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El. knyga: CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine

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Edited by , Edited by (Seattle, Washington, USA), Edited by (Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, California, USA)
  • Formatas: 1144 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 20-Mar-2018
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781498796880
  • Formatas: 1144 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 20-Mar-2018
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781498796880

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AAP Prose Award Finalist 2018/19

For three decades, this book has been acknowledged as the most respected scientific reference specifically devoted to marine mammal medicine and health. Written by approximately 100 contributors who are recognized globally as leaders in their respective fields, the CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine, Third Edition continues to serve as the essential guide for all practitioners involved with marine mammals including veterinarians, technicians, biological researchers, students, managers, keepers, curators, and trainers. The 45 chapters provide essential information for the practitioner on pathology, infectious diseases, medical treatment, anesthesia, surgery, husbandry, health assessment, species-specific medicine, medically pertinent anatomy and physiology, and global health concerns such as strandings, oil spills, and entanglements of marine mammals.

Covers all aspects of marine mammal veterinary practice Written by internationally acknowledged experts Adds new chapters on Ophthalmology, Dentistry, Ethics, Oil Spill Response, Health Assessments, Whale Entanglement Response, Dive Response, and Biotoxins Richly illustrated in color throughout the new edition including updated anatomical drawings and extensive photographs of ocular lesions Provides guidance to websites that regularly present updated information and images pertinent to current marine mammal medicine such as imaging and stranding network contacts Discusses ethics and animal welfare. The book guides the reader through the veterinary care of cetaceans, pinnipeds, manatees, sea otters, and polar bears. In addition to summaries of current knowledge, chapters provide information on those digital resources and websites which present the latest information as it emerges in the field. The CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine, Third Edition gives a call to action for scientists to experiment with new endeavors to engage and inspire current and future generations to care for marine mammals and the marine environment, and work together to find solutions. As the most trusted reference for marine mammal conservation medicine and for marine mammal medical facilities around the world, this book needs to be in your library.

Recenzijos

This book is a "scientific compass" in the difficult journey and unknown paths of marine mammal medicine. It gives us the exlusive power to broaden our mind and the courage and confidence to go forward. Thank you.

-- Dr Anastasia Komnenou, Associate Professor of Surgery and Exotic Animals Medicine & Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

If you are involved in marine mammal medicine to any extent, then this is probably going to be something that you will want to have by your side in the laboratory or office, ready for a quick check or for a longer perusal, just depending on your situation. With three very well-known editors, highly experienced in marine mammal medicine, and a wide selection of authors with different specialties for different chapters, this is a book that will be of use to both those deeply involved in marine mammal research and those who are just skirting the periphery.

The range and breadth of experience of the authors is striking, and, very usefully, the 45 chapters are themselves divided into eight sections, with the first six being generalized toward all marine mammals (although subdivided within the chapters themselves), and the final two chapters have a taxon-specific focus. This can be very useful for finding the relevant information and for cross-checking. Although the bulk of the book is text, which is descriptive or instructive depending on the topic, there are also a wealth of summary tables, text boxes to highlight specific issues or terminology, and an excellent selection of full color figures. Without meaning to highlight any chapter in particular, I nevertheless want to note that the illustrations in Chapter 7, Gross and Microscopic Anatomy, are particularly impressive.

Most of the chapters are multi-author, and, in my opinion, probably the better for it there is nothing like having a complementary team, or even other half, to work with to reduce the load, encourage progress, and ensure that pet topics are not given unfair prominence. However, the single-author chapters should not be underestimated. The dentistry chapter, for example, is exemplary in its clarity. I very much doubt I will ever be in the position to assess the oral cavity of a sea mammal but am nevertheless fascinated by the photograph of the sea lion holding its own computed radiography plate while the radiograph is being taken. Although this is another chapter with excellent illustrations, it is the judgment of the level of necessary detail that impresses the most. As this is at a consistent standard throughout the book, I think that this must not only reflect the skill of the editorial team, in both selecting authors and being judicious editors, but also that, as I understand it, each chapter has undergone proper peer review. If only all textbooks were peer reviewed, chapter by chapter, before publication!

What could have been done better? This is a mighty leviathan of a book, and I was initially tempted to suggest that the editors might do well to consider breaking it down into smaller sections. For example, it might be ideal to have some parts that are focused on fieldwork compiled separately into a volume that really is a suitable size to take on trips to the field, another that could be useful for the veterinarian, and another for the laboratory diagnostician. Whichever way you split it, however, you could probably never make anything that is as good a value as this single bookthe price is not small, but in terms of pennies per word of wisdom on the subject, it really is a bargain. One of the earlier chapters of the book opens with the sentence Marine mammals have always fascinated people with their sheer size and their specialized anatomy and physiology. If Marine Mammal Medicine is your particular thing, then you should buy this book. However, this tome is not a handbook, and if not toned down, perhaps the editors might consider calling the next edition an opus.

-- Lucy J. Robertson, Parasittologisk laboratorium, Seksjon for mikrobiologi, immunologi og parasittologi, Institutt for mattrygghet og infeksjonsbiologi, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway. This book is a "scientific compass" in the difficult journey and unknown paths of marine mammal medicine. It gives us the exlusive power to broaden our mind and the courage and confidence to go forward. Thank you.

-- Dr Anastasia Komnenou, Associate Professor of Surgery and Exotic Animals Medicine & Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

If you are involved in marine mammal medicine to any extent, then this is probably going to be something that you will want to have by your side in the laboratory or office, ready for a quick check or for a longer perusal, just depending on your situation. With three very well-known editors, highly experienced in marine mammal medicine, and a wide selection of authors with different specialties for different chapters, this is a book that will be of use to both those deeply involved in marine mammal research and those who are just skirting the periphery.

The range and breadth of experience of the authors is striking, and, very usefully, the 45 chapters are themselves divided into eight sections, with the first six being generalized toward all marine mammals (although subdivided within the chapters themselves), and the final two chapters have a taxon-specific focus. This can be very useful for finding the relevant information and for cross-checking. Although the bulk of the book is text, which is descriptive or instructive depending on the topic, there are also a wealth of summary tables, text boxes to highlight specific issues or terminology, and an excellent selection of full color figures. Without meaning to highlight any chapter in particular, I nevertheless want to note that the illustrations in Chapter 7, Gross and Microscopic Anatomy, are particularly impressive.

Most of the chapters are multi-author, and, in my opinion, probably the better for it there is nothing like having a complementary team, or even other half, to work with to reduce the load, encourage progress, and ensure that pet topics are not given unfair prominence. However, the single-author chapters should not be underestimated. The dentistry chapter, for example, is exemplary in its clarity. I very much doubt I will ever be in the position to assess the oral cavity of a sea mammal but am nevertheless fascinated by the photograph of the sea lion holding its own computed radiography plate while the radiograph is being taken. Although this is another chapter with excellent illustrations, it is the judgment of the level of necessary detail that impresses the most. As this is at a consistent standard throughout the book, I think that this must not only reflect the skill of the editorial team, in both selecting authors and being judicious editors, but also that, as I understand it, each chapter has undergone proper peer review. If only all textbooks were peer reviewed, chapter by chapter, before publication!

