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El. knyga: Complex Connection between Cannabis and Schizophrenia

Edited by (Clinical Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, NY USA), Edited by (Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, NY, USA)
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 25-Aug-2017
  • Leidėjas: Academic Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128051832
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 25-Aug-2017
  • Leidėjas: Academic Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128051832

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The Complex Connections between Cannabis and Schizophrenia provides an in-depth overview of the current state of research into the role that cannabis plays in schizophrenia, covering both the pathophysiological and the pharmacological implications. It addresses the epidemiology of cannabis use and the risks associated with its use, the biological aspects of the drug, its effects on the brain and the pharmacological possibilities of using cannabidiol to treat schizophrenia.

It is the only book on the market devoted exclusively to examining the links between this very commonly used (and misused) drug and a specific set of devastating psychiatric illnesses, providing a comprehensive guide to our current understandings of this relationship.

Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug globally, and is becoming increasingly decriminalized and even legalized worldwide. Among the numerous mental-health concerns related to the drug, there is mounting evidence of an intricate link between cannabis use and schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. At the same time, there is promising evidence to suggest that cannabidiol, one of the many compounds found in cannabis that activates the brain’s cannabinoid receptors, could prove to be an effective antipsychotic to treat schizophrenia.

  • Synthesizes existing knowledge about the confusing, but crucial, relationship between cannabis use and schizophrenia symptoms
  • Provides a comprehensive overview of the neurobiological mechanisms of cannabis use and its effects on the brain, including an exploration of the endocannabinoid system
  • Examines the promising evidence suggesting cannabidiol as an effective antipsychotic treatment for schizophrenia
  • Aids readers studying the neurobiological underpinning of cannabis addiction and psychosis in determining directions for their own future research

