Preface |
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xvii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxi | |
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PART I INTRODUCTION TO BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT |
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1 | (72) |
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1 Behavior Management Models |
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2 | (36) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (1) |
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What Are Some Popular Behavior Management Models Used in Schools? |
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6 | (16) |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (3) |
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21 | (1) |
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What Are Best Practices in Behavior Management? |
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22 | (5) |
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23 | (2) |
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Misunderstandings of the Behavioral Model |
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25 | (2) |
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27 | (1) |
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What Are Ethical Issues in Treating Behavior and Instructional Problems? |
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27 | (8) |
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The Right to Effective Behavioral Treatment |
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28 | (5) |
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The Right to Effective Education |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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2 The Foundations of Behavior Management |
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38 | (35) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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How Is Human Behavior Learned? |
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40 | (5) |
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The Difference Between Cognitive and Behavioral Theories |
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40 | (4) |
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44 | (1) |
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What Is the Role of Observational Learning? |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (5) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (4) |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (2) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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How Do We Distinguish Between Reinforcers and Punishers? |
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55 | (1) |
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How Are Reinforcers and Punishers Learned? |
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55 | (6) |
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Primary and Secondary Positive Reinforcers |
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55 | (3) |
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Primary and Secondary Aversives |
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58 | (2) |
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Deprivation and Satiation States |
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60 | (1) |
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What Is Stimulus Control? |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
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Total or Whole Task Chaining |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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What Are Schedules of Reinforcement? |
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65 | (4) |
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Continuous Reinforcement Schedule |
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65 | (1) |
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Intermittent Reinforcement Schedules |
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66 | (2) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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PART II INDIVIDUALIZED SUPPORTS |
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73 | (138) |
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3 Pinpointing and Tracking a Behavior Problem |
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74 | (36) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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What Are the Considerations We Must Make Prior to Implementing an Individualized Behavior Support Plan? |
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76 | (1) |
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How Do We Define Behavior and Develop Goals and Objectives? |
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77 | (6) |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (2) |
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How Do We Record Behaviors? |
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83 | (4) |
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84 | (1) |
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Event or Frequency Recording |
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84 | (1) |
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Duration and Latency Recording |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (2) |
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How Do We Develop Recording Instruments? |
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87 | (5) |
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What Is Interobserver Agreement? |
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92 | (3) |
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92 | (1) |
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Event or Frequency Recording |
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93 | (1) |
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Duration and Latency Recording |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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What Factors Influence Interobserver Agreement? |
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95 | (2) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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Complexity of the Measurement System |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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What Are Single-Case Experimental Designs? |
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97 | (10) |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (1) |
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Multiple-Baseline Designs |
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100 | (3) |
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Changing-Criterion Design |
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103 | (2) |
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Alternating Treatments Design |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (2) |
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4 Functional Behavior Assessments and Behavior Support Plans |
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110 | (36) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (2) |
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What Are the Assumptions of Behavior Support? |
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113 | (3) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (3) |
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116 | (1) |
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Why Is It Important to Know About Functional Behavior Assessments? |
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116 | (1) |
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What Are the Types of Functional Behavior Assessments? |
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117 | (19) |
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118 | (6) |
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124 | (10) |
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134 | (1) |
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When to Use Each Type of Assessment |
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134 | (2) |
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How Do We Develop a Behavior Support Plan? |
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136 | (7) |
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Building the Behavior Support Plan |
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137 | (2) |
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Writing the Behavior Support Plan |
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139 | (3) |
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Assessing the Fidelity of the Behavior Support Plan |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (2) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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5 Increasing Desirable Behaviors |
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146 | (35) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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How Can Challenging Behavior Be Decreased by Increasing Appropriate Behavior? |
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148 | (1) |
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How Can Prompting Strategies Be Used to Increase Desirable Behaviors? |
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148 | (4) |
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Antecedent Prompt and Test Procedure |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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Antecedent Prompt and Fade Procedure |
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149 | (1) |
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Least-to-Most Prompting 150 Graduated Guidance |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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What Are the Premack Principle and the Response Deprivation Hypothesis? |
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152 | (2) |
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152 | (1) |
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Response Deprivation Hypothesis |
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153 | (1) |
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What Is Behavioral Momentum? |
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154 | (1) |
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What Are Self-Management Procedures? |
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155 | (13) |
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Reasons for a Lack of Self-Control |
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155 | (1) |
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Reasons for Teaching Self-Management |
