Preface |
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xi | |
Editors |
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xiii | |
Contributors |
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xv | |
Section I: Global Marine Mammal Health Concerns |
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3 | (16) |
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3 | (1) |
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Objectives of Stranding Networks |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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Mass Strandings, Unusual Mortality Events (UMEs), and Epizootics |
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4 | (4) |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (2) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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Stranding Response Overview |
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8 | (4) |
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Data and Specimen Collection |
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8 | (1) |
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Rehabilitation and Release |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Out-of-Habitat Situations |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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Establishing a Stranding Response Network |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (6) |
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2 Oil Spill Response and Effects |
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19 | (18) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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Oil Effects on Marine Mammals |
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21 | (2) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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General Response to Oil Spills |
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23 | (1) |
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Wildlife Response Activities During Oil Spills |
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24 | (7) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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Postwash Care, Release, and Postrelease Monitoring |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (5) |
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3 Whale Entanglement Response and Diagnosis |
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37 | (10) |
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37 | (1) |
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The Origin of Organized Whale Disentanglement |
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38 | (1) |
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Global Whale Entanglement Response Network (GWERN) |
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38 | (2) |
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Entanglement Response Considerations |
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40 | (1) |
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Authorized, Trained Respons-e |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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Safety Considerations on Approaching an Entangled Whale |
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42 | (1) |
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Entanglement Response Procedures |
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42 | (1) |
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Documentation and Debriefing |
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42 | (1) |
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Chemical Moderation of Behavior |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (2) |
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4 Zoonoses and Public Health |
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47 | (16) |
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47 | (1) |
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From Marine Mammals to Humans-Modes of Transmission |
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48 | (1) |
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Transmission through Direct and Indirect Contact |
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48 | (1) |
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Transmission through Consumption |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (2) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | |
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-50 | (100) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (4) |
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Seal Finger and Mycoplasma spp |
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51 | (1) |
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Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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Miscellaneous and Mixed Bacterial Infections |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (2) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (6) |
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5 Ethics and Animal Welfare |
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63 | (16) |
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Introduction: Make a Difference in Marine Mammal Medicine |
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63 | (1) |
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Ethics and Self-Awareness |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (2) |
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The Process of Decision Making |
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66 | (1) |