What could have been done better? This is a mighty leviathan of a book, and I was initially tempted to suggest that the editors might do well to consider breaking it down into smaller sections. For example, it might be ideal to have some parts that are focused on fieldwork compiled separately into a volume that really is a suitable size to take on trips to the field, another that could be useful for the veterinarian, and another for the laboratory diagnostician. Whichever way you split it, however, you could probably never make anything that is as good a value as this single bookthe price is not small, but in terms of pennies per word of wisdom on the subject, it really is a bargain. One of the earlier chapters of the book opens with the sentence Marine mammals have always fascinated people with their sheer size and their specialized anatomy and physiology. If Marine Mammal Medicine is your particular thing, then you should buy this book. However, this tome is not a handbook, and if not toned down, perhaps the editors might consider calling the next edition an opus.

-- Lucy J. Robertson, Parasittologisk laboratorium, Seksjon for mikrobiologi, immunologi og parasittologi, Institutt for mattrygghet og infeksjonsbiologi, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway.

Preface xi
Editors xiii
Contributors xv
Section I: Global Marine Mammal Health Concerns
1 Stranding Response
3(16)
Claire A. Simeone
Kathleen M.T. Moore
Introduction
3(1)
Objectives of Stranding Networks
3(1)
Causes of Strandings
4(1)
Mass Strandings, Unusual Mortality Events (UMEs), and Epizootics
4(4)
Cetaceans
4(2)
Pinnipeds
6(2)
Sea Otters
8(1)
Sirenians
8(1)
Stranding Response Overview
8(4)
Data and Specimen Collection
8(1)
Rehabilitation and Release
9(1)
Stranding Response
10(1)
Out-of-Habitat Situations
11(1)
Large Whale Strandings
11(1)
Establishing a Stranding Response Network
12(1)
Acknowledgments
13(1)
References
13(6)
2 Oil Spill Response and Effects
19(18)
Michael Ziccardi
Sarah Wilkin
Introduction
19(1)
General Oil Toxicity
20(1)
Oil Effects on Marine Mammals
21(2)
Sea Otters
21(1)
Pinnipeds
21(1)
Cetaceans
22(1)
Sirenians
23(1)
Polar Bears
23(1)
General Response to Oil Spills
23(1)
Wildlife Response Activities During Oil Spills
24(7)
Safety
24(1)
Hazing
24(2)
Search and Collection
26(1)
Transport
27(1)
Processing
27(1)
Intake
28(1)
Prewash Care
29(1)
Cleaning
29(1)
Postwash Care, Release, and Postrelease Monitoring
30(1)
Conclusions
31(1)
Acknowledgments
31(1)
Internet Resources
32(1)
References
32(5)
3 Whale Entanglement Response and Diagnosis
37(10)
Michael J. Moore
David Mattila
Scott Landry
Doug Coughran
Ed Lyman
Jamison Smith
Michael Meyer
Introduction
37(1)
The Origin of Organized Whale Disentanglement
38(1)
Global Whale Entanglement Response Network (GWERN)
38(2)
Entanglement Response Considerations
40(1)
Authorized, Trained Respons-e
41(1)
Safety
41(1)
Personnel
41(1)
Personal Equipment
41(1)
Platforms
41(1)
Assessment
41(1)
Safety Considerations on Approaching an Entangled Whale
42(1)
Entanglement Response Procedures
42(1)
Documentation and Debriefing
42(1)
Chemical Moderation of Behavior
42(1)
Postmortem Diagnosis
43(1)
Mitigation
44(1)
Acknowledgments
45(1)
References
45(2)
4 Zoonoses and Public Health
47(16)
Morten Tryland
Introduction
47(1)
From Marine Mammals to Humans-Modes of Transmission
48(1)
Transmission through Direct and Indirect Contact
48(1)
Transmission through Consumption
48(1)
Viral Zoonoses
49(2)
Poxvirus
49(1)
Calicivirus
49
Influenza Virus-
-50(100)
Rabies Virus
50(1)
Norovirus
51(1)
Bacterial Zoonoses
51(4)
Seal Finger and Mycoplasma spp
51(1)
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
52(1)
Salmonella spp
52(1)
Mycobacterium spp.
52(1)
Brucella spp
53(1)
Leptospira spp.
53(1)
Coxiella burnetii
54(1)
Miscellaneous and Mixed Bacterial Infections
54(1)
Botulism
55(1)
Parasitic Zoonoses
55(2)
Toxoplasma gondii
55(1)
Trichinella spp
55(1)
Giardia spp
56(1)
Cryptosporidium spp.
56(1)
Fungal Infections
57(1)
Conclusions
57(1)
Acknowledgments
57(1)
References
57(6)
5 Ethics and Animal Welfare
63(16)
Leslie A. Dierauf
Joseph K. Gaydos
Introduction: Make a Difference in Marine Mammal Medicine
63(1)
Ethics and Self-Awareness
64(1)
Ethical Decision Making
65(2)
The Process of Decision Making
66(1)
Ten-Step Roadmap for Complex Decision-Making
67(1)
Postdecision Resolution
67(1)
Animal Well-Being
67(5)
Captive Display
70
Interactive Recreation-
-70(141)
Research
71(1)
Stranding Response and Rehabilitation
71(1)
Looking Forward
72(1)
Media and Communication Tips: Translating Your Science
72(2)
Conclusions
74(1)
Acknowledgments
75(1)
References
75(4)
Section II: Anatomy and Physiology
6 Overview of Dive Responses
79(10)
Dorian S. Houser
Introduction
79(1)
Bradycardia and Cardiac Output
80(2)
Blood Flow Redistribution
82(1)
The Dive Response and Oxygen Economy
83(1)
Physiological Control of the Dive Response
84(1)
Nervous System Control
84(1)
Hormonal Regulation
84(1)
Conclusions
85(1)
References
85(4)
7 Gross and Microscopic Anatomy
89(48)
Sentiel A. Rommel
Alexander M. Costidis
Linda J. Lowenstine
Introduction
90(1)
External Features
90(22)
Dolphins
90(21)
Sea Lions
111(1)
Seals
111(1)
Manatees
111(1)
Microanatomy of the Integument
111(1)
The Superficial Skeletal Muscles
112(1)
Diaphragm as a Separator of the Body Cavities
113(1)
Gross Anatomy of Structures Cranial to the Diaphragm
113(2)
Heart and Pericardium
113(1)
Pleura and Lungs
114(1)
Mediastinum
114(1)
Thymus
114(1)
Thyroids
114(1)
Parathyroids
114(1)
Larynx
115(1)
Caval Sphincter
115(1)
Microscopic Anatomy of Structures Cranial to the Diaphragm
115(1)
Respiratory System
115(1)
Heart and Great Vessels
115(1)
Thymus
115(1)
Thyroids
116(1)
Parathyroids
116(1)
Gross Anatomy of Structures Caudal to the Diaphragm
116(3)
Liver
116(1)
Digestive System
116(1)
Urinary Tract
117(1)
Genital Tract
117(2)
Adrenal Glands
119(1)
Microscopic Anatomy of Structures Caudal to the Diaphragm
119(1)
Liver
119(1)