Daugiau informacijos

The only book available that explores the relationship between cannabis and schizophrenia
Contributors xiii
1 An Introduction to the Complex Connection Between Cannabis and Schizophrenia
1(8)
Marc W. Manseau
Michael T. Compton
Background and History
1(2)
Cannabis and Psychosis
3(1)
Brief Overview of the Book
4(1)
Conclusions
5(1)
References
6(3)
2 The Epidemiology of Cannabis Use in the United States
9(28)
Wilson M. Compton
Beth Han
Introduction
9(1)
Data Sources and Methods
10(1)
Data Sources
10(1)
Measures
10(1)
Statistical Analyses
11(1)
Epidemiology of Cannabis Use and Use Disorders Among Youth
12(1)
Trends in Cannabis, Tobacco, and Alcohol Use Among Youth
12(1)
Trends in Risk Perceptions of Smoking Cannabis and Perceived Cannabis Availability Among Youth
12(1)
Trends in Cannabis Use Disorders and Perceived Risk of Smoking Cannabis Among Youth Cannabis Users
12(1)
Trends in and Associations of Cannabis Use Among Youth Tobacco and Alcohol Users
13(7)
Other Correlates of Cannabis Use and Use Disorders Among Youth
20(1)
Implications of Trends and Correlates of Cannabis Use Among Youth
21(1)
Epidemiology of Cannabis Use and Use Disorders Among Adults
22(1)
Trends in Cannabis Use, Use Disorders, and Use Frequency Among Adults and Adult Users
22(2)
Associations Between Trends in Cannabis Use, Use Disorders, Use Frequency, and Perceived Risk of Smoking Cannabis Among Adults
24(2)
Other Correlates of Cannabis Use and Use Disorders Among Adults
26(1)
Implications of Trends and Correlates of Cannabis Use and Use Disorders Among Adults
26(6)
Needed Research
32(1)
References
33(4)
3 Cannabinoids and the Brain: The Effects of Endogenous and Exogenous Cannabinoids on Brain Systems and Function
37(38)
David L. Atkinson
Jeff K. Abbott
Introduction
37(2)
The Biology of the Endocannabinoid System
39(1)
Endogenous Ligands
39(1)
CB1 Receptors
40(1)
CB2 Receptors
40(1)
TRPV and Other Receptors
41(1)
Mechanisms of Endocannabinoid Transmission
42(1)
2-Arachidonoylglycerol
42(1)
2-AC Metabolism
42(1)
Anandamide
43(1)
AEA Metabolism
43(1)
Neuroplastic Changes Induced by Cannabinoids
43(1)
Depolarization-Induced Sustained Inhibition or Excitation
43(1)
Long-Term Potentiation or Depression
44(1)
Endocannabinoids and Psychosis
44(2)
Mechanisms of Psychosis and the Effects of Cannabinoids
46(1)
Perception and Psychosis
46(1)
Dopamine, Cannabinoids, and Schizophrenia
46(1)
Endocannabinoids, Psychosis, and Perception and Understanding of Self
46(1)
Shared Biomarkers of Schizophrenia and Cannabinoid Activity
47(1)
Prefrontal Cortex Anomalies
48(1)
Interindividual Vulnerability to Cannabis-Induced Psychosis
49(1)
Psychosis and Cannabis: Intersection in the Hippocampus
50(1)
A Working Model of Cannabis-Induced Psychosis Based on Declarative Memory Dysfunction
50(2)
Effects of Cannabis on the Hippocampus and the Relationship to Schizophrenia
52(2)
Summarizing a Working Model
54(1)
Cannabinoids and Psychosis: Neuropsychological Constructs
54(1)
Cannabis, Mood and Affect, and Psychosis
54(1)
Endocannabinoids, Cannabis, Reward Processing, and Psychosis
55(1)
Cannabis, Psychosis, and Salience
55(1)
Cannabis, Psychosis, Attention, and Cognition
56(1)
Effects of Cannabis Use on Motivation---A Possible Dimension of Psychosis
56(1)
The Endocannabinoid System's Role in Development and the Disruptive Effects of Exogenous Cannabinoids on Neurogenesis
57(1)
Cannabinoids, Psychosis, and the Genome
57(1)
Effects of Cannabinoids on Embryonic Development Related to Psychosis
58(1)
Effects of Cannabinoids on Childhood Development
59(1)
Effects of Cannabinoids on Adolescent Development and Disruptions Related to Psychosis
59(1)
Neural Progenitor Cells
60(1)
Acknowledgments
61(1)
References
61(14)
4 Psychotomimetic and Cognitive Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Laboratory Settings
75(54)
John D. Cahill
Swapnil Gupta
Jose Cortes-Briones
Rajiv Radhakrishnan
Mohamed Sherif
Deepak C. D'Souza
Introduction
75(1)
Designing and Interpreting HLS of Cannabinoids
76(1)
Properties of Cannabinoid Formulations Used in Laboratory Studies
76(1)
Oral Administration
77(2)
Intravenous Administration
79(1)
Smoking and Vaporization
80(1)
Safety and Tolerability
81(1)
Some Considerations on Study Design
82(2)
Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Human Laboratory Studies
84(1)
Effects in Healthy Individuals
84(19)
Effects in Individuals With Schizophrenia
103(1)
Effects in Cannabis Users
104(2)