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Ten-Step Roadmap for Complex Decision-Making |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (5) |
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70 | |
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-70 | (141) |
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71 | (1) |
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Stranding Response and Rehabilitation |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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Media and Communication Tips: Translating Your Science |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (4) |
Section II: Anatomy and Physiology |
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6 Overview of Dive Responses |
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79 | (10) |
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79 | (1) |
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Bradycardia and Cardiac Output |
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80 | (2) |
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Blood Flow Redistribution |
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82 | (1) |
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The Dive Response and Oxygen Economy |
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83 | (1) |
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Physiological Control of the Dive Response |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (4) |
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7 Gross and Microscopic Anatomy |
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89 | (48) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (22) |
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90 | (21) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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Microanatomy of the Integument |
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111 | (1) |
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The Superficial Skeletal Muscles |
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112 | (1) |
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Diaphragm as a Separator of the Body Cavities |
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113 | (1) |
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Gross Anatomy of Structures Cranial to the Diaphragm |
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113 | (2) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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Microscopic Anatomy of Structures Cranial to the Diaphragm |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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Gross Anatomy of Structures Caudal to the Diaphragm |
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116 | (3) |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (1) |
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Microscopic Anatomy of Structures Caudal to the Diaphragm |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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Lymphoid and Hematopoietic Systems |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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Clinically Relevant Structures |
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122 | (4) |
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Potential for Thermal Insult to Reproductive Organs |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (3) |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (7) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (16) |
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Sample Collection and Handling |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (6) |
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9 Stress and Marine Mammals |
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153 | (16) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (6) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (3) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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Indicators of Acute and Chronic Stress |
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160 | (2) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (6) |
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169 | (40) |
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169 | (1) |
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Physiology of Reproduction |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (7) |
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Female Pinniped Reproduction |
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171 | (3) |
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Male Pinniped Reproduction |
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174 | (1) |
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Measuring and Controlling Reproduction |
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175 | (3) |
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178 | (21) |
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Female Cetacean Reproduction |
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178 | (11) |
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Male Cetacean Reproduction |
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189 | (3) |
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Contraception and Control of Aggression |
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192 | (1) |
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Reproductive Abnormalities in Cetaceans |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (5) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (10) |
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11 Marine Mammal Immunology |