Digestive System
119(1)
Urinary Tract
120(1)
Genital Tract
120(1)
Adrenal Glands
120(1)
Lymphoid and Hematopoietic Systems
120(1)
Nervous System
121(1)
Circulatory Structures
121(1)
General Morphology
121(1)
Clinically Relevant Structures
122(4)
Potential for Thermal Insult to Reproductive Organs
126(1)
Skeleton
127(3)
Ribs
128(1)
Sternum
128(1)
Post-thoracic Vertebrae
129(1)
Sacral Vertebrae
129(1)
Chevron Bones
129(1)
Pectoral Limb Complex
129(1)
Pelvic Limb Complex
129(1)
Sexual Dimorphisms
130(1)
Bone Marrow
130(1)
Acknowledgments
130(1)
References
130(7)
Introduction
137(1)
8 Endocrinology
137(16)
Daniel E. Crocker
Sample Collection and Handling
138(1)
Blood
138(1)
Feces
138(1)
Urine T
139(1)
Saliva and Blow
139(1)
Blubber
139(1)
Hypothalamus-Pituitary
139(1)
Adrenal Hormones
140(1)
Thyroid Hormones
141(2)
Endocrine Pancreas
143(1)
Adipocytokines
144(1)
Pineal Gland
144(1)
Osmoregulatory Hormones
145(1)
Diving
146(1)
Endocrine Disruption
146(1)
Acknowledgments
147(1)
References
147(6)
9 Stress and Marine Mammals
153(16)
Shannon Atkinson
Leslie A. Dierauf
Introduction
153(1)
Stressors
153(1)
Stress Response
154(6)
Neurologic Factors
156(1)
Endocrinologic Factors
156(3)
Physiologic Factors s
159(1)
Immunologic Factors
160(1)
Indicators of Acute and Chronic Stress
160(2)
Acute Response
162(1)
Chronic Response
162(1)
Conclusions
162(1)
Acknowledgments
163(1)
References
163(6)
10 Reproduction
169(40)
Todd R. Robeck
Justine K. O'Brien
Shannon Atkinson
Introduction
169(1)
Physiology of Reproduction
170(1)
Pinniped Reproduction
171(7)
Female Pinniped Reproduction
171(3)
Male Pinniped Reproduction
174(1)
Measuring and Controlling Reproduction
175(3)
Cetacean Reproduction
178(21)
Female Cetacean Reproduction
178(11)
Male Cetacean Reproduction
189(3)
Contraception and Control of Aggression
192(1)
Reproductive Abnormalities in Cetaceans
193(1)
Artificial Insemination
194(5)
Acknowledgments
199(1)
References
199(10)
11 Marine Mammal Immunology
209(22)
Milton Levin
Introduction
209(1)
The Marine Mammal Immune System
209(2)
Characterization of the Immune Organs, Cells, and Protein Mediators
211(5)
Immune Organs
211(1)
Immune Cells
211
Immunoglobulins-
-211(424)
Acute-Phase Proteins
213(1)
Complement
214(1)
Cytokines
214(2)
Characterization and Quantification of Immune Functions
216(4)
Innate
217(2)
Adaptive
219(1)
Immunodiagnostics in Health Assessments
220(2)
Wild Population Health Assessment
220(1)
Stranded Animal Health Assessment
221(1)
Immunotoxicological Assessments
221(1)
Considerations for Future Work
222(1)
Reference Intervals
222(1)
Marine Mammal-Specific Reagents and Cell Lines
222(1)
Marine Mammal Immune Cell Tissue Bank
223(1)
Omics Approach
223(1)
Conclusions
223(1)
Acknowledgments
224(1)
References
224(7)
12 Genetics
231(18)
Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse
Lizabeth Bowen
Introduction
231(1)
Genes Involved with Immune Responses and Health
231(2)
Inbreeding and Disease Susceptibility
233(1)
Tools and Techniques for Genetic Analyses Relevant to Studies on Health and Disease
234(5)
Microsatellites
234(1)
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs)
235(1)
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
235(1)
MHC Genotyping and Screening for Polymorphism in Other Immune Genes
236(1)
Gene Expression Studies
237(1)
Epigenetic Analysis
238(1)
Genetic Tools for Pathogen Detection and Monitoring of Epidemics
239(1)
Sample Collection and Preservation for Genetic Analyses
239(1)
Scope, Pitfalls, and Limitations
239(1)
Conclusions
240(1)
Acknowledgments
240(1)
References
240(9)
Section III: Pathology
13 Marine Mammal Gross Necropsy
249(18)
Stephen Raverty
Padraig J. Duignan
Paul D. Jepson
Maria Morell
Introduction
249(1)
Necropsy Examinations and Specimen Collection
250(5)
Logistics
250(1)
Protocols, Data, and Forms
251(1)
Decomposition
252(1)
Morphometrics
252(1)
Photographs
253(1)
Dissection
254(1)
Histopathology
255(1)
Fetal, Placental, and Perinatal Examination and Sampling
256(1)
Forensic and Anthropogenic Mortality Investigation
256(1)
Auditory Pathology
257(1)
Gas and Fat Embolism
258(1)
In Situ Gas Sampling, Transport, and Analysis of Gases
259(1)
Genetics
259(1)
Stomach Contents
260(1)
Age
261(1)
Reproductive Status
262(1)
Contaminants
262(1)
Infectious Diseases
263(1)
Conclusions
263(1)
Acknowledgments
263(1)
References
263(4)
14 Noninfectious Diseases
267(30)
Kathleen M. Colegrove
Introduction
267(1)
Congenital Defects
268(1)
Neoplasia
268(8)
Urogenital Carcinoma in California Sea Lions
268(8)
Trauma
276(2)
Intraspecific Trauma
276(1)
Interspecific Trauma
276(1)
Anthropogenic Trauma
277(1)
Noise Exposure
278(1)
Gas and Fat Emboli Syndrome
278(1)
Miscellaneous
279(5)
Integumentary System
279(1)
Musculoskeletal System
280(1)
Respiratory System
281(1)
Digestive System
281(1)
Genitourinary System
282(1)
Endocrine System
283(1)
Cardiovascular System
283(1)
Lymphoid System
284(1)
Nervous System and Special Senses
284(1)
Acknowledgments
284(1)
References
284(13)
15 Environmental Toxicology
297(22)
Todd M. O'Hara
Leslie Hart
Introduction
297(1)
Diagnostic Procedures
298(1)
Dose Scaling
298(1)
Diagnosis
298(1)
Classes of Toxicants
299(7)
Elements
299(1)
Antioxidants
299(1)
Mercury and Selenium: Toxicant and Nutrient Interaction
299(2)
Metallothionein (MT) and Mercury
301(5)
Population Impacts
306(1)
Polar Bear Case Study
307(1)
Chemical Plasticizers and Microplastics
307(1)
Ecophysiologic Considerations
308(1)
Marine Mammals as "Hazmat"
309(1)
One Health and Population Implications
309(1)
Conclusions: Hysteria vs. Association vs. Cause-Effect
310(1)
Acknowledgments
310(1)
References
310(9)
16 Harmful Algae and Biotoxins
319(12)
Deborah Fauquier
Jan Landsberg
Introduction
319(1)
Biotoxins
319(2)
Brevetoxin
320(1)
Saxitoxin
320(1)
Domoic Acid
320(1)
Okadaic Acid
320(1)
Microcystins
320(1)
Epizootiology
321(1)
Clinical Presentations
322(1)
Diagnosis
322(2)
Diagnosis of Domoic Acid Toxicosis
323(1)
Diagnosis of Brevetoxicosis
