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El. knyga: Cosmology in the Early Modern Age: A Web of Ideas

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This volume addresses the history and epistemology of early modern cosmology. The authors reconstruct the development of cosmological ideas in the age of ‘scientific revolution’ from Copernicus to Leibniz, taking into account the growth of a unified celestial-and-terrestrial mechanics. The volume investigates how, in the rise of the new science, cosmology displayed deep and multifaceted interrelations between scientific notions (stemming from mechanics, mathematics, geometry, astronomy) and philosophical concepts. These were employed to frame a general picture of the universe, as well as to criticize and interpret scientific notions and observational data.

This interdisciplinary work reconstructs a conceptual web pervaded by various intellectual attitudes and drives. It presents an historical–epistemological unified itinerary which includes Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Descartes, Huygens, Newton and Leibniz. For each of the scientists and philosophers, a presentation and commentary is made of their cosmological views, and where relevant, outlines of their most relevant physical concepts are given. Furthermore, the authors highlight the philosophical and epistemological implications of their scientific works. This work is helpful both as a synthetic overview of early modern cosmology, and an analytical exposition of the elements that were intertwined in early-modern cosmology. This book addresses historians, philosophers, and scientists and can also be used as a research source book by post-graduate students in epistemology, history of science and history of philosophy.

1 The Elements of a Cosmological Model
1(4)
References
4(1)
2 Copernicus' Astronomical Revolution
5(26)
2.1 De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium: A Text that Changed the Image of the Universe
7(14)
2.1.1 Copernicus' System of the World
8(10)
2.1.2 Copernicus' Theory of Planetary Motions
18(3)
2.2 Epistemological and Philosophical Implications of Copernicus' Thought
21(10)
References
28(3)
3 Kepler: The Cosmographer Par Excellence
31(42)
3.1 Kepler and the Unity of Science: His Attempt to Unify All the Aspects of Cosmology "
32(28)
3.1.1 The Structure of the World in Mysterium Cosmographicum
32(7)
3.1.2 Kinematical Aspects of Kepler's Cosmology in Connection with His Dynamical Ideas
39(3)
3.1.3 Kepler's Concept of Force
42(15)
3.1.4 Virtus Motrix and Light in Kepler's Theory: A Comparison
57(3)
3.2 Kepler: The Role of the A Priori and the A Posteriori in the Making of Science
60(13)
References
69(4)
4 Galileo and the Spread of the Copernican System
73(44)
4.1 Galileo's Contributions to Cosmology
74(25)
4.1.1 Discoveries in the Sidereus Nuncius, Sunspots, Phases of Venus
75(6)
4.1.2 Galileo's Tides Theory
81(6)
4.1.3 Galileo's Concept of Inertia
87(12)
4.2 Galileo's Epistemological and Philosophical Ideas
99(18)
References
113(4)
5 Descartes and the New Mechanistic Paradigm
117(30)
5.1 Descartes: A Mechanical Model of Universe Devised Without Mathematics
118(14)
5.1.1 Fundamental Principles of Descartes' Physics
119(1)
5.1.2 The Structure of Descartes' Universe
120(6)
5.1.3 Commentaries
126(6)
5.2 Philosophical Issues of Descartes' Cosmology
132(15)
References
145(2)
6 Huygens: The Greatest Cartesian Scientist
147(46)
6.1 Huygens' New Physics: Centrifugal Forces, Gravity, Nature of Motion
149(28)
6.1.1 De Vi Centrifuga
149(4)
6.1.2 Gravity and Centrifugal Forces
153(9)
6.1.3 Inertia and the Nature of Motion
162(15)
6.2 Epistemological and Philosophical Implications of Huygens' Physics
177(16)
6.2.1 The Philosophy of the Treatise of Light
178(3)
6.2.2 An Overview of the Structure of Huygens' Cosmos
181(5)
6.2.3 The Cosmotheoros: The Place of Man and Earth in Huygens' Cosmos
186(4)
References
190(3)
7 Newton and His System of the World
193(60)
7.1 The Successful Synthesis of Newton's Dynamics
194(45)
7.1.1 Newton's Concept of Force and Mass
195(8)
7.1.2 The Problem of Inertia
203(32)
7.1.3 Newton's Experimental Philosophy and the Deduction of the Law of Universal Gravitation
235(4)
7.2 Newton's Idea of the Universe
239(14)
References
247(6)
8 Leibniz: The Philosopher-Scientist
253(40)
8.1 Leibniz's Cosmological Ideas
254(22)
8.1.1 Mechanism and Gravity
254(4)
8.1.2 Beyond Mechanism: The Concept of Vis
258(8)
8.1.3 Leibniz's Model of the Solar System
266(10)
8.2 The Attempt to Unify Mathematics, Metaphysics and Science in Leibniz's Cosmology
276(17)
References
288(5)
Conclusion 293(10)
Bibliography 303(20)
Index of Names 323
Paolo Bussotti is Associate Professor in History of Science and Techniques at the University of Udine (Italy). His research areas are history of science and mathematics, in particular history of geometry and number theory between the 17th and the 19th centuries, and history of physics and astronomy in the 17th century. He is the author of more than 100 scientific publications, among which a monograph on the history of the method of infinite descent (number theory), From Fermat to Gauss.  Indefinite descent and methods of reduction in Number Theory (2006) and one on Leibnizs planetary theory, The complex itinerary of Leibnizs planetary theory (2015). He is the co-author (jointly with prof. R. Pisano) of many papers on the Geneva Edition of Newtons Principia published in important journals dedicated to the history of science.  He is reviewer for leading scientific journals as the Zentralblatt für Mathematik.

Brunello Lotti is Associate Professor of History of Philosophy at the University of Udine (Italy). His research interests on early modern British philosophy focus on the relations between natural philosophy, metaphysics and theology, including the history of platonism, the reception of Cartesian scepticism and mechanicism, and the issue of the origin of motion. He is author of the monographs Ralph Cudworth e lidea di natura plastica (2004), Liperbole del dubbio. Lo scetticismo cartesiano nella filosofia inglese tra Sei e Settecento (2010), Spiritus intus alit. La ricezione di un luogo filosofico virgiliano nel pensiero moderno (2021). He coedited Scienza e teologia fra Seicento e Ottocento. Studi in memoria di Maurizio Mamiani (2006), and Ereditą cartesiane nella cultura britannica (2011). His articles and essays cover several authors in early modern British philosophy, from the Cambridge Platonists to Locke and Berkeley.