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209 | (22) |
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209 | (1) |
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The Marine Mammal Immune System |
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209 | (2) |
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Characterization of the Immune Organs, Cells, and Protein Mediators |
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211 | (5) |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | |
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-211 | (424) |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (2) |
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Characterization and Quantification of Immune Functions |
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216 | (4) |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (1) |
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Immunodiagnostics in Health Assessments |
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220 | (2) |
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Wild Population Health Assessment |
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220 | (1) |
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Stranded Animal Health Assessment |
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221 | (1) |
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Immunotoxicological Assessments |
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221 | (1) |
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Considerations for Future Work |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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Marine Mammal-Specific Reagents and Cell Lines |
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222 | (1) |
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Marine Mammal Immune Cell Tissue Bank |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (7) |
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231 | (18) |
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Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse |
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231 | (1) |
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Genes Involved with Immune Responses and Health |
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231 | (2) |
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Inbreeding and Disease Susceptibility |
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233 | (1) |
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Tools and Techniques for Genetic Analyses Relevant to Studies on Health and Disease |
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234 | (5) |
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234 | (1) |
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Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) |
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235 | (1) |
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) |
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235 | (1) |
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MHC Genotyping and Screening for Polymorphism in Other Immune Genes |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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Genetic Tools for Pathogen Detection and Monitoring of Epidemics |
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239 | (1) |
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Sample Collection and Preservation for Genetic Analyses |
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239 | (1) |
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Scope, Pitfalls, and Limitations |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (9) |
Section III: Pathology |
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13 Marine Mammal Gross Necropsy |
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249 | (18) |
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249 | (1) |
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Necropsy Examinations and Specimen Collection |
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250 | (5) |
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250 | (1) |
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Protocols, Data, and Forms |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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Fetal, Placental, and Perinatal Examination and Sampling |
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256 | (1) |
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Forensic and Anthropogenic Mortality Investigation |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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In Situ Gas Sampling, Transport, and Analysis of Gases |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (4) |
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14 Noninfectious Diseases |
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267 | (30) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (8) |
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Urogenital Carcinoma in California Sea Lions |
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268 | (8) |
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276 | (2) |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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Gas and Fat Emboli Syndrome |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (5) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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Nervous System and Special Senses |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (13) |
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15 Environmental Toxicology |
