|
|
xv | |
Preface |
|
xix | |
|
|
|
|
3 | (16) |
|
|
|
3 | (2) |
|
1.2 How Much Solar Energy Falls on the Earth and How Much is Used to Make Electricity? |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
1.3 Types of Technology That Can Harness Solar Energy |
|
|
6 | (2) |
|
1.4 Why We Need to Develop Solar Energy |
|
|
8 | (2) |
|
1.5 The Difficulties With Harnessing Solar Energy |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
1.6 Is Harnessing Solar Energy Cost Effective? |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
1.7 A Comparison of Solar PV Installed Capacity With Other Renewable Forms of Energy |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
1.8 The Future of Solar Energy |
|
|
11 | (3) |
|
|
14 | (5) |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
|
14 | (5) |
|
PART 2 Solar Energy Resource and World Wide |
|
|
|
2 Solar Power Development in China |
|
|
19 | (18) |
|
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
2.2 Photovoltaic Manufacture |
|
|
20 | (7) |
|
|
27 | (3) |
|
2.4 Future Solar Energy in China |
|
|
30 | (3) |
|
|
33 | (4) |
|
|
34 | (3) |
|
3 Solar Power in Europe: Status and Outlook |
|
|
37 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
3.1 The Past: Solar Developments in Europe (2000--16) |
|
|
37 | (3) |
|
3.2 The Future: 5-Year Market Outlook (2017--21) |
|
|
40 | (5) |
|
3.3 Solar in the European Electricity System |
|
|
45 | (5) |
|
3.4 Policy Recommendation for Solar in Europe |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
|
51 | (2) |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
4 Solar Power in the USA---Status and Outlook |
|
|
53 | (28) |
|
|
|
4.1 Overall US Market Indicators |
|
|
53 | (11) |
|
4.2 The United States as a Patchwork of States |
|
|
64 | (3) |
|
4.3 US Solar Energy Market Outlook |
|
|
67 | (4) |
|
4.4 The United States as a Driver of Innovation |
|
|
71 | (10) |
|
|
77 | (4) |
|
5 Sustainable Solar Energy Collection and Storage for Rural Sub-Saharan Africa |
|
|
81 | (30) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
|
82 | (5) |
|
5.3 The Circular Economy Approach |
|
|
87 | (4) |
|
5.4 Photovoltaic Technology |
|
|
91 | (2) |
|
5.5 Energy, and Energy Storage, Needs of Households in Rural Africa |
|
|
93 | (2) |
|
5.6 Energy Storage---Battery Choices |
|
|
95 | (2) |
|
5.7 Carbon Footprint and Lifecycle Impact Considerations |
|
|
97 | (2) |
|
5.8 Resource-Efficiency and Circular Economy |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
5.9 Future Solar Cell Technologies |
|
|
100 | (3) |
|
|
103 | (8) |
|
|
104 | (7) |
|
PART 3 Thermal Solar Energy Technology |
|
|
|
|
111 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
111 | (3) |
|
6.2 Working Principle of SWH Systems |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
6.3 The Classification of SWH Systems |
|
|
115 | (3) |
|
6.4 Most Advanced Technologies of SWHs |
|
|
118 | (9) |
|
|
124 | (3) |
|
7 Concentrating Solar Thermal Power |
|
|
127 | (24) |
|
|
|
127 | (4) |
|
7.2 Parabolic-Trough Collectors |
|
|
131 | (5) |
|
7.3 Central Receiver Systems |
|
|
136 | (5) |
|
7.4 Compact Linear Fresnel Concentrators |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
|
143 | (8) |
|
|
147 | (4) |
|
PART 4 Photo Voltaic Solar Energy---Generation of Electricity |
|
|
|
8 Photovoltaics: The Basics |
|
|
151 | (30) |
|
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
8.2 Light Absorption in Materials and Excess Carrier Generation |
|
|
151 | (8) |
|
8.3 Photovoltaic Effect and Basic Solar Cell Parameters |
|
|
159 | (8) |
|
8.4 Principles of Solar Cell Construction |
|
|
167 | (9) |
|
8.5 Photovoltaic Modules---Principles and Construction |
|
|
176 | (5) |
|
|
179 | (2) |
|
9 Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell and Module Technology |
|
|
181 | (34) |
|
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
9.2 Semiconductor Silicon |
|
|
181 | (3) |
|
9.3 Crystalline Silicon Wafer Fabrication |
|
|
184 | (6) |
|
9.4 Crystalline Silicon PV Cell Design and Fabrication Technology |
|
|
190 | (13) |
|
9.5 Crystalline Si Module Design and Fabrication |
|
|
203 | (6) |
|
|
209 | (6) |
|
|
210 | (5) |
|
|
215 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
10.2 The CdTe Solar Cell: History, Layers, and Processes |
|
|
215 | (10) |
|
10.3 Looking Forward---Voltage, Doping, and Substrate Cells |
|
|
225 | (3) |
|
|
228 | (5) |
|
|
228 | (5) |
|
11 An Overview of Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells |
|
|
233 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
233 | (2) |
|
11.2 Thin Film Fabrication/Formation |
|
|
235 | (2) |
|
11.3 Perovskite Solar Cell Device Structure |
|
|
237 | (3) |
|
|
240 | (5) |
|
11.5 Stability Issues and Challenges of Perovskite Solar Cells |
|
|
245 | (2) |
|
|
247 | (8) |
|
|
247 | (8) |
|
|
255 | (24) |
|
|
|
255 | (4) |
|
12.2 Operating Principles |
|
|
259 | (3) |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
12.4 Challenges and Opportunities for Improved Performance |
|
|
263 | (11) |
|
|
274 | (5) |
|
|
274 | (5) |
|
13 Upconversion and Downconversion Processes for Photovoltaics |
|
|
279 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
|
280 | (10) |
|
|
290 | (3) |
|
|
293 | (6) |
|
|
294 | (5) |
|