Factors Modulating the Psychotomimetic and Cognitive Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in HLS
106(1)
Gene-Drug Interactions
106(2)
Interactions With Other Drugs
108(1)
Psychophysiological Markers of Psychotomimetic and Cognitive Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Human Laboratory Studies
109(1)
Event-Related Potentials
110(1)
Neural Oscillations: Steady-State Response
111(1)
Neural Noise
112(1)
Neuroreceptor Imaging
113(1)
Functional Imaging
114(1)
Conclusions
115(1)
Acknowledgments
116(1)
References
116(13)
5 Psychotomimetic and Cognitive Effects of Cannabis Use in the General Population
129(28)
Nadia Solowij
Introduction
129(1)
Psychotic-Like Symptoms and Experiences in Cannabis Users in the General Population
130(1)
Schizotypal Traits
131(1)
Psychotomimetic Experiences
132(1)
Psychotic-Like Symptoms and Experiences Assessed in Epidemiological Studies
133(5)
Overall Evidence for Associations, Potential Confounders, and Interactions
138(2)
Vulnerabilities and Potential Mechanisms
140(2)
Effects of Proportional Exposure to THC Versus CBD
142(1)
Cognitive Effects of Cannabis Use on Users in the General Population
143(3)
Needed Research
146(2)
References
148(9)
6 The Association Between Cannabis Use and Schizotypy
157(10)
Angelo B. Cedeno
Characteristics of Schizotypy
157(1)
Commonly Used Measures of Schizotypy
158(1)
Significant Associations Between Schizotypy and Cannabis Use
159(3)
Broadening the Schizotypy-Cannabis Association
162(1)
Directions for Future Study
163(1)
References
164(3)
7 Effects of Cannabis Use in Those at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis
167(16)
Brian O'Donoghue
Meredith McHugh
Barnaby Nelson
Patrick McGorry
Overview of the Concept of Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis
167(1)
Does Cannabis Use Increase Risk of Transition to Psychosis in Those Identified as Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis?
168(1)
Age at First Cannabis Use and Risk of Transition
169(5)
Lifetime Cannabis Use and Risk of Transition: Caveats in Interpretation of Findings to Date
174(1)
Does Cannabis Use Increase the Likelihood of Being at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis?
175(1)
Possible Confounders in the Relationship Between Cannabis Use and Risk of Transition
175(1)
Future Directions for Research
176(1)
Improving the Identification of Ultra-High Risk Individuals Who Are at Greatest Risk of Transition
176(1)
Including a Broader Array of Relevant Risk Factors
177(1)
Developing Interventions for Cannabis Misuse in the Ultra-High Risk Group
177(1)
Cannabinoids as a Potential Intervention in Those at Ultra-High Risk
178(1)
Conclusions
178(1)
References
179(4)
8 Cannabis-Induced Psychotic Disorders
183(16)
Luca Pauselli
Nosology and Classification
183(3)
Pathogenesis Theories
186(1)
Psychopathological Features of Cannabis-Induced Psychotic Disorder and Possible Differences With Schizophrenia and Other Primary Psychotic Disorders
187(3)
Treatment
190(1)
Epidemiology and Conversion of Cannabis-Induced Psychotic Disorder to Primary Psychotic Disorders
191(1)
Conclusions and Future Directions
192(1)
References
193(6)
9 Synthetic Cannabinoids and Synthetic Cannabinoid-Induced Psychotic Disorders
199(22)
Papanti Duccio
Schifano Fabrizio
Orsolini Laura
Introduction
199(1)
Synthetic Cannabinoids
200(2)
Synthetic Cannabinoid Use
202(1)
Composition and Pharmacology
203(1)
Acute Effects, Lethality, Tolerance, and Withdrawal
204(2)
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Psychosis
206(1)
Synthetic Cannabinoids and Psychosis
207(2)
Treatment of Synthetic Cannabinoid-Induced Psychosis
209(1)
Conclusions
209(1)
Acknowledgments
210(1)
References
210(11)
10 Cannabis Use as an Independent Risk Factor for, or Component Cause of, Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic Disorders
221(26)
Jodi M. Gilman
Sara M. Sobolewski
Anne Eden Evins
Evidence for Direct Causality
221(1)
Association Between Cannabis Use and Schizophrenia
221(1)
Cannabis Use Precedes the Development of Schizophrenia
222(1)
The Influence of Confounder Variables That Cause Both Cannabis Use and Schizophrenia Can Be Ruled Out
223(1)
A Dose-Response Relationship Between Extent of Cannabis Use and Rate of Developing Schizophrenia Can Be Found
224(1)
Evidence for Reverse Causation: Do Early Manifestations of Psychotic Disorders Cause Cannabis Use? (The Self-Medication Hypothesis)
224(1)