323(1)
Diagnosis of Cyanotoxin Exposure
323(1)
Treatment and Prognosis
324(1)
California Sea Lions with Domoic Acid Toxicosis
324(1)
Manatees with Brevetoxicosis
324(1)
Future Research Needs
325(1)
References
325(6)
Section IV: Infectious Diseases
17 Viruses
331(36)
Padraig J. Duignan
Marie-Francoise Van Bressem
Galaxia Cortes-Hinojosa
Suzanne Kennedy-Stoskopf
Introduction
332(1)
Virus Isolation: An Overview
332(1)
Molecular Diagnostics: An Overview
333(1)
Paramyxoviruses
333(1)
Morbilliviruses
333(4)
Host Range
333(1)
Virology
334(1)
Clinical Signs
334(1)
Therapy
334(1)
Pathology
334(2)
Diagnosis
336(1)
Epidemiology
336(1)
Public Health Significance
337(1)
Parainfluenza Viruses
337(1)
Host Range
337(1)
Virology
337(1)
Clinical Signs
337(1)
Therapy
337(1)
Pathology
337(1)
Diagnosis
337(1)
Epidemiology
337(1)
Public Health Significance
337(1)
Influenza Viruses
337(4)
Host Range
338(1)
Virology
338(1)
Clinical Signs
338(1)
Therapy
338(1)
Pathology
338(1)
Diagnosis
339(1)
Epidemiology
339(1)
Public Health Significance
340(1)
Coronaviruses
341(1)
Host Range
341(1)
Virology
341(1)
Clinical Signs
341(1)
Therapy
341(1)
Pathology
341(1)
Diagnosis
341(1)
Epidemiology
341(1)
Public Health Significance
341(1)
Caliciviruses
341(2)
Host Range
341(1)
Virology
342(1)
Clinical Signs
342(1)
Therapy
342(1)
Pathology
342(1)
Diagnosis
342(1)
Epidemiology
343(1)
Public Health Significance
343(1)
Herpesviruses
343(5)
Host Range
343(2)
Virology
345(1)
Clinical Signs
346(1)
Therapy
346(1)
Pathology
346(1)
Diagnosis
347(1)
Epidemiology
347(1)
Public Health Significance
347(1)
Poxviruses
348(3)
Host Range
348(1)
Virology
348(1)
Clinical Signs
348(1)
Therapy
349(1)
Pathology
349(1)
Diagnosis
350(1)
Epidemiology
350(1)
Public Health Significance
351(1)
Papillomaviruses
351(2)
Host Range
351(1)
Virology
351(1)
Clinical Signs
351(1)
Therapy
352(1)
Pathology
352(1)
Diagnosis
352(1)
Epidemiology
352(1)
Public Health Significance
353(1)
Adenoviruses
353(2)
Host Range
353(1)
Virology
353(1)
Clinical Signs
353(1)
Therapy
353(1)
Pathology
353(2)
Diagnosis
355(1)
Epidemiology
355(1)
Public Health Significance
355(1)
Other Viruses
355(1)
Acknowledgments
355(1)
References
356(11)
18 Bacterial Infections and Diseases
367(22)
Morten Tryland
Anett K. Larsen
Ingebjorg H. Nymo
Introduction
367(1)
Antibiotic Resistance
368(1)
Sampling for Bacteriology
368(1)
Bacterial Diseases Associated with Organ Systems
368(5)
Septicemia
368(2)
Respiratory Disease
370(1)
Dermatological Disease
370(1)
Urogenital Disease
371(1)
Gastrointestinal Disease
372(1)
Specific Bacterial Infections and Diseases
373(7)
Brucella spp. and Brucellosis
373(1)
Vibriosis
374(1)
Pasteurellosis
375(2)
Erysipelothrix
377(1)
Mycobacterial Infections
377(2)
Leptospirosis
379(1)
Nocardiosis
380(1)
Concluding Remarks
380(1)
Acknowledgments
381(1)
References
381(8)
19 Marine Mammal Mycoses
389(36)
Thomas H. Reidarson
Daniel Garcia-Parraga
Nathan P. Wiederhold
Introduction
389(1)
Current Status of Fungal Infections in Marine Mammals
390(1)
Theories to Explain the Change in Incidence of Fungal
Infections
390(22)
Epidemiology of Fungi
412(2)
Virulence and Pathogenicity
412(1)
Modes of Transmission
412(1)
The Opportunistic Fungi
413(1)
The Dimorphic (Endemic) Fungi
414(1)
Clinical Manifestations
414(1)
Clinical Diagnostic Features
414(1)
Molecular and Serodiagnostic Mycology
415(2)
Therapeutics
417(1)
Specific Therapies
417(2)
Prophylaxis
419(1)
Conclusions
420(1)
Acknowledgments
420(1)
References
421(4)
20 Protozoan Parasites of Marine Mammals
425(46)
Melissa Miller
Karen Shapiro
Michael J. Murray
Martin Haulena
Stephen Raverty
Introduction
426(1)
Systemic Apicomplexa
426(14)
Toxoplasma gondii
426(7)
Neospora caninum
433(1)
Neospora caninum-Like
433(1)
Sarcocystis neuron and S. neurona-like
433(5)
Sarcocystis spp. Associated with Necrotizing Hepatitis (S. canis, S. canis-like/S. arctosi, and S. pinnipedi)
438(1)
Other Sarcocystis spp.
439(1)
Haemosporidia
439(1)
Enteric Apicomplexa
440(2)
Cystoisospora (Isospora)
440(1)
Eimeria spp
441(1)
Cryptosporidium spp.
442(1)
Flagellates
442(8)
Trypanosomes (Tripanosoma and Leishmania spp.)
444(5)
Jarellia atramenti, Jarellia-like, and Cryptobia spp
449(1)
Giardia spp
449(1)
Chilomastix or Hexamita spp
449(1)
Trichomonads
450(1)
Ciliates
450(1)
Haematophagus megapterae
450(1)
Kyaroikeus cetarius, K. cetarius-like, Planilamina ovata, P. magna, and Unidentified Ciliates
450(1)
Amoebae
450(1)
Diagnosis
451(3)
Clinical Signs
451(1)
Physical Examination
451(1)
Clinical Chemistry and Hematology
451(1)
Serology
451(1)
Fecal Smears, Wet Mounts, Fecal Flotation, and Immunofluorescent Staining
452(1)
Parasite Isolation via Cell Culture and Mouse Bioassay
453(1)
Histopathology
454(1)
Immunohistochemistry
454(1)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
454(1)
Transmission Electron Microscopy
454(1)
Treatment and Prognosis
454(2)
Systemic Apicomplexans gondii, Sarcocystis spp., and Neospora spp.)
454(1)
Enteric and Respiratory Protozoa
455(1)
Prevention
456(1)
Gross and Microscopic Lesions
456(1)
Systemic Apicomplexa
456(1)
Enteric Protozoa
457(1)
Other Protozoa
457(1)
Epidemiology and Epizootiology
457(3)
Spatial Distribution
458(1)
Transmission
458(1)
Risk Factors
458(1)
Disease Outcome
459(1)
Climate and Habitat Change
460(1)
Conclusions
460(1)
Acknowledgments
460(1)
References
460(11)
21 Helminths and Parasitic Arthropods
471(30)
Lena N. Measures
Introduction
471(1)
Collection and Preservation of Parasites and Terminology
472(2)
Treatment
474(1)
Digenea
475(4)
Sirenia
475(1)
Sea Otters
475(1)
Pinnipeds
475(4)
Cetacea
479(1)
Cestoda
479(1)
Acanthocephala
480(1)
Nematoda
481(6)
Trichinella
481(1)
Ascaridoids
482(1)
Spirurids
482(1)
Filarioids
483(1)
Hookworms
484(1)
Lungworms
484(3)
Parasitic Arthropods
487(1)
References
488(13)
Section V: Medicine, Anesthesia, and Surgery
22 Dentistry
501(16)
Steven E. Holmstrom
Introduction
501(1)
Anatomical Descriptions and Dental Formulas
501(2)
Diseases
503(6)