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156 | (1) |
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Types of Self-Management Skills |
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157 | (9) |
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The Need for Consequences |
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166 | (2) |
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What Is Preference and Choice? |
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168 | (1) |
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What Is Correspondence Training? |
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168 | (1) |
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What Are Behavioral Contracts? |
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169 | (2) |
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What Are Token Economy Systems? |
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171 | (1) |
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How Do We Produce Generalization of Behavior Change? |
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172 | (3) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (2) |
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How Is Consequence-Imposed Behavior Change Maintained? |
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175 | (2) |
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Intermittent Reinforcement Schedules |
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175 | (1) |
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Use of Naturally Occurring Reinforcers |
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175 | (2) |
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Use of Self-Management Procedures |
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177 | (1) |
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What Is the Planning Process for Generalization and Maintenance? |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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6 Decreasing Undesirable Behaviors |
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181 | (30) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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What Are the Least Restrictive, Least Intrusive, and Most Effective Alternatives for Reducing Unwanted Behavior? |
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183 | (2) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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Cautions With the Use of Restrictive or Intrusive Procedures |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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What Are Informal Procedures? |
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185 | (4) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (1) |
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What Are Behavior Reduction Procedures? |
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189 | (9) |
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Level I Procedures (Presentation of Reinforcement) |
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190 | (6) |
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Level II Procedure (Removal of Source of Reinforcement) |
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196 | (2) |
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What Are Aversive-Based Procedures? |
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198 | (8) |
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198 | (1) |
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Level III Procedures (Contingent Removal of Reinforcing Stimuli) |
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199 | (4) |
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Level IV Procedures (Presentation of Aversive Stimuli) |
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203 | (3) |
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How Do We Decide Which Procedure to Use? |
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206 | (1) |
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How Is Consequence-Imposed Behavior Change Generalized? |
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207 | (1) |
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How Is Consequence-Imposed Behavior Change Maintained? |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (2) |
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PART III CLASSROOM SUPPORTS |
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211 | (70) |
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7 Preliminary Considerations |
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212 | (34) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (2) |
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Why Is Classroom Management Critical? |
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215 | (2) |
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What Are Effective Classroom Arrangements? |
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217 | (2) |
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What Are Nonverbal Communication Methods? |
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219 | (1) |
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How Do We Set Effective Classroom Rules? |
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220 | (4) |
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Developing Effective Classroom Rules |
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222 | (2) |
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How Do We Establish Routines? |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (4) |
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229 | (1) |
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What Are Group-Oriented Management Approaches? |
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230 | (10) |
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Dependent Group Management |
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230 | (1) |
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Interdependent Group Management |
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231 | (1) |
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Independent Group Management |
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232 | (8) |
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What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Group-Oriented Management Approach? |
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240 | (1) |
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Dependent Group Management |
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240 | (1) |
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Interdependent Group Management |
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240 | (1) |
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Independent Group Management |
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241 | (1) |
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What Are Important Considerations When Using Group-Oriented Management Approaches? |
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241 | (2) |
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Teachers Should Avoid Negative Traps |
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241 | (2) |
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Teachers Should Actively Practice Positive Interaction Skills |
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243 | (1) |
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Teachers Should Use a Teaching Interaction Strategy When Attempting to Correct Unwanted Behavior |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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8 Instructional Variables |
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246 | (35) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (2) |
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What Are the Levels of Time? |
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249 | (5) |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (2) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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What Is the Importance of Curriculum and Lesson Pacing? |
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254 | (1) |
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How Do We Plan for Transitions? |
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255 | (3) |
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What Is Effective Instruction? |
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258 | (1) |
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What Are Teaching Functions? |
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258 | (4) |
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259 | (1) |
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Presentation of New Content |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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Weeky and Monthly Reviews |
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262 | (1) |
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What Are the Stages of Learning? |
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262 | (2) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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What Are Response Prompting Strategies? |
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264 | (3) |
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Antecedent Prompt and Test Procedure |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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Antecedent Prompt and Fade Procedure |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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What Is an Effective Lesson Plan Format? |
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267 | (1) |
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What Are Three Critical Components for Providing Effective Instruction in the Classroom? |
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268 | (2) |
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Organization of Instruction |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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Teacher Presentation Techniques |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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What Is Differentiated Instruction? |
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271 | (1) |
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What Are Three Teaching Behaviors That Can Help Reduce Behavior Problems in the Classroom? |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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Appropriate Error Corrections |
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273 | (1) |
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What Is an Academic Functional Assessment? |
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273 | (1) |