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297 | (22) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (7) |
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299 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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Mercury and Selenium: Toxicant and Nutrient Interaction |
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299 | (2) |
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Metallothionein (MT) and Mercury |
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301 | (5) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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Chemical Plasticizers and Microplastics |
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307 | (1) |
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Ecophysiologic Considerations |
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308 | (1) |
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Marine Mammals as "Hazmat" |
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309 | (1) |
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One Health and Population Implications |
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309 | (1) |
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Conclusions: Hysteria vs. Association vs. Cause-Effect |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (9) |
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16 Harmful Algae and Biotoxins |
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319 | (12) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (2) |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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322 | (2) |
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Diagnosis of Domoic Acid Toxicosis |
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323 | (1) |
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Diagnosis of Brevetoxicosis |
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323 | (1) |
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Diagnosis of Cyanotoxin Exposure |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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California Sea Lions with Domoic Acid Toxicosis |
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324 | (1) |
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Manatees with Brevetoxicosis |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (6) |
Section IV: Infectious Diseases |
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331 | (36) |
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Marie-Francoise Van Bressem |
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332 | (1) |
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Virus Isolation: An Overview |
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332 | (1) |
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Molecular Diagnostics: An Overview |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (4) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (2) |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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Public Health Significance |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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Public Health Significance |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (4) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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Public Health Significance |
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340 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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Public Health Significance |
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|
341 | (1) |
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341 | (2) |
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341 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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343 | (1) |
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Public Health Significance |
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343 | (1) |
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|
343 | (5) |
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343 | (2) |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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Public Health Significance |
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|
347 | (1) |
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348 | (3) |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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Public Health Significance |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (2) |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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Public Health Significance |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (2) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (2) |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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Public Health Significance |
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|
355 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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|
356 | (11) |
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18 Bacterial Infections and Diseases |
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|
367 | (22) |
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367 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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Sampling for Bacteriology |
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368 | (1) |
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Bacterial Diseases Associated with Organ Systems |