14 Advanced Building Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal Technologies |
|
|
299 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
299 | (2) |
|
14.2 Building Integrated Thermal Electric Roofing System |
|
|
301 | (2) |
|
|
303 | (4) |
|
14.4 Modeling Procedures and Performance Evaluation of the Multifunctional BIPVT Panel |
|
|
307 | (9) |
|
14.5 Summary and Conclusions |
|
|
316 | (5) |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
317 | (4) |
|
15 Integration of PV Generated Electricity into National Grids |
|
|
321 | (12) |
|
|
|
15.1 Introduction: Rapid Growth of the Solar PV Industry |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
15.2 Why We Need to Integrate Solar Power into National Grids |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
15.3 How Solar PV Fits in |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
15.4 Is the Duck Relevant to Solar PV in United Kingdom? |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
15.5 Effect of Growth in Small Distributed Installations |
|
|
325 | (2) |
|
15.6 `Nonsynchronous' Inverter Type Generators Supporting the Network |
|
|
327 | (2) |
|
15.7 Converter Technology |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
330 | (3) |
|
|
331 | (2) |
|
16 Small-Scale PV Systems Used in Domestic Applications |
|
|
333 | (18) |
|
|
|
333 | (3) |
|
16.2 Electrical Characteristics of PV Cells / Modules |
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
16.3 Features of Converter Topologies in PV Systems |
|
|
338 | (5) |
|
16.4 Configurations of Grid-Tied PV Systems |
|
|
343 | (2) |
|
16.5 Issues on PV Systems and Cell and Module Level Failures |
|
|
345 | (4) |
|
|
349 | (2) |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
17 Energy and Carbon Intensities of Stored Solar Photovoltaic Energy |
|
|
351 | (10) |
|
|
17.1 The Need for Storage |
|
|
351 | (2) |
|
17.2 Key Characteristics for Storage |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
17.3 Net Energy Analysis of Storing and Curtailing Solar PV Resources |
|
|
354 | (2) |
|
17.4 The Carbon Footprint of Storing Solar PV |
|
|
356 | (2) |
|
|
358 | (3) |
|
|
359 | (2) |
|
18 Thin Film Photovoltaics |
|
|
361 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
361 | (2) |
|
18.2 Thin Film Cell Configurations |
|
|
363 | (4) |
|
18.3 Deposition and Growth Techniques |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
18.4 Flexible Cell Formations |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
369 | (4) |
|
|
369 | (4) |
|
PART 5 Environmental Impacts of Solar Energy |
|
|
|
19 Solar Panels in the Landscape |
|
|
373 | (18) |
|
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
19.2 Solar Installation Types |
|
|
374 | (6) |
|
|
380 | (3) |
|
19.4 Environmental Issues in Planning |
|
|
383 | (4) |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
388 | (3) |
|
|
389 | (2) |
|
20 Solar Energy Development and the Biosphere |
|
|
391 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
20.2 Solar Energy Effectors and Potential Effects on the Environment |
|
|
392 | (4) |
|
20.3 Ecological Impacts and Responses |
|
|
396 | (5) |
|
|
401 | (6) |
|
|
402 | (5) |
|
21 Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROI) and Energy Payback Time (EPBT) for PVs |
|
|
407 | (20) |
|
|
|
407 | (2) |
|
21.2 Methods of EROI Analysis |
|
|
409 | (8) |
|
21.3 Results of EROI Analysis of PV Systems, Harmonization and Trends Over Time |
|
|
417 | (10) |
|
|
423 | (4) |
|
22 Life Cycle Analysis of Photovoltaics: Strategic Technology Assessment |
|
|
427 | (18) |
|
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
22.2 Life Cycle Analysis Methodology |
|
|
427 | (4) |
|
22.3 Current Photovoltaic Status |
|
|
431 | (2) |
|
22.4 Current Photovoltaic Life Cycle Analysis Results |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
22.5 Technology Roadmaping |
|
|
433 | (4) |
|
22.6 Prospective Life Cycle Analysis of Future Designs |
|
|
437 | (2) |
|
|
439 | (2) |
|
|
441 | (4) |
|
|
442 | (3) |
|
PART 6 Economics, Financial Modeling and Investment in Pvs, Growth Trends and the Future of Solar Energy |
|
|
|
23 Materials: Abundance, Purification, and the Energy Cost Associated with the Manufacture of Si, CdTe, and CIGS PV |
|
|
445 | (24) |
|
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
|
446 | (2) |
|
23.3 Material Requirements for PV |
|
|
448 | (9) |
|
23.4 Energy Costs of Materials |
|
|
457 | (7) |
|
|
464 | (5) |
|
|
464 | (5) |
|
24 Global Growth Trends and the Future of Solar Power: Leading Countries, Segments, and Their Prospects |
|
|
469 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
470 | (4) |
|
24.3 Future Market Growth Potential |
|
|
474 | (4) |
|
|
478 | (2) |
|
|
480 | (2) |
|
|
482 | (3) |
|
|
482 | (3) |
|
25 Optimal Renewable Energy Systems: Minimizing the Cost of Intermittent Sources and Energy Storage |
|
|
485 | (20) |
|
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
25.2 Renewable Energy Microeconomic Considerations |
|
|
486 | (3) |
|
25.3 Economic Theory of Renewable Energy Intermittency |
|
|
489 | (4) |
|
25.4 Economics of Renewable Energy Intermittency: Empirical Example from Vermont |
|
|
493 | (7) |
|
25.5 Extensions and Conclusions |
|
|
500 | (5) |
|
|
502 | (3) |
Index |
|
505 | |