Missing Teeth
503(1)
Supernumerary Teeth
504(1)
Periodontal Disease
504(1)
Tooth Resorption
504(2)
Tooth Fractures
506(3)
Oral Examination
n506
Digital Intraoral Radiology
509(4)
Equipment
509(1)
Taking the Radiograph
509(3)
Radiographic Interpretation
512(1)
Treatments for Fractured Teeth
513(2)
Endodontics
s513
Exodontics
513(2)
References
515(2)
23 Cetacean and Pinniped Ophthalmology
517(20)
Carmen M.H. Colitz
James Bailey
Johanna Mejia-Fava
Introduction
517(1)
Cetaceans
517(7)
Anatomy
5517
Physiology
518(1)
Ophthalmic Diseases of Cetaceans
518(6)
Pinnipeds
524(8)
Anatomy
524(1)
Physiology
524(1)
Congenital Abnormalities
524(1)
Ophthalmic Diseases of Pinnipeds
524(8)
Other Ophthalmic Surgical Procedures (Cetaceans and Pinnipeds)
532(2)
Anesthesia for Ophthalmic Surgery
532(2)
Prophylaxis: Nutraceutical Antioxidants
534(1)
Acknowledgments
534(1)
References
534(3)
24 Diagnostic Imaging
537(16)
Sophie Dennison
Pietro Saviano
Introduction
537(1)
DICOM Images, Viewing Software, and Picture Archive and Communication Systems (PACS)
538(1)
Image Interpretation
538(1)
Imaging Modality Selection
539(10)
Radiography
539(2)
Computed Tomography (CT)
541(1)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
542(2)
Ultrasonography
544(5)
References
549(4)
25 Applied Flexible and Rigid Endoscopy
553(14)
William Van Bonn
Samuel Dover
Introduction
553(2)
Respiratory Endoscopy
555(4)
Flexible
557(1)
Rigid
558(1)
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
559(2)
Flexible
561(1)
Rigid
561(1)
Urogenital Endoscopy
561(2)
Flexible
561(1)
Rigid
562(1)
Other Applications
563(2)
Flexible
563(1)
Rigid
563(2)
Conclusions
565(1)
References
565(2)
26 Anesthesia
567(40)
Martin Haulena
Todd Schmitt
Introduction
568(1)
Anesthetic Protocol
568(1)
Preanesthetic Examination
568(1)
Choosing a Specific Anesthetic Protocol
568(1)
Monitoring Techniques
568(1)
Noninvasive Techniques
569(1)
Invasive Techniques
569(1)
Cetaceans
569(7)
Anatomic and Physiologic Considerations
569(1)
Physical Restraint
569(1)
Sedation
570(1)
Vascular Access
570(3)
Intubation
573(1)
Inhalation Anesthesia
573(1)
Monitoring
574(1)
Support
574(1)
Recovery
575(1)
Analgesia
576(1)
Otariids
576(8)
Sedation
576(1)
Induction
576(5)
Intubation
581(1)
Inhalation Anesthesia
581(1)
Field Immobilization
581(1)
Monitoring
582(1)
Support
583(1)
Emergencies
583(1)
Phocids
584(7)
Sedation
584(1)
Induction
584(5)
Intubation
589(1)
Inhalation Anesthesia
589(1)
Field Immobilization
589(1)
Monitoring
589(1)
Support
590(1)
Emergencies
590(1)
Odobenids
591(4)
Sedation
591(1)
Induction
591(3)
Intubation
594(1)
Inhalation Anesthesia
594(1)
Field Immobilization
594(1)
Monitoring
594(1)
Support
594(1)
Emergencies
595(1)
Sirenians
595(2)
Sedation
595(1)
Intubation
595(1)
Inhalation Anesthesia
596(1)
Monitoring
596(1)
Support
596(1)
Emergencies
597(1)
Sea Otters
597(2)
Sedation and Induction
597(1)
Intubation
598(1)
Inhalation Anesthesia
598(1)
Monitoring
598(1)
Support
598(1)
Emergencies
599(1)
Polar Bears
599(2)
Sedation
599(1)
Inhalation Anesthesia
599(2)
Monitoring
601(1)
Support
601(1)
Acknowledgments
601(1)
References
601(6)
27 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies
607(68)
Claire A. Simeone
Michael K. Stoskopf
Introduction
607(1)
Routes for Administering Drugs to Marine Mammals
608(1)
Dose Scaling
609(1)
Drug Interactions and Adverse Effects
610(57)
Life-Threatening Adverse Reactions
610(1)
Hepatic Effects
610(1)
Renal Effects
611(1)
Gastrointestinal Effects
611(1)
Nervous System Effects
611(1)
Dermal Effects
612(1)
Otic Effects
612(1)
Hematologic Effects
612(1)
Musculoskeletal Effects
612(1)
Antiulcer Medications
612(1)
Steroids
613(1)
Drug Dosages
613(54)
Acknowledgments
667(1)
References
667(8)
28 Euthanasia
675(20)
Craig A. Harms
Leah L. Greer
Janet Whaley
Teresa K. Rowles
Introduction
675(1)
General Considerations
676(1)
Supportive Care and Hospice
677(1)
Stranded Animals
677(2)
Animals under Human Care
679(1)
Methods of Euthanasia
679(3)
Chemical Methods
680(2)
Pre-Euthanasia Sedation and Analgesia
682(1)
Euthanasia Drugs
683(2)
Barbiturates
683(1)
Ultrapotent Opioids: Etorphine and Carfentanil
684(1)
T-61
684(1)
Potassium Chloride
684(1)
Paralytics
685(1)
Inhalants
685(1)
Physical Methods
685(3)
Ballistics
686(1)
Explosives
687(1)
Exsanguination
688(1)
Verification of Death
688(1)
Carcass Disposal
688(1)
Conclusions
689(1)
Acknowledgments
689(1)
References
689(6)
Section VI: Husbandry
29 Nutrition and Energetics
695(44)
David A.S. Rosen
Graham A.J. Worthy
Introduction
696(1)
Understanding Basic Energy Requirements
696(1)
Metabolic Rate
697(2)
Thermoregulation
699(3)
Phocids
699(1)
Otariids
700(1)
Cetaceans
700(1)
Sea Otters
701(1)
Manatees
702(1)
Summary
702(1)
Locomotion
702(2)
Gestation and Lactation
704(3)
Phocids
705(1)
Otariids
706(1)
Cetaceans
706(1)
Sea Otters
706(1)
Manatees
706(1)
Polar Bears
707(1)
Growth
707(1)
Converting Energy Requirements into Food Intake
Requirements
708(31)
Digestive Efficiency
708(31)
30 Hand-Rearing and Artificial Milk Formulas
739(18)
Laurie J. Gage
Michael T. Walsh
Introduction
739(1)
Postpartum Anxiety Medication
740(1)
Cetaceans
740(3)
Delivery Methods and Techniques
740(1)
Feeding Frequency and Daily Requirements
740(1)
Monitoring Health
740(1)
Weaning
741(1)
Other Practical Information
742(1)
Cetacean References and Suggested Further Reading
742(1)
Pinnipeds
743(6)
Phocid Seals
743(2)
Phocid References and Suggested Further Reading
745(1)
Otariids
746(1)
Otariid References and Suggested Further Reading
747(1)
Walruses
747(2)
Walrus References and Suggested Further Reading
749(1)
Sirenia
749(2)
Delivery Methods and Techniques
749(1)
Feeding Frequency and Daily Requirements
749(1)
Monitoring Health
749(2)
Weaning Procedures
751(1)
Other Practical Information
751(1)
Sirenia References and Suggested Further Reading
751(1)
Sea Otters
751(6)
Age
752(1)
Delivery Methods and Techniques
752(1)
Feeding Frequency and Daily Requirements
752(1)
Weaning
753(4)
31 Environmental Considerations