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368 | (5) |
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368 | (2) |
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370 | (1) |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Specific Bacterial Infections and Diseases |
|
|
373 | (7) |
|
Brucella spp. and Brucellosis |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
|
375 | (2) |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
377 | (2) |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
381 | (8) |
|
|
389 | (36) |
|
|
|
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Current Status of Fungal Infections in Marine Mammals |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Theories to Explain the Change in Incidence of Fungal |
|
|
|
|
390 | (22) |
|
|
412 | (2) |
|
Virulence and Pathogenicity |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
The Dimorphic (Endemic) Fungi |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
Clinical Diagnostic Features |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
Molecular and Serodiagnostic Mycology |
|
|
415 | (2) |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
417 | (2) |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
421 | (4) |
|
20 Protozoan Parasites of Marine Mammals |
|
|
425 | (46) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
426 | (14) |
|
|
426 | (7) |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Sarcocystis neuron and S. neurona-like |
|
|
433 | (5) |
|
Sarcocystis spp. Associated with Necrotizing Hepatitis (S. canis, S. canis-like/S. arctosi, and S. pinnipedi) |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
440 | (2) |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
442 | (8) |
|
Trypanosomes (Tripanosoma and Leishmania spp.) |
|
|
444 | (5) |
|
Jarellia atramenti, Jarellia-like, and Cryptobia spp |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Chilomastix or Hexamita spp |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Kyaroikeus cetarius, K. cetarius-like, Planilamina ovata, P. magna, and Unidentified Ciliates |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
451 | (3) |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
Clinical Chemistry and Hematology |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
Fecal Smears, Wet Mounts, Fecal Flotation, and Immunofluorescent Staining |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Parasite Isolation via Cell Culture and Mouse Bioassay |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Transmission Electron Microscopy |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
454 | (2) |
|
Systemic Apicomplexans gondii, Sarcocystis spp., and Neospora spp.) |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Enteric and Respiratory Protozoa |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
Gross and Microscopic Lesions |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Epidemiology and Epizootiology |
|
|
457 | (3) |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
Climate and Habitat Change |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
460 | (11) |
|
21 Helminths and Parasitic Arthropods |
|
|
471 | (30) |
|
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
Collection and Preservation of Parasites and Terminology |
|
|
472 | (2) |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
|
475 | (4) |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
|
475 | (4) |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
481 | (6) |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
|
484 | (3) |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
|
488 | (13) |
Section V: Medicine, Anesthesia, and Surgery |
|
|
|
501 | (16) |
|
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
Anatomical Descriptions and Dental Formulas |
|
|
501 | (2) |
|
|
503 | (6) |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
|
504 | (2) |
|
|
506 | (3) |
|
|
n506 | |
|
Digital Intraoral Radiology |
|
|
509 | (4) |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
|
509 | (3) |
|
Radiographic Interpretation |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
Treatments for Fractured Teeth |
|
|
513 | (2) |
|
|
s513 | |
|
|
513 | (2) |
|
|
515 | (2) |
|
23 Cetacean and Pinniped Ophthalmology |
|
|
517 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
|
517 | (7) |
|
|
5517 | |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
Ophthalmic Diseases of Cetaceans |
|
|
518 | (6) |
|
|
524 | (8) |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
Ophthalmic Diseases of Pinnipeds |
|
|
524 | (8) |
|
Other Ophthalmic Surgical Procedures (Cetaceans and Pinnipeds) |
|
|
532 | (2) |
|
Anesthesia for Ophthalmic Surgery |
|
|
532 | (2) |
|
Prophylaxis: Nutraceutical Antioxidants |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
534 | (3) |
|
|
537 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
DICOM Images, Viewing Software, and Picture Archive and Communication Systems (PACS) |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
Imaging Modality Selection |
|
|
539 | (10) |
|
|
539 | (2) |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
|
|
542 | (2) |
|
|
544 | (5) |
|
|
549 | (4) |
|
25 Applied Flexible and Rigid Endoscopy |
|
|
553 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
553 | (2) |
|
|
555 | (4) |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy |
|
|
559 | (2) |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
561 | (2) |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
|
563 | (2) |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
|
563 | (2) |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
565 | (2) |
|
|
567 | (40) |
|
|
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
Preanesthetic Examination |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
