In Memoriam |
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ix | |
Preface to the First Edition |
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xi | |
Preface to the Second Edition |
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xiii | |
Preface to the Third Edition |
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xvii | |
Preface to the Fourth Edition |
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xix | |
Preface to the Fifth Edition |
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xxi | |
List of Examples |
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xxiii | |
1 Remote Sensing: Basic Principles |
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1 | (30) |
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1 | (4) |
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1.2 Electromagnetic Radiation and Its Properties |
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5 | (13) |
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5 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation |
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6 | (1) |
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1.2.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum |
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7 | (7) |
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1.2.4 Sources of Electromagnetic Radiation |
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14 | (2) |
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1.2.5 Interactions with the Earth's Atmosphere |
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16 | (2) |
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1.3 Interaction with Earth Surface Materials |
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18 | (9) |
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18 | (2) |
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1.3.2 Spectral Reflectance of Earth Surface Materials |
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20 | (7) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (4) |
2 Remote Sensing Platforms and Sensors |
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31 | (44) |
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31 | (3) |
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2.2 Characteristics of Imaging Remote Sensing Instruments |
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34 | (8) |
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34 | (3) |
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2.2.2 Spectral Resolution |
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37 | (2) |
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2.2.3 Radiometric Resolution |
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39 | (3) |
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2.3 Optical, Near-infrared, and Thermal Imaging Sensors |
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42 | (20) |
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2.3.1 Along-track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) |
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42 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) |
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42 | (2) |
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2.3.3 MODIS (MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) |
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44 | (1) |
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2.3.4 Ocean Observing Instruments |
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44 | (4) |
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48 | (1) |
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2.3.6 Landsat Instruments |
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48 | (5) |
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53 | (2) |
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2.3.8 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) |
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55 | (3) |
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2.3.9 ESA Sentinel Programme |
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58 | (1) |
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2.3.1 High-resolution Commercial and Small Satellite Systems |
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59 | (3) |
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2.4 Microwave Imaging Sensors |
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62 | (8) |
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2.4.1 European Space Agency Synthetic Aperture Spaceborne Radars |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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2.4.3 TerraSAR-X and COSMO-SkyMed |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (5) |
3 Preprocessing of Remotely Sensed Data |
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75 | (42) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (4) |
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77 | (1) |
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3.2.2 De-striping Methods |
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78 | (2) |
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3.3 Geometric Correction and Registration |
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80 | (18) |
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3.3.1 Orbital Geometry Model |
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82 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Transformation Based on Ground Control Points |
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84 | (10) |
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3.3.3 Resampling Procedures |
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94 | (3) |
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97 | (1) |
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3.3.5 Other Geometric Correction Methods |
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97 | (1) |
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3.4 Atmospheric Correction |
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98 | (4) |
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98 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Image-based Methods |
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99 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Radiative Transfer Model |
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100 | (1) |
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3.4.4 Empirical Line Method |
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101 | (1) |
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3.5 Illumination and View Angle Effects |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (5) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (8) |
4 Image Enhancement Techniques |
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117 | (22) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (13) |
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4.3.1 Linear Contrast Stretch |
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120 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Histogram Equalisation |
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121 | (8) |
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129 | (4) |
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4.4 Pseudocolour Enhancement |
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133 | (4) |
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133 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Pseudocolour Transform |
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134 | (3) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (2) |
5 Image Transforms |
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139 | (66) |
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139 | (1) |
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5.2 Arithmetic Operations |
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140 | (8) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Image Multiplication |
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142 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Image Division and Vegetation Indices |
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143 | (5) |
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5.3 Empirically Based Image Transforms |
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148 | (4) |
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5.3.1 Perpendicular Vegetation Index |
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148 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Tasselled Cap (Kauth-Thomas) Transformation |
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149 | (3) |
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5.4 Principal Component Analysis |
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152 | (10) |
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5.4.1 Standard Principal Component Analysis |