757(10)
Laurie J. Gage
Ruth Francis-Floyd
Introduction
757(1)
Pool and Exhibit Design
757(1)
Lighting
758(1)
Air Quality
758(1)
Noise
759(1)
Life Support (Water) System Design
759(3)
Source Water
759(1)
Filtration
759(2)
Coliform Counts
761(1)
Water Turnover
761(1)
Chlorination
761(1)
Bromine
761(1)
Ozone
762(1)
UV Light
762(1)
By-Products of Disinfection
762(1)
Water Quality Parameters
762(2)
Salinity
762(1)
pH
763(1)
Temperature
763(1)
Ammonia
763(1)
Nitrite and Nitrate
763(1)
Special Considerations for Different Taxa
764(1)
Cetaceans
764(1)
Pinnipeds
764(1)
References
764(3)
32 Tagging and Tracking
767(32)
Michelle E. Lander
Andrew J. Westgate
Brian C. Balmer
James P. Reid
Michael J. Murray
Kristin L. Laidre
Introduction
767(1)
Tracking Methodologies: A Brief Overview
768(6)
Pinnipeds
774(4)
Implanted Transmitters
777(1)
Cetaceans
778(4)
Manatees
782(2)
Sea Otters
784(5)
Polar Bears
789(1)
Conclusions
789(1)
Acknowledgments
790(1)
References
790(9)
33 Marine Mammal Transport
799(14)
Keith A. Yip
Christopher Dold
Introduction
799(1)
Regulations and Standards
799(1)
General Considerations and Preparation for Healthy, Nonstranded Marine Mammals
800(1)
Taxon-Specific Considerations
801(6)
Cetaceans
801(5)
Pinnipeds
806(1)
Sea Otters
806(1)
Sirenians
807(1)
Polar Bears
807(1)
Transportation for Rescue and Rehabilitation
807(1)
Additional Animal Health Considerations
808(1)
Conclusions
808(1)
Acknowledgments
809(1)
References
809(4)
Section VII: Health Assessments
34 Population Health Assessment Study Design
813(10)
Teresa K. Rowles
Lori H. Schwacke
Ailsa J. Hall
Michelle Barbieri
Introduction
813(1)
Reference Intervals and Sample Sizes
814(1)
Study Design Selection
814(2)
Case 1: Intervention Study-Recovery and Enhancement in Hawaiian Monk Seals
816(1)
Translocation
816(1)
Vaccination
816(1)
Emerging Health Threats
816(1)
Case 2: Source-Driven Assessment Using Multiple Sampling Approaches and a Prospective Cohort Study Design-Assessment of Injury to Bottlencise Dolphins after the DEEPWATER HORIZON Oil Spill
817(1)
Case 3: Effect-Driven Assessment Using a Multifactorial Study Design-Harbor Seals in Scotland
818(1)
Comparing Pup Survivorship
818(1)
Health Assessment and Exposure Identification Using Live Capture-Release
818(1)
Mark-Recapture Cohort Study and Population Model
818(1)
Strandings
819(1)
Case 4: Effect-Driven Assessment Using a Case-Control Study Design-Cancer in California Sea Lions
819(1)
Conclusions
820(1)
Acknowledgments
820(1)
References
820(3)
35 Health Assessment of Bottlenose Dolphins in Capture-Release Studies
823(12)
Forrest I. Townsend
Cynthia R. Smith
Teresa K. Rowles
Introduction and History
823(1)
Internal Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and Permitting Requirements
824(1)
Preprocedure Veterinary Briefing with the Health Assessment Team
824(1)
Deep Water vs. Shallow Water Capture Techniques
824(1)
Initial Handling and Evaluation
825(1)
Animal Monitoring: Subtle and-Not-So-Subtle Clinical Signs
825(1)
Emergency Preparedness
826(1)
Veterinary Field Procedures
826(5)
Blood Collection
826(1)
Urine Collection
827(1)
Additional Route Biological Sample Collection
827(1)
Blubber Biopsies
827(2)
Tooth Extraction for Age Estimation
829(1)
Radiographic Techniques for Age Estimation
830(1)
Diagnostic Ultrasound
830(1)
Auditory Evoked Potential
830(1)
Exhaled Breath Collection and Analysis
831(1)
Health Grades and Prognosis Scores
831(1)
References
831(4)
36 Health Assessment of Large Whales
835(14)
Rosalind M. Rolland
Michael J. Moore
Introduction
835(1)
Remote Health Assessment
836(5)
Visual Health Assessment
837
Blubber Ultrasound Measurement-
-839(1679)
Aerial Photogrammetry and Health Assessment
840(1)
Endocrinology Using Alternative Biological Matrices
841(1)
Fecal Hormones
841(1)
Blubber Hormones
842(1)
Respiratory Vapor (Blow) Hormones
842(1)
Earplugs (Cerumen) and Baleen
843(1)
Marine Biotoxins
843(1)
Environmental Contaminants
843(1)
Infectious Diseases, Parasites, and Protozoa
844(1)
Microbiome and Health
844(1)
Acknowledgments
844(1)
References
845(4)
37 Health Assessment of Seals and Sea Lions
849(8)
Michelle Barbieri
Introduction
849(1)
History
849(1)
Restraint
850(1)
Physical Restraint
850(1)
Mechanical Restraint
850(1)
Chemical Restraint
851(1)
Physical Examination
851(1)
Diagnostic Techniques
852(3)
Blood Sampling
852(1)
Swabbing
853(1)
Urine Collection
854(1)
Feces Collection
854(1)
Cerebrospinal Fluid Sampling
855(1)
Biopsies
855(1)
Imaging and Photography
855(1)
References
855(2)
38 Health Assessment of Sirenia
857(14)
Michael T. Walsh
Janet M. Lanyon
David Blyde
Introduction
857(1)
Health Assessments of Manatees
858(7)
Capture and Restraint
858(1)
Postcapture Management, Evaluation, and Animal Handling
859(2)
Clinical Monitoring
861(2)
Clinical Support
863(1)
Sampling, Tagging, Measuring
863(2)
Health Assessment of Dugongs
865(3)
Capture and Restraint
865(1)
Clinical Monitoring and Sampling
865(3)
Acknowledgments
868(1)
References
868(3)
39 Medical Training of Cetaceans and Pinnipeds for Veterinary Care
871(16)
Geraldine Lacave
Introduction: Why Medical Training?
871(1)
Teamwork
872(1)
The Animals
872(1)
Training: Some Basic Theory
872(1)
Operant Conditioning
872(1)
Reinforcement
872(1)
Bridge
873(1)
Discriminative Stimulus (SD)
873(1)
Time
873(1)
Basic Behaviors
873(2)
Target
873(1)
Place
874(1)
Stay
874(1)
Touch
874(1)
Water
874(1)
"A to B"-Separation of Animals-Gating
874(1)
Routine Medical Behaviors
875(5)
Weighing
875(1)
Body Examination
875(1)
Eye Examination
875(1)
Oral Examination
876(1)
Blowhole or Nostril Sampling
877(1)
Gastric Sampling
877(1)
Fecal Sampling
877(1)
Blood Sampling
878(1)
Ultrasound
879(1)
Radiography
880(1)
Advanced Medical Behaviors
880(1)
Urine Sampling
880(1)
Milk Sampling
880(1)
Semen Sampling
880(1)
Injections
880(1)
Biopsies
880(1)
Endoscopy
880(1)
Anesthesia
880(1)
CT Scan
880(1)
Prosthetics
881(1)
Protected Contact
881(1)
Lifting Floor
881(1)
Conclusions
881(1)
