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El. knyga: Complexity Dichotomies for Counting Problems: Volume 1, Boolean Domain

(University of Wisconsin, Madison), (Columbia University, New York)
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 16-Nov-2017
  • Leidėjas: Cambridge University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108514781
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  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 16-Nov-2017
  • Leidėjas: Cambridge University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108514781
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Complexity theory aims to understand and classify computational problems, especially decision problems, according to their inherent complexity. This book uses new techniques to expand the theory for use with counting problems. The authors present dichotomy classifications for broad classes of counting problems in the realm of P and NP. Classifications are proved for partition functions of spin systems, graph homomorphisms, constraint satisfaction problems, and Holant problems. The book assumes minimal prior knowledge of computational complexity theory, developing proof techniques as needed and gradually increasing the generality and abstraction of the theory. This volume presents the theory on the Boolean domain, and includes a thorough presentation of holographic algorithms, culminating in classifications of computational problems studied in exactly solvable models from statistical mechanics.

Complexity theory aims to understand and classify computational problems according to their inherent complexity. This book uses new techniques to expand the theory for use with counting problems on the Boolean domain and is broadly accessible to researchers and graduate students.

Recenzijos

'This remarkable volume presents persuasive evidence that computer applications obey beautiful unities: within the significant classes considered, the problems that are not known to be polynomial time computable are all reducible to each other by a small number of elegant techniques. The treatment is original, comprehensive and thought provoking.' Leslie Valiant, Harvard University, Massachusetts 'This book provides a thorough study of the complexity of counting. These basic problems arise in statistical physics, optimization, algebraic combinatorics and computational complexity. The past fifteen years of research have led to a (surprisingly clean) complete characterization of their complexity in the form of a 'dichotomy theorem', whose proof is the main goal of this volume. Along the way, the authors provide detailed explanations of basic methods for studying such problems, including holographic algorithms and reductions. The book is very well written and organized, and should be useful to researchers and graduate students in the fields above.' Avi Wigderson, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey 'This book would make an excellent introduction to the field of counting complexity for a mathematically literate reader with little or no background in computational complexity Many of the results included in the book are recent, and have not appeared in book form before. As such, this thorough, self-contained treatment of the subject makes a very valuable contribution to the literature.' Kitty Meeks, MathSciNet 'There's no doubt in my mind that anyone interested in computational complexity would benefit greatly by reading it. It is a remarkable and indispensable book about a deep and important topic.' Frederic Green, SIGACT News

Daugiau informacijos

A sweeping classification theory for computational counting problems using new techniques and theories.
Preface ix
1 Counting Problems
1(34)
1.1 Counting Problems and Models of Computation
1(3)
1.2 Three Classes of Counting Problems
4(10)
1.3 Reductions
14(15)
1.4 Further Discussion on Models of Computation
29(1)
1.5 An Outline of This Book
30(5)
2 Fibonacci Gates and Holant* Problems
35(31)
2.1 Fibonacci Gates
35(5)
2.2 Orthogonal Transformation of Fibonacci Gates
40(5)
2.3 A Dichotomy Theorem for Holant*(F)
45(20)
2.4 The Road Ahead
65(1)
3 Boolean #CSP
66(32)
3.1 The 0-1 Case and Nonnegative Boolean #CSP
66(3)
3.2 Affine Functions A and F1 U F2 U F3
69(3)
3.3 A Dichotomy for Boolean #CSP
72(3)
3.4 Tractable Cases
75(2)
3.5 Hardness
77(21)
4 Matchgates and Holographic Algorithms
98(47)
4.1 Pfaffian Orientations and Kasteleyn's Algorithm
98(7)
4.2 Matchgates
105(12)
4.3 The Theory of Matchgates
117(28)
5 2-Spin Systems on Regular Graphs
145(57)
5.1 3-Regular Graphs
151(32)
5.2 4-Regular Graphs
183(19)
6 Holant Problems and #CSP
202(54)
6.1 A Dichotomy for a Single Ternary Signature
203(7)
6.2 Reductions Between Holant and #CSP
210(6)
6.3 Holantc Problems
216(11)
6.4 A Dichotomy for #CSPd
227(15)
6.5 Eulerian Orientations and the Tutte Polynomial
242(7)
6.6 Kirchhoff's Matrix Tree Theorem
249(7)
7 Holant Dichotomy for Symmetric Constraints
256(72)
7.1 Vanishing Signatures
256(12)
7.2 Theorem Statement and Proof of Tractability
268(2)
7.3 A Sample of Problems
270(4)
7.4 Outline of Hardness Proof for Theorem 7.19
274(2)
7.5 Dichotomy for One Signature of Arity 4
276(17)
7.6 Vanishing Signatures Revisited
293(12)
7.7 A-transformable and P-transformable Signatures
305(13)
7.8 Proof of Theorem 7.19
318(5)
7.9 Decidability of the Dichotomy
323(5)
8 Planar #CSP for Symmetric Constraints
328(34)
8.1 Introduction
328(4)
8.2 Unary Interpolation Revisited
332(4)
8.3 Planar Pairing
336(3)
8.4 Domain Pairing
339(3)
8.5 No-Mixing of Tractable Signatures
342(7)
8.6 Pinning for Planar Graphs
349(8)
8.7 Planar #CSP Dichotomy
357(5)
9 Planar Holant for Symmetric Constraints
362(45)
9.1 Introduction
362(4)
9.2 Some Known Results
366(2)
9.3 A-, P- and M-transformable Signatures
368(8)
9.4 Dichotomy for P1-#CSP2
376(2)
9.5 Single-Signature Dichotomy
378(6)
9.6 Mixing P2 and M4 --- Equalities and Matchgates in the Z Basis
384(21)
9.7 Dichotomy for Planar Holant
405(2)
10 Dichotomies for Asymmetric Constraints
407(44)
10.1 Planar #CSP with Asymmetric Constraints
408(20)
10.2 Holant* Dichotomy
428(23)
Bibliography 451(8)
Index 459
Jin-Yi Cai is Professor of Computer Science and the Steenbock Professor of Mathematical Sciences at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. He studied at Fudan University, Shanghai (class of 77) and at Cornell University, New York, receiving his Ph.D. in 1986. He held faculty positions at Yale University, Connecticut (19861989), Princeton University, New Jersey (19891993), and State University of New York, Buffalo (19932000), where he rose from Assistant Professor to Full Professor in 1996. He received a Presidential Young Investigator Award (1990), an Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship (1994), and a John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship (1998). He is a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Xi Chen is Associate Professor of Computer Science at Columbia University, New York. He studied at Tsinghua University and received his Ph.D. in 2007. His research focuses on complexity theory and algorithmic game theory. He is the recipient of a NSF CAREER Award, an Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship (2012), and an European Association for Theoretical Computer Science (EATCS) Presburger Award (2015).