9 The Commission's 2006 Leniency Notice |
|
|
693 | (2) |
|
15.10 Private enforcement |
|
|
695 | (2) |
|
|
697 | (1) |
|
|
697 | (2) |
Index |
|
699 | |