Preface |
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ix | |
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xiii | |
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1 | (17) |
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1.1 The Concept of Culture |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2 Confucian Culture and Confucianisms in East Asia |
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3 | (3) |
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1.3 Confucian Culture and Competition Law |
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6 | (9) |
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1.3.1 Confucian Business Culture |
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11 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Confucian Corporate Culture and Its Relationship to Compliance |
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11 | (1) |
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1.3.3 Confucian Political-Bureaucratic Culture |
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12 | (1) |
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1.3.4 Confucian `Litigation Culture' and Its Relationship to Private Antitrust Enforcement |
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13 | (1) |
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1.3.5 Confucian Legal Culture and Its Relationship to the Criminalization of Cartels |
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14 | (1) |
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1.4 Structure of the Book |
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15 | (3) |
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2 Confucian Culture and Its Influence in East Asia |
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18 | (17) |
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2.1 Brief Summary of (Prototypical) Confucian Philosophy |
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18 | (4) |
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2.2 The Impact of Confucian Culture in East Asia |
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22 | (11) |
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23 | (3) |
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2.2.2 Hong Kong and Taiwan Regions |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (3) |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (2) |
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3 Confucian Business Culture and Its Implications for Competition Law |
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35 | (53) |
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3.1 Confucian Business Culture |
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35 | (2) |
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3.2 Confucian Business Culture in Selected Countries and Regions |
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37 | (21) |
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37 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Hong Kong and Taiwan Regions |
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39 | (3) |
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42 | (11) |
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53 | (5) |
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3.3 Implications for Competition Law in East Asia |
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58 | (28) |
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3.3.1 The Goals of Competition Law in East Asian Countries and Regions |
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60 | (15) |
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3.3.2 The Relationship between Business Entities and the State |
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75 | (4) |
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79 | (2) |
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3.3.4 Cosiness among Business Groups: Concerns about Market Concentration |
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81 | (2) |
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3.3.5 Business Culture and Competition Law Compliance Programmes |
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83 | (1) |
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3.3.6 Developing a Competition Culture through Education |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (2) |
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4 Confucian Corporate Culture and Competition Compliance |
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88 | (57) |
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4.1 Competition Compliance |
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88 | (10) |
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4.2 Confucian Corporate Culture |
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98 | (16) |
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101 | (3) |
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4.2.2 Paternalistic Leadership |
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104 | (5) |
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109 | (3) |
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4.2.4 Business Communities |
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112 | (2) |
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4.3 Corporate and Organizational Culture in China, Japan, Korea: Empirical Evidence |
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114 | (6) |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (1) |
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4.4 Confucian Corporate Culture and Competition Compliance |
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120 | (5) |
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4.4.1 Corporate Culture as an Internal Control Force |
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120 | (3) |
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4.4.2 Compliance as an Internal Force for Law Enforcement |
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123 | (2) |
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4.4.3 Compliance Should Be Culturally Driven |
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125 | (1) |
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4.5 Incorporating Considerations of Corporate Culture in Competition Compliance Strategies in East Asia |
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125 | (18) |
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4.5.1 Competition Compliance Programmes |
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127 | (5) |
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4.5.2 Paternalistic Leadership at CEO and Senior Manager Level |
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132 | (3) |
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4.5.3 The Compliance Officer |
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135 | (3) |
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4.5.4 Effective Communication and Education |
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138 | (3) |
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4.5.5 Cultural Changes to Shape Business Incentives |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (2) |
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5 Confucian Political-Bureaucratic Culture and Its Links with the Administrative Enforcement of Competition Law |
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145 | (54) |
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145 | (1) |
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5.2 Confucian Public Bureaucracy |
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146 | (10) |
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5.2.1 Confucian Thought on Governance by Virtue |
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147 | (3) |
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5.2.2 Confucian Thought on Authoritarian Governance |
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150 | (2) |
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5.2.3 Implementation of Confucian Thought, Including Rule of Virtue, by the Scholar-Officials |
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152 | (4) |
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5.3 The Influence of Confucian Bureaucracy in East Asian Countries |
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156 | (18) |
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158 | (7) |
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165 | (5) |
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170 | (4) |
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5.4 Implications for the Administrative Enforcement of Competition Law |
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174 | (20) |
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5.4.1 Confucian Bureaucracy and Administrative Enforcement |
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175 | (9) |
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5.4.2 Confucian Bureaucracy and the Competition Agency |
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184 | (7) |
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5.4.3 The Debate on Industrial Policy versus Competition Policy |
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191 | (3) |
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5.5 Implications for More Effective Competition Enforcement in East Asia |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (3) |
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6 Confucian `Litigation Culture' and the Under-development of Private Antitrust Enforcement |
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199 | (91) |
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199 | (9) |
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6.2 Traditional and Evolving `Litigation Culture' in East Asian Countries |
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208 | (38) |
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6.2.1 Harmony and Non-litigious Culture |
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209 | (18) |
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6.2.2 The Role of Courts and Judges |
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227 | (12) |
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6.2.3 The Role of Lawyers |
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239 | (7) |
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6.3 The (Under-) Development of Private Enforcement of Competition Law in East Asia |
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246 | (24) |
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246 | (8) |
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254 | (9) |
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263 | (7) |
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270 | (18) |
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6.4.1 Limited Relief for Individual Victims |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (14) |
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288 | (2) |
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7 Confucian Legal Culture and the Regional Response to the Criminalization of Cartel Conduct |
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290 | (46) |
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290 | (4) |
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7.2 Legalism and the Concept of Law in Ancient China |
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294 | (10) |
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7.2.1 The Concept of Law and Penal Law in Ancient China |
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296 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Fa Jia and Legalism |
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297 | (3) |
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300 | (2) |
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7.2.4 The Instrumental Use of Law |
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302 | (2) |
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304 | (7) |
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7.3.1 The Confucianization of the Law |
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307 | (2) |
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7.3.2 Defining Moral Wrongfulness |
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309 | (1) |
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7.3.3 A Different Context for Moral Actions |
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310 | (1) |
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7.4 The Impact of Confucianism and Legalism on Legal Culture in East Asia |
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311 | (9) |
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312 | (3) |
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315 | (3) |
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318 | (2) |
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7.5 Implications for the Criminalization of Cartels in East Asia |
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320 | (13) |
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7.5.1 The Criminalization of Cartels in East Asia |
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321 | (7) |
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7.5.2 Defining the Moral Wrongfulness of Cartels |
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328 | (3) |
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7.5.3 Moral Wrongfulness and Penal Law |
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331 | (1) |
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7.5.4 Prospects for Criminal Enforcement in East Asia |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (3) |
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336 | (23) |
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8.1 Recap and Chapter Structure |
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336 | (1) |
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8.2 Culture as an Aid to Interpretation, not as a Cause |
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337 | (2) |
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8.3 Confucian Culture and Business Activities in East Asia |
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339 | (1) |
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8.4 A Bureaucratic Style of Enforcement |
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339 | (1) |
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8.5 Private Antitrust Enforcement in East Asia |
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340 | (3) |
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8.6 Criminalization of Cartels (I): The Limits of Utilitarianism |
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343 | (9) |
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8.7 Criminalization of Cartels (II): The Role of Morality |
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352 | (3) |
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355 | (4) |
Selected Bibliography |
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359 | (53) |
Index |
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412 | |