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Construction Grammar and its Application to English 2nd edition [Minkštas viršelis]

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What do speakers of English know in order to produce utterances that other speakers will understand? Construction Grammar explains how knowledge of language is organized in speakers' minds. The central and radical claim of Construction Grammar is that linguistic knowledge can be fully described as knowledge of constructions, which are defined as symbolic units that connect a linguistic form with meaning. The implications of this claim are far-reaching: in Construction Grammar, not only lexical items, but also syntactic patterns are seen as symbolic, meaningful units. Instead of being meaningless structural templates, syntactic patterns actively contribute to the overall meaning of an utterance. Knowledge of language is thought of as a vast repository of interrelated symbolic units, and nothing else in addition. This book expands on this idea and familiarizes readers with the central concepts of Construction Grammar, as applied to English constructions. In the process, it explains how the theory of Construction Grammar relates to issues of language processing, language acquisition, and language variation and change.
List of tables and figures
x
Preface to the first edition: Why you shouldn't pick up, let alone read, this book xi
Preface to the second edition xiii
Acknowledgements xv
1 Introducing Construction Grammar
1(1)
1.1 What do you know when you know a language?
1(7)
1.1.1 Idiomatic expressions permeate ordinary language
3(2)
1.1.2 Idiomatic expressions are more than fixed strings
5(2)
1.1.3 Idiomatic expressions are productive
7(1)
1.1.4 The growth of the appendix
7(1)
1.2 What is a construction?
8(6)
1.2.1 Defining constructions: a first try
9(3)
1.2.2 Defining constructions: beyond non-predictability
12(2)
1.3 Identifying constructions
14(8)
1.3.1 Does the expression deviate from canonical patterns?
14(2)
1.3.2 Does the expression carry non-compositional meaning?
16(2)
1.3.3 Does the expression have idiosyncratic constraints?
18(2)
1.3.4 Does the expression have collocational preferences?
20(2)
1.4 Summing up
22(1)
1.5 Outline of the following chapters
23(2)
Study questions
24(1)
Further reading
24(1)
2 Argument structure constructions
25(1)
2.1 Analysing' simple sentences'
25(1)
2.2 Argument structure
26(5)
2.3 Valency-increasing constructions
31(8)
2.3.1 The Ditransitive construction
31(4)
2.3.2 The Caused Motion construction
35(1)
2.3.3 The Way construction
36(3)
2.4 Valency-decreasing constructions
39(6)
2.4.1 The Passive
39(3)
2.4.2 The Imperative construction
42(2)
2.4.3 Null Instantiation
44(1)
2.5 Relations between argument structure constructions
45(2)
2.6 Summing up
47(3)
Study questions
49(1)
Further reading
49(1)
3 Inside the construct-i-con
50(1)
3.1 Meaningless constructions?
50(7)
3.2 The construct-i-con: a network of interlinked constructions
57(11)
3.2.1 Inheritance
57(3)
3.2.2 Kinds of inheritance links
60(5)
3.2.3 Constructional contamination - when subpart links influence speakers' choices
65(2)
3.2.4 Complete inheritance vs. redundant representations
67(1)
3.3 `Normal syntax' in Construction Grammar
68(4)
3.4 Summing up
72(3)
Study questions
74(1)
Further reading
74(1)
4 Constructional morphology
75(1)
4.1 More than a theory of syntax
75(6)
4.1.1 One wag, two wugs
75(1)
4.1.2 skypable
76(2)
4.1.3 sbpants
78(2)
4.1.4 A what-the-heck-is-wrong-with-you look
80(1)
4.2 Morphological constructions and their properties
81(8)
4.2.1 Morphological productivity
82(2)
4.2.2 Paradigmatic organisation
84(2)
4.2.3 Non-compositional meanings
86(1)
4.2.4 Simultaneous affixation
87(2)
4.3 Constructional solutions to morphological puzzles
89(8)
4.3.1 Affix ordering
89(5)
4.3.2 Compounding
94(3)
4.4 Summing up
97(5)
Study questions
100(1)
Further reading
100(2)
5 Information packaging constructions
102(1)
5.1 The pragmatic side of Construction Grammar
102(3)
5.1.1 Information packaging: the basics
105(1)
5.1.2 Presupposition and assertion
106(2)
5.1.3 Activation
108(2)
5.1.4 Topic and focus
110(2)
5.2 Information packaging and grammar
112(11)
5.2.1 Cleft constructions
113(5)
5.2.2 Dislocation and related constructions
118(5)
5.3 Island constraints
123(4)
5.4 Summing up
127(3)
Study questions
129(1)
Further reading
129(1)
6 Constructions and language processing
130(1)
6.1 The quest for behavioural evidence
130(2)
6.2 Evidence from language comprehension
132(1)
6.2.1 Constructions explain how hearers understand novel denominal verbs
132(2)
6.2.2 Constructional meanings are routinely accessed in sentence comprehension
134(3)
6.2.3 Constructions explain knowledge of grammatical unacceptability
137(5)
6.2.4 Constructions explain incidental verbatim memory
142(2)
6.3 Evidence from language production
144(7)
6.3.1 Constructions explain reduction effects in speech
144(1)
6.3.2 Constructions explain syntactic priming, and exceptions to syntactic priming
145(3)
6.3.3 Constructions explain how speakers complete sentences
148(3)
6.4 Summing up
151(4)
Study questions
154(1)
Further reading
154(1)
7 Constructions and language acquisition
155(1)
7.1 Construction Grammar for kids
155(1)
7.1.1 Item-based learning
156(2)
7.1.2 The sociocognitive foundation of language learning
158(5)
7.2 Evidence for the item-based nature of language learning
163(6)
7.3 From item-based schemas to constructions
169(3)
7.4 The acquisition of complex sentences
172(4)
7.5 Summing up
176(3)
Study questions
178(1)
Further reading
178(1)
8 Language variation and change
179(1)
8.1 Language myths
179(2)
8.2 Constructional variation
181(1)
8.2.1 There's more than one way to do it
181(2)
8.2.2 Variation in syntactic constructions: the example of relative clauses
183(2)
8.2.3 Analysing variation between constructions
185(6)
8.3 Constructional variation across groups of speakers
191(3)
8.4 Constructional change: variation across time
194(5)
8.5 Three open questions in Diachronic Construction Grammar
199(5)
8.5.1 What is investigated in Diachronic Construction Grammar?
199(1)
8.5.2 When is a new construction a new construction?
200(2)
8.5.3 Are there nodes in the constructional network?
202(2)
8.6 Summing up
204(4)
Study questions
206(1)
Further reading
206(2)
9 Constructions in spoken language
208(1)
9.1 Overcoming the written language bias
209(4)
9.2 On-line syntax
213(5)
9.3 Emergent constructions
218(3)
9.4 Using constructions in spoken language
221(9)
9.4.1 Projector constructions
221(2)
9.4.2 Apo-koinou constructions
223(2)
9.4.3 The Double-Is construction
225(2)
9.4.4 Collaborative insubordination
227(3)
9.5 Summing up
230(3)
Study questions
231(1)
Further reading
232(1)
10 Constructions across grammars
233(1)
10.1 Diasystematic Construction Grammar
234(7)
10.2 Do foreign language learners also have constructions?
241(2)
10.3 Typological differences and their effects on L2 learners
243(4)
10.4 Implications for the L2 classroom
247(5)
10.5 Summing up
252(3)
Study questions
253(1)
Further reading
254(1)
11 Concluding remarks
255(3)
References 258(17)
Index 275