Acknowledgments
881(1)
References
882(5)
Section VIII: Taxon Specific Medicine
40 Cetacean Medicine
887(22)
Hendrik H. Nollens
Stephanie Venn-Watson
Claudia Gill
James F. McBain
Introduction
887(1)
Cetacean Husbandry
887(2)
Husbandry Training
888(1)
Medical Facilities
888(1)
Nutrition
888(1)
Preventative Medicine Program
889(2)
Wellness Checks
890(1)
Vaccinations
890(1)
Parasite Prophylaxis
891(1)
Physical Examination
891(2)
History
891(1)
Visual Examination
891(1)
Hands-on Examination
892(1)
Hematology and Serum Chemistry
893(2)
Plasma Fibrinogen
893(1)
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
893(1)
Serum Iron
894(1)
Reticulocyte Counts
894(1)
Serum Albumin
894(1)
Alkaline Phosphatase
894(1)
Total White Blood Cell Count
894(1)
Differential Blood Cell Count
894(1)
Serum Transaminases
895(1)
Intervention
895(1)
Medications
895(3)
Routes of Administration
895(1)
Fluid Therapy
896(1)
Managing Inappetence
897(1)
Managing Weight Loss
897(1)
Immediate Care of Stranded Cetaceans
898(1)
Surgery
898(1)
Pain Management
898(1)
Respiratory Disease
899(1)
Gastrointestinal Disease
899(1)
Ocular Disease
900(1)
Skin Disease
900(1)
Liver Disease
900(2)
Renal Disease
902(1)
Metabolic Syndrome
902(1)
Iron Overload
903(1)
Fatty Liver Disease
903(1)
Hypovitaminosis D and Hyperparathyroidism
904(1)
References
904(5)
41 Seal and Sea Lion Medicine
909(26)
Cara L. Field
Frances M.D. Gulland
Shawn P. Johnson
Claire A. Simeone
Sophie T. Whoriskey
Introduction
909(1)
Husbandry
909(2)
Pools, Haul-Out Areas, and Enclosures
909(1)
Feeding
910(1)
Restraint
910(1)
Diseases
911(11)
Integumentary System
911(2)
Musculoskeletal System
913(1)
Digestive System
914(3)
Respiratory System
917(1)
Cardiovascular System
918(1)
Urogenital System
919(1)
Endocrine System
920(1)
Eyes
920(1)
Nervous System
920(2)
Surgery
922(3)
Acknowledgments
925(1)
References
925(10)
42 Walrus Medicine
935(14)
Daniel M. Mulcahy
Vanessa Fravel
Introduction
935(1)
Biology
936(1)
Feeding
936(1)
Reproduction
936(1)
Diet
937(1)
Physical Examination
937(1)
Vital Rates
937(1)
Restraint, Sedation, and Anesthesia
938(1)
Specimen Collection and Diagnostic Techniques
938(1)
Medical Problems and Other Conditions
939(3)
Cardiology
939(1)
Dermatology
939(1)
Neoplasms
939(1)
Neurology
939(1)
Ophthalmology
939(1)
Respiratory
939(2)
Dentistry
941(1)
Gastrointestinal Disease
942(1)
Skeletal
942(1)
Miscellaneous Diseases
942(1)
Sleep
942(1)
References
943(6)
43 Sirenian Medicine
949(20)
Michelle R. Davis
Michael T. Walsh
Introduction
949(1)
Natural History
949(1)
Rescue and Rehabilitation
950(1)
Anatomy and Physiology
950(1)
Reproduction
951(1)
Husbandry
952(1)
Handling and Restraint
952(1)
Physical Examination
952(1)
Diagnostic Techniques
953(3)
Blood Collection
953(1)
Fecal Sampling
953(1)
Radiography and Ultrasonography
953(1)
Endoscopy
953(2)
Clinical Pathology
955(1)
Urinalysis
956(1)
Other Clinical Pathology
956(1)
Neonatology and Hand-Rearing
956(1)
Therapeutics
957(1)
Other Disorders
958(1)
Environmental Health Concerns
959(2)
Brevetoxicosis
959(1)
Cold Stress Syndrome
959(1)
Watercraft Injuries
960(1)
Entanglements
961(1)
Other Environmental Health Concerns
961(1)
Infectious Diseases
961(1)
Bacteria and Viruses
961(1)
Parasites
961(1)
Miscellaneous Conditions
961(1)
Acknowledgments
962(1)
References
962(7)
44 Sea Otter Medicine
969(20)
Lesanna L. Lahner
Pamela A. Tuomi
Michael J. Murray
Introduction
969(1)
Life History
970(1)
Vision and Hearing
971(1)
Social Organization and Reproduction
971(1)
Feeding and Metabolism
972(1)
Physical and Chemical Restraint
972(1)
Clinical Examination
973(2)
Integument
974(1)
Musculoskeletal System
974(1)
Head
974(1)
Respiratory System
974(1)
Cardiovascular System
974(1)
Abdomen
975(1)
Urogenital System
975(1)
Blood Collection
975(1)
Clinical Chemistry and Urinalysis
976(1)
Husbandry
977(1)
Nutrition
978(1)
Medical Abnormalities
979(4)
Hypoglycemia and Hypothermia
979(1)
Hyperthermia
979(1)
Digestive
980(1)
Infectious Disease
980(1)
Integumentary
981(1)
Cardiovascular
982(1)
Musculoskeletal
982(1)
Nervous System
982(1)
Ocular
983(1)
Respiratory
983(1)
Urogenital and Reproductive
983(1)
Neoplasia
983(1)
Surgery
983(1)
Dentistry
984(1)
Preventive Medicine
984(1)
Acknowledgments
985(1)
References
985(4)
45 Polar Bear Medicine
989(14)
Michael Brent Briggs
Beth Ament Briggs
Introduction
989(1)
Natural History and Physiology
989(1)
Nutrition
990(1)
Reproduction
991(1)
Endocrinology
991(1)
Reproductive Hormones
991(1)
Thyroid Hormones
991(1)
Housing
992(1)
Behavior
992(1)
Training for Veterinary Procedures
992(1)
Restraint
993(1)
Physical Examination
993(1)
Venipuncture
994(1)
Developmental/Anomalous Diseases
994(1)
Nutritional Diseases
994(1)
Neoplasia
994(1)
Infectious Diseases
994(1)
Viral Diseases
994(1)
Bacterial Diseases
995(1)
Mycoses
995(1)
Parasites
995(1)
Skin Disease
995(1)
Dental Disease
996(1)
Trauma
996(1)
Toxins
996(1)
References
996
Appendices
Appendix 1 Normal Hematology and Serum Chemistry Ranges
1003(20)
Appendix 2 Taxon-Specific Blood References
1023(2)
Appendix 3 Literature Cited on Blood Parameters
1025(6)
Appendix 4 Conversions
1031(4)
Appendix 5 International Stranding Networks
1035(52)
Index 1087
Leslie Dierauf, V.M.D. is a retired wildlife veterinarian, having pursued a successful and unique professional career in a variety of venues. Most recently, from 2008-2011, Leslie served in a federal agency capacity, as the senior executive Pacific Northwest Regional Director, and prior to that as the Director of the National Wildlife Health Center for the US Department of the Interiors US Geological Survey (USGS). Between 1994 and 2004, Leslie worked for the US Fish and Wildlife Service in the Southwestern US, primarily with local communities in NM, AZ, TX and OK, working together to create land, water and development plans while protecting a multitude of threatened and endangered species through habitat conservation plans and the Mexican gray wolf reintroduction program.



