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Counter Electrode for DyeSensitized Solar Cells [Kietas viršelis]

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  • Formatas: Hardback, 266 pages, aukštis x plotis: 229x152 mm, weight: 660 g, 18 Tables, black and white; 28 Illustrations, color; 33 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 25-Jun-2021
  • Leidėjas: Jenny Stanford Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 9814877387
  • ISBN-13: 9789814877381
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Counter Electrode for DyeSensitized Solar CellsDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Hardback, 266 pages, aukštis x plotis: 229x152 mm, weight: 660 g, 18 Tables, black and white; 28 Illustrations, color; 33 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 25-Jun-2021
  • Leidėjas: Jenny Stanford Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 9814877387
  • ISBN-13: 9789814877381
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9789814877381.html
Raktažodžiai:
Renewable energies have become an attractive option to overcome the energy demands in sustainable and affordable ways. It has been estimated that one-third of the total renewable energies would be generated from photovoltaics (PVs). A solar or PV cell is a device that directly converts sunlight into electricity by taking benefit of the photoelectric effect. In the third-generation solar PVs, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are believed to be the most promising and have attracted wide attention. The optimization of a DSSC is focused on four main components: (i) metal oxide semiconductor, (ii) photosensitizer, (iii) redox couple electrolyte, and (iv) counter electrode. Among these, the counter electrode undertakes three functions: (i) as a catalyst, (ii) as a positive electrode of primary cells, and (iii) as a mirror. To obey these functions, the electrode material should have high catalytic activity, high conductivity, high reflectivity, high surface area, and electrochemical and mechanical stability. To improve the performance of DSSCs, many scientists have developed new counter electrodes made of platinum, carbon materials, transition metals, conductive polymers, and composites. This book converses the various aspects of materials for the fabrication of counter electrodes especially for the DSSCs.
Preface xi
1 Functions Of A Counter Electrode In Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
1(20)
C. R. Kalaiselvi
T.S. Senthil
S. Kalpana
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 Counter Electrode and Its Role in DSSCs
3(2)
1.3 Requirements of Counter Electrode
5(1)
1.4 Limitations of Counter Electrode
6(1)
1.5 Characterization of Counter Electrode
6(3)
1.5.1 Electron Impedance Spectra and Nyquist Plot
6(2)
1.5.2 Cyclic Voltammetry
8(1)
1.6 Materials Used as Counter Electrode
9(7)
1.6.1 Pt Electrode
9(1)
1.6.2 Graphene Electrode
10(1)
1.6.3 Carbon Nanotubes as a Counter Electrode
11(1)
1.6.3.1 Preparation techniques
12(2)
1.6.4 CNT-Based Composites
14(1)
1.6.4.1 CNT-polymer composites
14(1)
1.6.4.2 CNT-metal composites
14(1)
1.6.4.3 CNT-graphene composites
15(1)
1.7 Conclusion
16(5)
2 Trends In Metal Oxides Based Counter Electrode In Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
21(42)
Rajkumar C.
A. Arulraj
2.1 Introduction
22(2)
2.2 Role of the Counter Electrode in DSSCs
24(1)
2.3 Basic Function and Optimal Qualities of CE
24(1)
2.4 Metal Oxides and Their Necessity Towards CE
25(2)
2.5 Preparation of Metal Oxides
27(2)
2.5.1 Sol-Gel Method
27(1)
2.5.2 Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Methods
27(1)
2.5.3 Vapor Deposited Method
28(1)
2.5.4 Thermal Decomposition Method
29(1)
2.6 Metal Oxide Composites as Counter Electrode
29(4)
2.7 Effects of Phase Structures/Bandgap/Morphology on Metal Oxides and Their Composite CEs
33(21)
2.7.1 Nanoparticles
35(2)
2.7.2 Nanorods
37(7)
2.7.3 Nanowires
44(1)
2.7.4 Nanofibers
44(1)
2.7.5 Nanoflowers
45(1)
2.7.6 Honeycomb-Like Structure and Nanotubes
46(4)
2.7.7 3D Morphology-Based CE
50(1)
2.7.8 Other Morphology-Based CEs
50(1)
2.7.9 Effects of Oxygen Vacancy in CE
51(3)
2.8 Summary
54(9)
3 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Configuration With Transition Metal Carbides As Counter Electrode
63(12)
J. Theerthagiri
Sunitha Salla
Seung Jun Lee
Gilberto Maia
J. Madhavan
Myong Yong Choi
3.1 Introduction
64(2)
3.2 Transition Metal Carbides as CEs for DSSCs
66(6)
3.2.1 Tungsten Carbides
66(2)
3.2.2 Molybdenum Carbides
68(1)
3.2.3 Titanium Carbides
69(1)
3.2.4 Iron Carbides
70(1)
3.2.5 Vanadium Carbides
70(2)
3.3 Conclusions
72(3)
4 Recent Advances In Transition Metal Nitrides Counter Electrode Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
75(22)
V. Gayathri
I. John Peter
P. Nithiananthi
Smagul Karazhanov
C. Raja Mohan
4.1 Introduction
76(3)
4.2 Vanadium Nitride (VN)
79(3)
4.3 Molybdenum Nitride (MoN)
82(2)
4.4 Titanium Nitride (TiN)
84(2)
4.5 Nickel Nitride
86(1)
4.6 Zinc Nitride
87(1)
4.7 Tantalum Nitride
88(1)
4.8 Conclusion
89(8)
5 Potential Development Of Transition Metal Sulphides Based Counter Electrode Platform For Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
97(32)
K. S. Rajni
T. Raguram
5.1 Introduction
97(2)
5.2 Binary Transition Sulfides
99(9)
5.3 Ternary Transition Metal Sulfides
108(6)
