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Conflict of National Identity in Sudan New edition [Minkštas viršelis]

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This study addresses the contemporary conflict of national identity in Sudan between the adherents of Islamic nationalism and those of customary secularism. The former urge the adoption of a national constitution that derives its civil and criminal laws from the Sharia, and want Arabic as the language of instruction in national institutions. The latter demand the adoption of secular laws, derived from the set of customary laws, and equal opportunities for all African languages beside Arabic and English. In the past, the adherents of Islamic nationalism imposed the Islamic-Arab model. In reaction, secularists resorted to violence; the Islamists declared Jihad against the secularists and adopted a racial war, which has caused a humanitarian disaster. The main primary material of this research is based on a survey conducted among 500 students of five universities in Sudan. Besides, the study considers the diverse theoretical models for the formation of a nation-state, where diversity is not discouraged, but states apply laws to promote religious and ethnic diversities within one territorial state.

This study addresses the contemporary conflict of national identity in Sudan between the adherents of «Islamic nationalism» and those of «customary secularism». Diverse theoretical models for the formation of a nation-state are considered, where diversity is not discouraged, but states apply laws to promote religious and ethnic diversities.
Introduction 17(24)
Research Strategy
25(16)
Aim of study and Researcher's position
25(3)
Qualitative research
28(1)
Survey
29(4)
Plan, analysis and literature
33(8)
1 Theoretical Framework and Sudanese Conflicting Nationalism
41(20)
1.1 Ethnic territorial nationalism
53(6)
2.1 Ethnic territorial national pluralism
59(2)
2 Origin of Racial Exclusion and Inclusion in Sudan
61(18)
1.2 Project of Canal Jonglei and interpretations of its objectives
66(5)
1.1.2 Economic benefits and insecurity
67(2)
2.1.2 Cultural xenophobia and ecology
69(2)
2.2 Racism in social structures
71(8)
1.2.2 Stereotype of the `lost brothers'
74(3)
2.2.2 Logic of stereotypes
77(2)
3 Reconstruction of Diversities in Sudan
79(62)
1.3 Civilised Muslim Arabs of North Sudan and internal conflicts
80(40)
1.1.3 Discrimination against the Nuba
84(2)
1.1.1.3 Resistance against marginalisation
86(2)
2.1.1.3 Innocence of Islam and Conflict between the Church and the Government
88(4)
2.1.3 Darfur and the origin of religious (in)tolerance
92(2)
1.2.1.3 Territorial and power reconstructions in Darfur
94(3)
2.2.1.3 Ideological conflicts and racism in Darfur
97(10)
3.2.1.3 Humanitarian crisis and controversy over genocide
107(5)
3.1.3 Beja Congress
112(1)
1.3.1.3 Marginalisation and assimilation of the Beja
113(5)
2.3.1.3 Prejudice against the Beja
118(2)
2.3 Territorial African pagans and slaves
120(21)
1.2.3 Ethnic composition of the pagans
121(1)
2.2.3 `Unsaid' discrimination
121(3)
1.2.2.3 `Thudan' and Sudan
124(6)
2.2.2.3 Promises of equality and federal system
130(1)
3.2.2.3 Status of women in Sudan
131(3)
4.2.2.3 (In)compatibility of religions
134(7)
4 Dilemma between Islam and Wealth
141(16)
1.4 Islamic-Arabic and skin colour
151(2)
2.4 Brown and black skin colours
153(4)
5 Assimilation
157(54)
1.5 Anomia assimilation
165(32)
1.1.5 Addis Ababa Agreement
175(2)
2.1.5 Nimeiri's multiple conflicts
177(1)
1.2.1.5 The search for the status group
178(4)
2.2.1.5 Religious fundamentalism
182(4)
3.1.5 Imposition of Sharia
186(3)
1.3.1.5 Religious Puritanism and economies
189(3)
2.3.1.5 Arguments on the hudud punishment
192(5)
2.5 Gradable assimilation
197(14)
1.2.5 Language
199(4)
2.2.5 Marriage
203(8)
6 Violence of Ideologies
211(52)
1.6 New Sudan
215(7)
1.1.6 The Birth of the SPLM and SPLA
217(4)
2.1.6 Response of the Nuba
221(1)
2.6 The Sudanese Socialist Union and the shift to Islamism
222(9)
1.2.6 Nimeiri's disagreement with the Islamists
225(1)
2.2.6 National Alliance for National Salvation
226(5)
3.6 Ideology of the civilisation project
231(20)
1.3.6 De jure discrimination in Sudan
233(3)
1.1.3.6 Organisation of Jihad and conflict of imams
236(3)
2.1.3.6 Effects of Jihad on civil society
239(4)
2.3.6 De facto discrimination
243(2)
3.3.6 Ideological Islam versus an Ordinary Islam
245(2)
1.3.3.6 Suppression of libation
247(2)
2.3.3.6 What is wrong with Islam?
249(2)
4.6 Search for conflict resolutions
251(12)
1.4.6 Self-determination and popular consultations
257(2)
2.4.6 Attractive unity
259(4)
7 Conclusion
263(8)
Acknowledgements 271(2)
Glossary 273(4)
Bibliography 277(24)
Appendices 301(1)
Appendix 1 301(6)
Appendix 2 307(2)
Appendix 3 309
Kuel Jok has studied in Khartoum, Sudan, and at the University of Joensuu, Finland. He holds a PhD in Political Sociology and Culture from the University of Helsinki. At present, he teaches at the University of Helsinki and the University of Juba, South Sudan. His research areas include Dynamics of Racism, Islamic Fundamentalism, as well as Ethnicity, Conflict Resolution, Political Pluralism and Political Ethics.