Choosing a Specific Anesthetic Protocol |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
569 | (7) |
|
Anatomic and Physiologic Considerations |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
|
570 | (3) |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
576 | (8) |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
576 | (5) |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
|
584 | (7) |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
|
584 | (5) |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
|
591 | (4) |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
|
591 | (3) |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
595 | (2) |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
|
597 | (2) |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
|
599 | (2) |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
|
599 | (2) |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
|
601 | (6) |
|
27 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies |
|
|
607 | (68) |
|
|
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
Routes for Administering Drugs to Marine Mammals |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
Drug Interactions and Adverse Effects |
|
|
610 | (57) |
|
Life-Threatening Adverse Reactions |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
613 | (54) |
|
|
667 | (1) |
|
|
667 | (8) |
|
|
675 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
Supportive Care and Hospice |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
|
677 | (2) |
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
|
679 | (3) |
|
|
680 | (2) |
|
Pre-Euthanasia Sedation and Analgesia |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
|
683 | (2) |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
Ultrapotent Opioids: Etorphine and Carfentanil |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
|
685 | (3) |
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
|
689 | (6) |
Section VI: Husbandry |
|
|
29 Nutrition and Energetics |
|
|
695 | (44) |
|
|
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
Understanding Basic Energy Requirements |
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
|
697 | (2) |
|
|
699 | (3) |
|
|
699 | (1) |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
|
702 | (2) |
|
|
704 | (3) |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
|
707 | (1) |
|
|
707 | (1) |
|
Converting Energy Requirements into Food Intake |
|
|
|
|
708 | (31) |
|
|
708 | (31) |
|
30 Hand-Rearing and Artificial Milk Formulas |
|
|
739 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
Postpartum Anxiety Medication |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
|
740 | (3) |
|
Delivery Methods and Techniques |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
Feeding Frequency and Daily Requirements |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
Other Practical Information |
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
Cetacean References and Suggested Further Reading |
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
|
743 | (6) |
|
|
743 | (2) |
|
Phocid References and Suggested Further Reading |
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
|
746 | (1) |
|
Otariid References and Suggested Further Reading |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
|
747 | (2) |
|
Walrus References and Suggested Further Reading |
|
|
749 | (1) |
|
|
749 | (2) |
|
Delivery Methods and Techniques |
|
|
749 | (1) |
|
Feeding Frequency and Daily Requirements |
|
|
749 | (1) |
|
|
749 | (2) |
|
|
751 | (1) |
|
Other Practical Information |
|
|
751 | (1) |
|
Sirenia References and Suggested Further Reading |
|
|
751 | (1) |
|
|
751 | (6) |
|
|
752 | (1) |
|
Delivery Methods and Techniques |
|
|
752 | (1) |
|
Feeding Frequency and Daily Requirements |
|
|
752 | (1) |
|
|
753 | (4) |
|
31 Environmental Considerations |
|
|
757 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
|
759 | (1) |
|
Life Support (Water) System Design |
|
|
759 | (3) |
|
|
759 | (1) |
|
|
759 | (2) |
|
|
761 | (1) |
|
|
761 | (1) |
|
|
761 | (1) |
|
|
761 | (1) |
|
|
762 | (1) |
|
|
762 | (1) |
|
By-Products of Disinfection |
|
|
762 | (1) |
|
|
762 | (2) |
|
|
762 | (1) |
|
|
763 | (1) |
|
|
763 | (1) |
|
|
763 | (1) |
|
|
763 | (1) |
|
Special Considerations for Different Taxa |
|
|
764 | (1) |
|
|
764 | (1) |
|
|
764 | (1) |
|
|
764 | (3) |
|
|
767 | (32) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
Tracking Methodologies: A Brief Overview |
|
|
768 | (6) |
|
|
774 | (4) |
|
|
777 | (1) |
|
|
778 | (4) |
|
|
782 | (2) |
|
|
784 | (5) |
|
|
789 | (1) |
|
|
789 | (1) |
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
|
790 | (9) |
|
33 Marine Mammal Transport |
|
|
799 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
799 | (1) |
|
Regulations and Standards |
|
|
799 | (1) |
|
General Considerations and Preparation for Healthy, Nonstranded Marine Mammals |
|
|
800 | (1) |
|
Taxon-Specific Considerations |
|
|
801 | (6) |
|
|
801 | (5) |
|
|
806 | (1) |
|
|
806 | (1) |
|
|
807 | (1) |
|
|
807 | (1) |
|
Transportation for Rescue and Rehabilitation |
|
|
807 | (1) |
|
Additional Animal Health Considerations |
|
|
808 | (1) |
|
|
808 | (1) |
|
|
809 | (1) |
|
|
809 | (4) |
Section VII: Health Assessments |
|
|
34 Population Health Assessment Study Design |
|
|
813 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
Reference Intervals and Sample Sizes |
|
|
814 | (1) |
|
|
814 | (2) |
|
Case 1: Intervention Study-Recovery and Enhancement in Hawaiian Monk Seals |
|
|
816 | (1) |
|
|
816 | (1) |
|
|
816 | (1) |
|
|
816 | (1) |
|
Case 2: Source-Driven Assessment Using Multiple Sampling Approaches and a Prospective Cohort Study Design-Assessment of Injury to Bottlencise Dolphins after the DEEPWATER HORIZON Oil Spill |
|
|
817 | (1) |
|