5.4 Quaternary Transition Metal Sulfides
114(6)
5.5 Penternary Transition Metal Sulfides
120(2)
5.6 Conclusion
122(7)
6 Metal Chalcogenides As Counter Electrode Materials
129(34)
Arunachalam Arulraj
U. Mehana Usmaniya
M. Ramesh
J. Anandha Raj
G. Senguttuvan
6.1 Introduction
130(1)
6.2 Role of Counter Electrodes
131(2)
6.3 Chalcogenides
133(2)
6.4 Sulphide-Based Electrode
135(7)
6.5 Selenide-Based Electrode
142(10)
6.5.1 Binary Selenides
142(5)
6.5.2 Ternary/Quaternary/Penternary Selenides
147(5)
6.6 Tellurium-Based Electrode
152(3)
6.7 Future Scope and Challenges
155(1)
6.8 Conclusion
155(8)
7 Photovoltaics Performance Of Carbon Nanotubes And Their Composites Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
163(36)
A. Dennyson Savarira J.
R. V. Mangalaraja
7.1 Introduction
164(1)
7.2 Carbon Nanotubes
165(2)
7.3 Synthesis of CNTs
167(6)
7.3.1 Arc Discharge
167(2)
7.3.2 Laser Ablation Method
169(3)
7.3.3 Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD)
172(1)
7.4 Properties of CNTs
173(1)
7.5 Carbon Nanotubes/Polymer Nanocomposites
174(2)
7.5.1 Preparation of Carbon Nanotubes/Polymer Nanocomposites
175(1)
7.5.1.1 Solution mixing
175(1)
7.5.1.2 Melt processing
175(1)
7.5.1.3 In situ polymerization
176(1)
7.6 Carbon Nanotubes-Polymer Composites as Counter Electrodes for DSSC
176(10)
7.6.1 CNT-Based Counter Electrodes
176(4)
7.6.2 Carbon Nantotube/Polymer Composite-Based Counter Electrode
180(6)
7.7 Conclusion
186(13)
8 Fabrication Of Carbon Nanofibers Based Composites For High Performance Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
199(26)
E. Vivek
8.1 Introduction
200(1)
8.2 Structure and Properties of CNF
201(1)
8.3 Synthesis
202(5)
8.3.1 Arc-Discharge Method
203(1)
8.3.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique
204(2)
8.3.3 Electrospinning
206(1)
8.4 Carbon Nanofibers for Counter Electrode
207(3)
8.5 Composite Electrode
210(7)
8.6 Summary
217(8)
9 Quantum Dots As Emerging Counter Electrode Materials In Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
225(34)
A. Arivarasan
9.1 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
225(1)
9.2 Counter Electrodes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
226(1)
9.3 Working Mechanism of Counter Electrodes
227(2)
9.4 Preparation of Counter Electrodes
229(1)
9.5 Requirements of Counter Electrode in DSSCs
229(1)
9.6 Quantum Dots
230(4)
9.6.1 Quantum Confinement Effect
231(1)
9.6.2 Energy Levels
232(1)
9.6.3 Emission Stokes Shift
233(1)
9.6.4 Fluorescence Quantum Yield
233(1)
9.7 Classification of Nanocrystals
234(2)
9.7.1 Alloy Quantum Dots
236(1)
9.8 Synthesis of Quantum Dots
236(3)
9.8.1 Physical Methods
237(1)
9.8.2 Chemical Methods
237(1)
9.8.3 Colloidal Synthesis
238(1)
9.9 Properties of Quantum Dots
239(1)
9.9.1 Crystal Shape-Dependent Thermodynamic Properties
239(1)
9.9.2 Magnetic Properties
240(1)
9.9.3 Mechanical Properties
240(1)
9.9.4 Catalytic Properties
240(1)
9.10 Preparation of QD Sensitizing Layer
240(3)
9.10.1 In Situ Methods
241(1)
9.10.2 Ex Situ Methods
242(1)
9.10.3 Other Methods
243(1)
9.11 Quantum Dots as Counter Electrodes
243(7)
9.11.1 Metal Chalcogenide-Based Counter Electrodes
244(3)
9.11.2 Graphene Quantum Dots
247(2)
9.11.3 Quantum Dots Sensitized Hybrid Counter Electrodes
249(1)
9.12 Characterization of Counter Electrodes
250(1)
9.13 Summary
251(8)
Index 259
Alagarsamy Pandikumar is a scientist at the Organic and Materials Electrochemistry Division of the CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India. He obtained his PhD in chemistry (2014) from the Madurai Kamaraj University, India, and completed his postdoctoral fellowship (20142016) from the University of Malaya, Malaysia, under its High Impact Research grant. He then joined the Functional Materials Division of the CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute. His current research involves development of novel materials with graphene and graphitic carbon nitride, in combination with metals, metal oxides, polymers, and carbon nanotubes, for photocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, dye-sensitized solar cells, and electrochemical sensor applications.

Ramesh Mohan is a scientist at the CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute, Pilani, India. He received his masters degree in materials science (2007) as well as in engineering and polymer science and technology (2009) from Pondicherry University, India, and Anna University, India, respectively. He obtained his PhD in materials science and technology (2013) from the National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan. He was an INSPIRE Faculty-DST in the Functional Materials Division of the CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute from 2016 to 2020. His research interests include organic electronics, dye-sensitized solar cells, organicinorganic hybrid materials, and supercapacitors.

Kandasamy Jothivnekatachalam is a professor and head of the Department of Chemistry, Anna University, BIT campus, Tiruchirappalli, India. He obtained his PhD in chemistry from the University of Madras, Chennai, India. His current research focuses on photocatalysis for energy and environmental applications and his other research interests are functional materials, photocatalysis, photoelectrochemistry, photoelectrocatalysis, and dye-sensitized solar cells.