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Cosmogenic Radionuclides: Theory and Applications in the Terrestrial and Space Environments 2012 ed. [Minkštas viršelis]

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  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 428 pages, aukštis x plotis: 235x155 mm, weight: 676 g, XVI, 428 p., 1 Paperback / softback
  • Serija: Physics of Earth and Space Environments
  • Išleidimo metai: 22-Feb-2014
  • Leidėjas: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • ISBN-10: 3642431607
  • ISBN-13: 9783642431609
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Cosmogenic Radionuclides: Theory and Applications in the Terrestrial and Space Environments 2012 ed.Didesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 428 pages, aukštis x plotis: 235x155 mm, weight: 676 g, XVI, 428 p., 1 Paperback / softback
  • Serija: Physics of Earth and Space Environments
  • Išleidimo metai: 22-Feb-2014
  • Leidėjas: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • ISBN-10: 3642431607
  • ISBN-13: 9783642431609
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9783642431609.html
Raktažodžiai:

This book shows how cosmogenic radionuclides can trace and reconstruct the history of a variety of processes. Demonstrates the strength of analytic tools based on cosmogenic radionuclides, and their potential use in solving present and future problems.



Cosmogenic radionuclides are radioactive isotopes which are produced by natural processes and distributed within the Earth system. With a holistic view of the environment the authors show in this book how cosmogenic radionuclides can be used to trace and to reconstruct the history of a large variety of processes. They discuss the way in which cosmogenic radionuclides can assist in the quantification of complex processes in the present-day environment. The book aims to demonstrate to the reader the strength of analytic tools based on cosmogenic radionuclides, their contribution to almost any field of modern science, and how these tools may assist in the solution of many present and future problems that we face here on Earth.The book provides a comprehensive discussion of the basic principles behind the applications of cosmogenic (and other) radionuclides as environmental tracers and dating tools. The second section of the book discusses in some detail the production of radionuclides by cosmic radiation, their transport and distribution in the atmosphere and the hydrosphere, their storage in natural archives, and how they are measured. The third section of the book presents a number of examples selected to illustrate typical tracer and dating applications in a number of different spheres (atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere, solar physics and astronomy). At the same time the authors have outlined the limitations of the use of cosmogenic radionuclides.Written on a level understandable by graduate students without specialist skills in physics or mathematics, the book addresses a wide audience, ranging from archaeology, biophysics, and geophysics, to atmospheric physics, hydrology, astrophysics and space science.
Part I Introduction
1 Motivation
3(4)
2 Goals
7(4)
Reference
9(2)
3 Setting the Stage and Outline
11(6)
Part II Cosmic Radiation
4 Introduction to Cosmic Radiation
17(2)
5 The Cosmic Radiation Near Earth
19(60)
5.1 Introduction and History of Cosmic Ray Research
19(2)
5.2 The "Rosetta Stone" of Paleocosmic Ray Studies
21(1)
5.3 Some Important Definitions
22(5)
5.4 The Origin and Properties of the Galactic Cosmic Radiation
27(6)
5.5 Our Variable Sun