In 1990, Leslie was honored with a Congressional Science Fellowship from the American Association for the Advancement of Science; following that year in Washington, DC, she continued to work for three years as a Science Advisor to the US House of Representatives, primarily on marine and aquatic policy, as well as fish and wildlife conservation. She was instrumental in drafting and then helping pass Title IV of the Marine Mammal Protection Act, placing responsibility on the National Marine Fisheries Service and the US Fish and Wildlife Service for unusual mortality events (UMEs) in marine mammals.



Before joining Federal service, Leslie practiced marine mammal medicine as the California Marine Mammal Centers Chief of Veterinary Services in Sausalito, CA, and emergency medicine as staff veterinarian for the Marin County Small Animal Emergency Clinic in San Rafael, CA. She has served as the President of the International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine, and co-edited and authored two previous editions of CRC Presss Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease and Rehabilitation (1990 and 2001)



Currently Leslie lives in West Seattle, WA (overlooking the Salish Sea), with her husband Jim, and serves on the Boards of SeaLife Response, Rehabilitation and Research (SR3) and the SeaDoc Society, both marine ecosystem health public/private nonprofits.









Frances M. D. Gulland, Vet MB, PhD, MRCVS is a veterinarian at The Marine Mammal Center in Sausalito, California. She has been actively involved in the veterinary care and rehabilitation of stranded marine mammals and research into marine mammal diseases there since 1994. Her interests include determining the impacts of human activities on marine mammal health, and how marine mammals can in turn serve as indicators of ocean health. She received a veterinary degree from the University of Cambridge, U.K., in 1984, and a PhD in Zoology there in 1991. She currently serves as Commissioner on the U. S. Marine Mammal Commission.









Karyl L. Whitman, Ph.D is a wildlife behavioral ecologist interested in applied ecology and mitigating human effects on wildlife. She received a B.A. in Archaeology and Anthropology from Rutgers University. As a John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Fellow, Karyl received her Ph.D. in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior from the University of Minnesota in 2006 under the direction of Dr. Craig Packer. Her research modelled the effects of trophy hunting and developed a new method to non-invasively age African lions that has been instrumental in reforming the hunting industry across several African states. She has studied a variety of East Africa wildlife, however more recently she assists with field research of California sea lions and northern fur seals in California. Karyl serves as a scientific advisor on the African Lion Working Group and to the Serengeti Lion Project. She currently lives in Seattle with her four children and husband, Tom Gelatt, who is the real marine mammal biologist in the family.