Evidence for Shared Etiology: Common Underlying Factors or Confounding Mechanisms
225(1)
Childhood Trauma
225(2)
Urbanicity
227(1)
Prenatal Environment
228(1)
Socioeconomic Status
229(1)
Tobacco Use
229(2)
Evidence for Gene-by-Cannabis Interactions
231(1)
Catechol-O-Methyltransferase
231(1)
Cannabinoid Receptor 1
232(1)
AKT1
232(1)
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
233(1)
Dopamine Receptor D2
233(1)
Summary
234(1)
Plausible Biological Mechanisms Supporting Causation
234(2)
Conclusions
236(2)
Acknowledgments
238(1)
References
238(9)
11 Cannabis Use as a Determinant of Earlier Age at Onset of Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic Disorders
247(24)
Claire Ramsay Wan
Beth Broussard
Cannabis Use in Schizophrenia
247(1)
What is Considered the Onset of Psychosis?
247(1)
Why is Age at Onset of Schizophrenia Important?
248(1)
Cannabis Use is a Predictor of Earlier Age at Onset of Psychosis
249(1)
What is the Temporal Relationship Between Cannabis Use and Age at Onset?
250(1)
Cannabis Use Usually Precedes Onset of Psychosis
250(1)
Cannabis Use Sometimes Precedes the Onset of Prodromal Symptoms
251(1)
Is the Relationship Between Cannabis Use and Earlier Onset of Psychosis Different for Nonaffective Versus Affective Psychotic Disorders?
252(1)
Is There a Dose-Response Relationship Between Cannabis Use and Age at Onset?
252(2)
Is Cannabis Use Associated With an Earlier Age at Onset of Prodromal Symptoms?
254(2)
Is Cannabis Use Associated With a Shorter Prodrome?
256(1)
Is the Relationship Between Cannabis Use and Age at Onset Moderated by Sex, Other Substance Use, Genetic Factors, or Any Other Known Variables?
257(1)
Sex
257(1)
Other Substances
258(1)
Gene-by-Environment Interactions
259(3)
Challenges in Documenting Age at Onset of Illness and Premorbid Cannabis Use
262(1)
What is the Direction of the Association Between Cannabis Use and Age at Onset of Psychosis?
263(2)
Conclusions
265(1)
References
266(5)
12 The Prevalence and Effects of Cannabis Use Among Individuals With Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic Disorders
271(18)
Ana Fresan
Rebeca Robles-Garcia
Carlos-Alfonso Tovilla-Zarate
Introduction
271(1)
Prevalence of Cannabis Use in Individuals With Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic Disorders
271(1)
Epidemiological Studies
272(2)
Clinical Studies
274(1)
Determinants of and Motivations for Cannabis Use
275(1)
Clinical Effects of Cannabis Use in the Context of Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic Disorders
276(1)
Positive and Negative Symptoms
276(2)
Cognitive Impairment
278(1)
Treatment Adherence and Relapses
279(1)
Studies on the Clinical Effects of Cannabis Use Cessation
280(1)
Psychosocial Effects of Cannabis Use in Persons With Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic Disorders
281(1)
Interpersonal Consequences
281(1)
Social Exclusion
282(1)
Aggression and Violence
282(1)
Suicide
283(1)
Conclusions and Research Needs
284(1)
References
285(4)
13 The Treatment of Cannabis Use Disorder Among Individuals With a Psychotic Disorder
289(20)
Peter Bosanac
Ana Lusicic
David J. Castle
Introduction
289(1)
Assessment
290(2)
Models of Care
292(1)
Screening
293(1)
Psychological Interventions
294(2)
Combination of Antipsychotic Medication and Psychological Interventions
296(1)
Medications
296(2)
CB1 Receptor Agonists
298(1)
CB1 Receptor Antagonists
298(1)
Opioid Antagonists
299(1)
Dopamine Agonists
299(1)
Dopamine Antagonists/Antipsychotic Medications
299(2)
Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics
301(1)
Mood Stabilizers
301(1)
Anxiolytics and Antidepressants
301(1)
Conclusions
302(1)
References
303(6)
14 Cannabidiol as a Potential Novel Therapeutic Agent for Psychotic Disorders
309(24)
Serena Deiana
Erica Zamberletti
Introduction
309(1)
Psychosis, Cannabis, and Endocannabinoids
309(5)
Preclinical Data
314(1)
Animal Models of Schizophrenia
314(2)
Dopamine-Based Models
316(1)
Glutamate-Based Models
316(3)
Genetic and Neurodevelopmental Models
319(1)
Human Studies
320(1)
Epidemiological Studies in Cannabis Users
320(3)
Studies in Healthy Volunteers
323(4)
Studies Among Individuals With Schizophrenia
327(2)
Regulation of Medical Marijuana and Cannabis-Derived Medicines
329(1)
Regulation of CBD
330(1)
Conclusions and Needed Research
331(2)
References 333(8)
Index 341
Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, NY, USA Clinical Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, NY USA