33(8)
5.6 The Heliosphere, the Termination Shock, and the Current Sheet
41(3)
5.7 Modulation of the Cosmic Radiation in the Heliosphere
44(20)
5.7.1 The Cosmic Ray Propagation Equation
45(3)
5.7.2 The Local Interstellar Spectrum
48(3)
5.7.3 The Cosmic Ray Modulation Function and Potential
51(8)
5.7.4 Practical Applications of the Modulation Function
59(1)
5.7.5 Drift Effects (qA Positive and qA Negative Effects)
60(2)
5.7.6 Shock Wave Effects (The Forbush Decrease and GMIRs)
62(2)
5.8 Geomagnetic Field Effects
64(15)
5.8.1 The Properties of the Geomagnetic Field
64(4)
5.8.2 The Geomagnetic Cut-off Rigidity
68(5)
5.8.3 The Earth's Magnetosphere and the Polar Aurora
73(4)
References
77(2)
6 Instrumental Measurements of the Cosmic Radiation
79(20)
6.1 Introduction
79(1)
6.2 Ionization Chambers and Muon Telescopes
80(3)
6.3 The IGY and IQSY Neutron Monitors, and Spaceship Earth
83(5)
6.4 Satellite Borne Detectors
88(2)
6.5 Latitude Effects and the Yield Functions
90(3)
6.6 Inter-calibration of the Different Cosmic Ray Records
93(3)
6.7 Cosmic Ray Archives
96(3)
References
97(2)
7 Time Variations of the Cosmic Radiation
99(12)
7.1 Introduction and Atmospheric Effects
99(1)
7.2 The Eleven-and Twenty-Two-Year Variations
100(3)
7.3 The Long-term Variations
103(3)
7.4 Forbush Decreases, Globally Merged Interaction Regions and Some Smaller Effects
106(5)
References
109(2)
8 The Solar Cosmic Radiation
111(24)
8.1 Historical Overview
111(1)
8.2 The Observed Production of Cosmic Rays by the Sun
112(13)
8.2.1 Ground Level Events
112(3)
8.2.2 SEP Events Observed by Satellites
115(4)
8.2.3 Paleo-Cosmic Ray Measurements of SEP Events
119(6)
8.3 Overall Characteristics of the Solar Cosmic Radiation
125(10)
8.3.1 The Energy Spectra
125(2)
8.3.2 The Effect of Longitude Relative to the Central Solar Meridian
127(1)
8.3.3 The Frequency of Occurrence, and the Detection of Historic SEP Events
128(2)
References
130(5)
Part III Cosmogenic Radionuclides
9 Introduction to Cosmogenic Radionuclides
135(4)
10 Production of Cosmogenic Radionuclides in the Atmosphere
139(40)
10.1 Introduction
139(3)
10.2 Interaction of Primary Cosmic Rays with the Atmosphere
142(15)
10.2.1 Production of Secondary Particles
142(6)
10.2.2 Ionization and Excitation Processes
148(2)
10.2.3 Simulated Atmospheric Proton and Neutron Fluxes
150(7)
10.3 Production of Cosmogenic Radionuclides in the Atmosphere
157(15)
10.3.1 Early Production Models
159(2)
10.3.2 Production Cross-Sections
161(2)
10.3.3 Production Rates and Inventories
163(9)
10.4 Production Results and Analytical Tools
172(7)
References
176(3)
11 Production of Cosmogenic Radionuclides in Other Environmental Systems
179(12)
11.1 Introduction
179(3)
11.2 Terrestrial Solid Matter (Rocks, Ice)
182(4)
11.2.1 36Cl Production in Limestone and Dolomite
183(2)
11.2.2 10Be and 14C Production in Ice
185(1)
11.3 Extraterrestrial Solid Matter
186(5)
References
189(2)
12 Alternative Production Mechanisms
191(12)
12.1 Introduction
191(1)
12.2 Natural Production Mechanisms
191(7)
12.2.1 Cosmic Ray Induced Reactions
191(4)
12.2.2 Radioactive Decay-Induced Reactions
195(3)
12.3 Anthropogenic Production Mechanisms
198(5)
12.3.1 Nuclear Power Plant and Nuclear Bomb-Induced Reactions
198(2)
12.3.2 Research, Industrial, and Medical Induced Reactions
200(1)
References
201(2)
13 Transport and Deposition
203(38)
13.1 Introduction
203(2)
13.2 Basics of the Atmosphere
205(6)
13.3 Removal or Scavenging Processes
211(5)
13.3.1 Wet Deposition
211(3)
13.3.2 Dry Deposition
214(1)
13.3.3 Gravitational Settling
214(1)
13.3.4 The Big Picture
215(1)
13.4 Modelling the Atmospheric Transport