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What Are Evidence-Based Practices? |
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274 | (3) |
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Key Features of Effective Programs |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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Key Features of Effective Instructional Practices |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (2) |
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PART IV SCHOOLWIDE SUPPORTS |
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281 | (112) |
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282 | (26) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (12) |
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School-Related Violent Deaths |
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284 | (2) |
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Weapons Possession and Physical Fights in Schools |
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286 | (2) |
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Students' Perceptions of Personal Safety at School and Away From School |
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288 | (1) |
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Bullying at School and Cyber-Bullying Anywhere |
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288 | (1) |
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Teacher Reports on Student Misbehavior, Tardiness, and Class Cutting |
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289 | (1) |
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Safety and Security Measures Taken by Schools |
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290 | (1) |
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Profiling Students at Risk of Targeted Violence |
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290 | (6) |
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How Do We Conduct a Fact-Based Threat Assessment? |
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296 | (9) |
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296 | (3) |
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Four-Pronged Threat Assessment Approach |
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299 | (6) |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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10 Schoolwide Positive Behavior Intervention and Support |
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308 | (30) |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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What Is Schoolwide Positive Behavior Intervention and Support? |
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310 | (4) |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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What Are the Organizational Systems Within a SWPBIS Program? |
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314 | (14) |
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Leadership Organizational System |
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315 | (2) |
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Schoolwide Organizational System |
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317 | (1) |
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Nonclassroom Organizational System |
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318 | (4) |
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Classroom Organizational System |
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322 | (2) |
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Individual Organizational System |
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324 | (2) |
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326 | (2) |
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What Is the School-wide Evaluation Tool? |
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328 | (3) |
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What Are the Benchmarks for Advanced Tiers! |
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331 | (3) |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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11 Evidence-Based Interventions and Programs |
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338 | (27) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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What Are a Strategy, an Intervention, and a Program? |
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340 | (4) |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (2) |
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343 | (1) |
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What Are the Criteria for Being Defined as an Evidence-Based Intervention? |
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344 | (2) |
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The Intervention Is Operationally Defined |
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344 | (1) |
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The Qualifications of People Who May Use the Intervention With Success Are Defined |
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345 | (1) |
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The Outcomes That May Be Expected From Using the Intervention Are Defined |
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345 | (1) |
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The Settings (or Contexts) in Which the Intervention Is Expected to Be Effective Are Defined |
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346 | (1) |
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The Target Population or Populations for Whom the Intervention Is Effective Are Defined |
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346 | (1) |
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The Conceptual Theory and Basic Mechanisms Framing the Intervention Are Denned |
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346 | (1) |
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How Do Schools Identify Evidence-Based Interventions? |
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346 | (6) |
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Step 1 Is the Intervention Backed by Strong Evidence of Effectiveness? |
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347 | (2) |
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Step 2 If the Intervention Is Not Backed by Strong Evidence, Is It Backed by Possible Evidence of Effectiveness? |
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349 | (2) |
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Step 3 If the Answer to the Questions in Steps 1 and 2 Is No, One May Conclude the Intervention Is Not Supported by Meaningful Evidence |
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351 | (1) |
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How Do Schools Assess the Magnitude of the Effects of an Intervention? |
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352 | (2) |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (2) |
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Where Can Schools Find Evidence-Based Interventions? |
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354 | (1) |
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How Do Schools Develop the Capacity to Implement Interventions? |
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355 | (2) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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How Do Schools Implement and Sustain Interventions? |
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357 | (2) |
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How Do Schools Evaluate Interventions and Programs? |
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359 | (3) |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
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364 | (1) |
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364 | (1) |
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12 Response to Intervention (RTI) and SWPBIS Models |
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365 | (28) |
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365 | (1) |
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366 | (1) |
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366 | (1) |
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Where Did RTI and Multitiered Intervention Models Originate? |
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367 | (3) |
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What Are the Expected Effects of RTI Intervention Models? |
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370 | (1) |
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What Are Some Conceptual Issues That Arise Within RTI Intervention Models? |
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371 | (2) |
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Problem Solving and Standard Protocol |
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372 | (1) |
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Response to Intervention and Resistance to Intervention |
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372 | (1) |
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Response to Intervention and Responsiveness to Intervention |
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373 | (1) |
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Instruction and Intervention |
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373 | (1) |
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What Are the Key Elements of RTI Intervention Models? |
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373 | (5) |
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374 | (1) |
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Data-Based Problem-Solving Process |
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375 | (1) |
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Continuum of Scientifically Based Interventions |
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375 | (1) |
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375 | (3) |
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What Is the Link Between RTI and Schoolwide Positive Behavior Intervention and Support (SWPBIS)? |
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378 | (11) |
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379 | (3) |
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382 | (7) |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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390 | (1) |
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391 | (1) |
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391 | (2) |
Glossary |
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393 | (14) |
References |
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407 | (13) |
Index |
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420 | (12) |
About the Authors |
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432 | |