Case 3: Effect-Driven Assessment Using a Multifactorial Study Design-Harbor Seals in Scotland |
|
|
818 | (1) |
|
Comparing Pup Survivorship |
|
|
818 | (1) |
|
Health Assessment and Exposure Identification Using Live Capture-Release |
|
|
818 | (1) |
|
Mark-Recapture Cohort Study and Population Model |
|
|
818 | (1) |
|
|
819 | (1) |
|
Case 4: Effect-Driven Assessment Using a Case-Control Study Design-Cancer in California Sea Lions |
|
|
819 | (1) |
|
|
820 | (1) |
|
|
820 | (1) |
|
|
820 | (3) |
|
35 Health Assessment of Bottlenose Dolphins in Capture-Release Studies |
|
|
823 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
823 | (1) |
|
Internal Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and Permitting Requirements |
|
|
824 | (1) |
|
Preprocedure Veterinary Briefing with the Health Assessment Team |
|
|
824 | (1) |
|
Deep Water vs. Shallow Water Capture Techniques |
|
|
824 | (1) |
|
Initial Handling and Evaluation |
|
|
825 | (1) |
|
Animal Monitoring: Subtle and-Not-So-Subtle Clinical Signs |
|
|
825 | (1) |
|
|
826 | (1) |
|
Veterinary Field Procedures |
|
|
826 | (5) |
|
|
826 | (1) |
|
|
827 | (1) |
|
Additional Route Biological Sample Collection |
|
|
827 | (1) |
|
|
827 | (2) |
|
Tooth Extraction for Age Estimation |
|
|
829 | (1) |
|
Radiographic Techniques for Age Estimation |
|
|
830 | (1) |
|
|
830 | (1) |
|
Auditory Evoked Potential |
|
|
830 | (1) |
|
Exhaled Breath Collection and Analysis |
|
|
831 | (1) |
|
Health Grades and Prognosis Scores |
|
|
831 | (1) |
|
|
831 | (4) |
|
36 Health Assessment of Large Whales |
|
|
835 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
835 | (1) |
|
|
836 | (5) |
|
|
837 | |
|
Blubber Ultrasound Measurement- |
|
|
-839 | (1679) |
|
Aerial Photogrammetry and Health Assessment |
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
Endocrinology Using Alternative Biological Matrices |
|
|
841 | (1) |
|
|
841 | (1) |
|
|
842 | (1) |
|
Respiratory Vapor (Blow) Hormones |
|
|
842 | (1) |
|
Earplugs (Cerumen) and Baleen |
|
|
843 | (1) |
|
|
843 | (1) |
|
Environmental Contaminants |
|
|
843 | (1) |
|
Infectious Diseases, Parasites, and Protozoa |
|
|
844 | (1) |
|
|
844 | (1) |
|
|
844 | (1) |
|
|
845 | (4) |
|
37 Health Assessment of Seals and Sea Lions |
|
|
849 | (8) |
|
|
|
849 | (1) |
|
|
849 | (1) |
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|
850 | (1) |
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|
850 | (1) |
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|
850 | (1) |
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|
851 | (1) |
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|
851 | (1) |
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|
852 | (3) |
|
|
852 | (1) |
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|
853 | (1) |
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|
854 | (1) |
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|
854 | (1) |
|
Cerebrospinal Fluid Sampling |
|
|
855 | (1) |
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|
855 | (1) |
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|
855 | (1) |
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|
855 | (2) |
|
38 Health Assessment of Sirenia |
|
|
857 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
857 | (1) |
|
Health Assessments of Manatees |
|
|
858 | (7) |
|
|
858 | (1) |
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Postcapture Management, Evaluation, and Animal Handling |
|
|
859 | (2) |
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|
861 | (2) |
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|
863 | (1) |
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Sampling, Tagging, Measuring |
|
|
863 | (2) |
|
Health Assessment of Dugongs |
|
|
865 | (3) |
|
|
865 | (1) |
|
Clinical Monitoring and Sampling |
|
|
865 | (3) |
|
|
868 | (1) |
|
|
868 | (3) |
|
39 Medical Training of Cetaceans and Pinnipeds for Veterinary Care |
|
|
871 | (16) |
|
|
Introduction: Why Medical Training? |
|
|
871 | (1) |
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|
872 | (1) |
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|
872 | (1) |
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Training: Some Basic Theory |
|
|
872 | (1) |
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|
872 | (1) |
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|
872 | (1) |
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|
873 | (1) |
|
Discriminative Stimulus (SD) |
|
|
873 | (1) |
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|
873 | (1) |
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|
873 | (2) |
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|
873 | (1) |
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|
874 | (1) |
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|
874 | (1) |
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|
874 | (1) |
|
|
874 | (1) |
|
"A to B"-Separation of Animals-Gating |
|
|
874 | (1) |
|
Routine Medical Behaviors |
|
|
875 | (5) |
|
|
875 | (1) |
|
|
875 | (1) |
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|
875 | (1) |
|
|
876 | (1) |
|
Blowhole or Nostril Sampling |
|
|
877 | (1) |
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|
877 | (1) |
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|
877 | (1) |
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|
878 | (1) |
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|
879 | (1) |
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|
880 | (1) |
|
Advanced Medical Behaviors |
|
|
880 | (1) |
|
|
880 | (1) |
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|
880 | (1) |
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|
880 | (1) |
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|
880 | (1) |
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|
880 | (1) |