216(7)
13.4.1 Summary
222(1)
13.5 Geochemical Cycles
223(18)
13.5.1 Introduction
223(1)
13.5.2 The Beryllium Cycle
223(2)
13.5.3 Carbon Cycle
225(11)
13.5.4 The Chlorine Cycle
236(2)
13.5.5 The Iodine Cycle
238(1)
References
238(3)
14 Archives
241(38)
14.1 Introduction
241(1)
14.2 Intrinsic Properties of the Cosmogenic Radionuclide Archives
242(2)
14.3 Time Scales
244(4)
14.4 Examples of Archives
248(10)
14.5 Proxies and Surrogates
258(2)
14.6 Properties of Data in the Cosmogenic Archives
260(7)
14.6.1 Sampling Effects
260(2)
14.6.2 Transfer Functions
262(5)
14.7 Modelled Transfer Functions
267(12)
14.7.1 10Be and 7Be in the Atmosphere
267(3)
14.7.2 10Be and 26A1 in Deep-Sea Sediments
270(6)
References
276(3)
15 Detection
279(16)
15.1 Introduction
279(1)
15.2 Low-Level Decay Counting
280(2)
15.3 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
282(5)
15.4 Decay Versus Atom Counting
287(2)
15.5 Other Techniques, Optical Methods
289(6)
15.5.1 Final Remarks
290(1)
References
290(5)
Part IV Applications
16 Introduction to Applications
295(2)
17 Solar Physics
297(34)
17.1 Introduction
297(1)
17.2 Solar Periodicities and the "Grand Minima" in the Cosmogenic Radionuclide Record
298(12)
17.2.1 Solar Periodicities: Time Domain Studies
298(5)
17.2.2 Solar Periodicities: Frequency Domain Studies
303(7)
17.3 Cosmic Ray and Solar Effects in the Past
310(6)
17.3.1 The Past Millennium
310(2)
17.3.2 The Past 10,000 Years (the "Holocene")
312(2)
17.3.3 The Long Solar Minimum of 2007--2009
314(2)
17.4 The Heliomagnetic Field Throughout the Past 10,000 Years
316(4)
17.5 Solar Irradiance and Terrestrial Climate
320(5)
17.6 Radiation Doses on Earth and in Space in the Future
325(1)
17.7 Quantitative Measures of Solar Activity for the Past
325(6)
17.7.1 Reconstructed Sunspot Numbers
326(1)
17.7.2 Modulation Function
327(1)
References
327(4)
18 Galactic Astronomy
331(10)
18.1 Introduction
331(1)
18.2 Galactic Structure
332(4)
18.3 Individual Supernova
336(5)
References
339(2)
19 Atmosphere
341(14)
19.1 Introduction
341(1)
19.2 Studies of Atmospheric Mixing
342(5)
19.3 36C1 Bomb Pulse as a Tracer of Atmospheric Transport
347(3)
19.4 Concentrations and Fluxes
350(5)
References
353(2)
20 Hydrosphere
355(14)
20.1 Introduction
355(3)
20.2 Tritium
358(1)
20.3 Carbon-14
359(1)
20.4 Krypton-81
360(2)
20.5 Chlorine-36
362(3)
20.6 Beryllium-7 to Beryllium-10 Ratio
365(4)
References
367(2)
21 Geosphere
369(20)
21.1 Introduction
369(2)
21.2 Geomagnetic Field Intensity
371(6)
21.3 Transport of Cosmogenic Radionuclides in Geological Systems
377(12)
21.3.1 Introduction
377(1)
21.3.2 Migration in Ice
378(2)
21.3.3 Transport in Soils
380(4)
21.3.4 Transport in Rocks
384(1)
21.3.5 Formation of Loess Plateaus
384(2)
21.3.6 Subduction
386(1)
References
387(2)
22 Biosphere
389(8)
22.1 Introduction
389(1)
22.2 Radiocarbon Applications
390(3)
22.3 Chlorine-36 in Ecosystems
393(1)
22.4 Iodine-129
394(1)
22.5 Aluminium-26
394(3)
References
395(2)
23 Dating
397(22)
23.1 Introduction
397(2)
23.2 Absolute Dating
399(15)
23.2.1 Principle of Radiocarbon Dating
401(5)
23.2.2 Exposure Dating
406(5)
23.2.3 10Be/36Cl- and 7Be/10Be-Dating
411(3)
23.3 Synchronization of Records
414(5)
23.3.1 10Be or 36C1 with 14C During the Holocene
415(1)
23.3.2 The Use of Time Markers
416(1)
References
417(2)
Glossary 419(4)
Index 423
Jürg Beer is a pioneer in cosmogenic radionuclides measured in polar ice cores. Rudolf von Steiger is director of the International Space science Institute in Bern. His research focusses on the Solar Wind. Ken McCracken is a pioneer in cosmic rays research and space research from early satellites.