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152 | (8) |
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5.4.2 Noise-adjusted Principal Component Analysis |
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160 | (2) |
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5.4.3 Decorrelation Stretch |
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162 | (1) |
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5.5 Hue, Saturation, and Intensity (HSI) Transform |
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162 | (2) |
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5.6 The Discrete Fourier Transform |
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164 | (8) |
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164 | (2) |
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5.6.2 Two-dimensional Fourier Transform |
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166 | (3) |
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5.6.3 Applications of the Fourier Transform |
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169 | (3) |
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5.7 The Discrete Wavelet Transform |
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172 | (7) |
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172 | (1) |
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5.7.2 The One-dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform |
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172 | (5) |
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5.7.3 Two-dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (12) |
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179 | (1) |
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5.8.2 NDVI Difference Image |
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180 | (1) |
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5.8.3 Principal Component Analysis |
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180 | (2) |
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5.8.4 Canonical Correlation Change Analysis |
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182 | (3) |
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5.8.5 Time Series Analysis |
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185 | (6) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (14) |
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191 | (2) |
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5.9.2 Hue, Saturation, and Intensity (HSI) Algorithm |
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193 | (1) |
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5.9.3 Principal Component Analysis |
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193 | (1) |
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5.9.4 Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalisation |
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193 | (1) |
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5.9.5 Wavelet-based Methods |
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193 | (1) |
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5.9.6 Evaluation: Subjective Methods |
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193 | (3) |
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5.9.7 Evaluation: Objective Methods |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (8) |
6 Filtering Techniques |
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205 | (26) |
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205 | (1) |
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6.2 Spatial-domain Low-pass (Smoothing) Filters |
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206 | (9) |
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6.2.1 Moving Average Filter |
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206 | (4) |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (3) |
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6.3 Spatial-domain High-pass (Sharpening) Filters |
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215 | (5) |
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6.3.1 Image Subtraction Method |
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215 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Derivative-based Methods |
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216 | (4) |
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6.4 Spatial-domain Edge Detectors |
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220 | (2) |
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6.5 Frequency-domain Filters |
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222 | (6) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (3) |
7 Classification |
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231 | (66) |
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231 | (2) |
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7.2 Geometrical Basis of Classification |
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233 | (2) |
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7.3 Unsupervised Classification |
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235 | (7) |
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7.3.1 The k-Means Algorithm |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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7.3.3 A Modified k-Means Algorithm |
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237 | (5) |
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7.4 Supervised Classification |
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242 | (17) |
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242 | (5) |
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7.4.2 Statistical Classifiers |
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247 | (5) |
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252 | (7) |
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7.5 Subpixel Classification Techniques |
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259 | (9) |
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7.5.1 The Linear Mixture Model |
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260 | (5) |
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7.5.2 Spectral Angle Mapping |
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265 | (1) |
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7.5.3 Independent Component Analysis |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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7.6 More Advanced Approaches to Image Classification |
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268 | (5) |
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7.6.1 Support Vector Machines |
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268 | (2) |
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270 | (1) |
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7.6.3 Other Methods of Classification |
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271 | (2) |
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7.7 Incorporation of Non-spectral Features |
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273 | (4) |
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273 | (3) |
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7.7.2 Use of External Data |
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276 | (1) |
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7.8 Contextual Information |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (3) |
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7.10 Classification Accuracy |
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281 | (3) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (12) |
8 Advanced Topics |
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297 | (44) |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (9) |
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297 | (5) |
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8.2.2 Interferometric Processing |
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302 | (2) |
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8.2.3 Problems in SAR Interferometry |
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304 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Applications of SAR Interferometry |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (21) |
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306 | (3) |
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8.3.2 Processing Imaging Spectroscopy Data |
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309 | (18) |
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327 | (8) |
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327 | (3) |
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330 | (2) |
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332 | (3) |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (6) |
Appendix A Computing for Remote Sensing |
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341 | (6) |
Index |
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347 | |