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|
880 | (1) |
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|
880 | (1) |
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|
880 | (1) |
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|
881 | (1) |
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|
881 | (1) |
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|
881 | (1) |
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|
881 | (1) |
|
|
881 | (1) |
|
|
882 | (5) |
Section VIII: Taxon Specific Medicine |
|
|
|
887 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
887 | (1) |
|
|
887 | (2) |
|
|
888 | (1) |
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|
888 | (1) |
|
|
888 | (1) |
|
Preventative Medicine Program |
|
|
889 | (2) |
|
|
890 | (1) |
|
|
890 | (1) |
|
|
891 | (1) |
|
|
891 | (2) |
|
|
891 | (1) |
|
|
891 | (1) |
|
|
892 | (1) |
|
Hematology and Serum Chemistry |
|
|
893 | (2) |
|
|
893 | (1) |
|
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate |
|
|
893 | (1) |
|
|
894 | (1) |
|
|
894 | (1) |
|
|
894 | (1) |
|
|
894 | (1) |
|
Total White Blood Cell Count |
|
|
894 | (1) |
|
Differential Blood Cell Count |
|
|
894 | (1) |
|
|
895 | (1) |
|
|
895 | (1) |
|
|
895 | (3) |
|
|
895 | (1) |
|
|
896 | (1) |
|
|
897 | (1) |
|
|
897 | (1) |
|
Immediate Care of Stranded Cetaceans |
|
|
898 | (1) |
|
|
898 | (1) |
|
|
898 | (1) |
|
|
899 | (1) |
|
|
899 | (1) |
|
|
900 | (1) |
|
|
900 | (1) |
|
|
900 | (2) |
|
|
902 | (1) |
|
|
902 | (1) |
|
|
903 | (1) |
|
|
903 | (1) |
|
Hypovitaminosis D and Hyperparathyroidism |
|
|
904 | (1) |
|
|
904 | (5) |
|
41 Seal and Sea Lion Medicine |
|
|
909 | (26) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
909 | (1) |
|
|
909 | (2) |
|
Pools, Haul-Out Areas, and Enclosures |
|
|
909 | (1) |
|
|
910 | (1) |
|
|
910 | (1) |
|
|
911 | (11) |
|
|
911 | (2) |
|
|
913 | (1) |
|
|
914 | (3) |
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|
917 | (1) |
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|
918 | (1) |
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|
919 | (1) |
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|
920 | (1) |
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|
920 | (1) |
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|
920 | (2) |
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|
922 | (3) |
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|
925 | (1) |
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|
925 | (10) |
|
|
935 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
935 | (1) |
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|
936 | (1) |
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|
936 | (1) |
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|
936 | (1) |
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|
937 | (1) |
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|
937 | (1) |
|
|
937 | (1) |
|
Restraint, Sedation, and Anesthesia |
|
|
938 | (1) |
|
Specimen Collection and Diagnostic Techniques |
|
|
938 | (1) |
|
Medical Problems and Other Conditions |
|
|
939 | (3) |
|
|
939 | (1) |
|
|
939 | (1) |
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|
939 | (1) |
|
|
939 | (1) |
|
|
939 | (1) |
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|
939 | (2) |
|
|
941 | (1) |
|
|
942 | (1) |
|
|
942 | (1) |
|
|
942 | (1) |
|
|
942 | (1) |
|
|
943 | (6) |
|
|
949 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
949 | (1) |
|
|
949 | (1) |
|
Rescue and Rehabilitation |
|
|
950 | (1) |
|
|
950 | (1) |
|
|
951 | (1) |
|
|
952 | (1) |
|
|
952 | (1) |
|
|
952 | (1) |
|
|
953 | (3) |
|
|
953 | (1) |
|
|
953 | (1) |
|
Radiography and Ultrasonography |
|
|
953 | (1) |
|
|
953 | (2) |
|
|
955 | (1) |
|
|
956 | (1) |
|
|
956 | (1) |
|
Neonatology and Hand-Rearing |
|
|
956 | (1) |
|
|
957 | (1) |
|
|
958 | (1) |
|
Environmental Health Concerns |
|
|
959 | (2) |
|
|
959 | (1) |
|
|
959 | (1) |
|
|
960 | (1) |
|
|
961 | (1) |
|
Other Environmental Health Concerns |
|
|
961 | (1) |
|
|
961 | (1) |
|
|
961 | (1) |
|
|
961 | (1) |
|
|
961 | (1) |
|
|
962 | (1) |
|
|
962 | (7) |
|
|
969 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
969 | (1) |
|
|
970 | (1) |
|
|
971 | (1) |
|
Social Organization and Reproduction |
|
|
971 | (1) |
|
|
972 | (1) |
|
Physical and Chemical Restraint |
|
|
972 | (1) |
|
|
973 | (2) |
|
|
974 | (1) |
|
|
974 | (1) |
|
|
974 | (1) |
|
|
974 | (1) |
|
|
974 | (1) |
|
|
975 | (1) |
|
|
975 | (1) |
|
|
975 | (1) |
|
Clinical Chemistry and Urinalysis |
|
|
976 | (1) |
|
|
977 | (1) |
|
|
978 | (1) |
|
|
979 | (4) |
|
Hypoglycemia and Hypothermia |
|
|
979 | (1) |
|
|
979 | (1) |
|
|
980 | (1) |
|
|
980 | (1) |
|
|
981 | (1) |
|
|
982 | (1) |
|
|
982 | (1) |
|
|
982 | (1) |
|
|
983 | (1) |
|
|
983 | (1) |
|
Urogenital and Reproductive |
|
|
983 | (1) |
|
|
983 | (1) |
|
|
983 | (1) |
|
|
984 | (1) |
|
|
984 | (1) |
|
|
985 | (1) |
|
|
985 | (4) |
|
|
989 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
989 | (1) |
|
Natural History and Physiology |
|
|
989 | (1) |
|
|
990 | (1) |
|
|
991 | (1) |
|
|
991 | (1) |
|
|
991 | (1) |
|
|
991 | (1) |
|
|
992 | (1) |
|
|
992 | (1) |
|
Training for Veterinary Procedures |
|
|
992 | (1) |
|
|
993 | (1) |
|
|
993 | (1) |
|
|
994 | (1) |
|
Developmental/Anomalous Diseases |
|
|
994 | (1) |
|
|
994 | (1) |
|
|
994 | (1) |
|
|
994 | (1) |
|
|
994 | (1) |
|
|
995 | (1) |
|
|
995 | (1) |
|
|
995 | (1) |
|
|
995 | (1) |
|
|
996 | (1) |
|
|
996 | (1) |
|
|
996 | (1) |
|
|
996 | |
Appendices |
|
|
Appendix 1 Normal Hematology and Serum Chemistry Ranges |
|
|
1003 | (20) |
|
Appendix 2 Taxon-Specific Blood References |
|
|
1023 | (2) |
|
Appendix 3 Literature Cited on Blood Parameters |
|
|
1025 | (6) |
|
|
1031 | (4) |
|
Appendix 5 International Stranding Networks |
|
|
1035 | (52) |
Index |
|
1087 | |