| Preface |
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xvi | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xviii | |
| Chapter 1 The Context and Consequences of Theory |
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1 | (11) |
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3 | (2) |
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Theory and Policy: Ideas Have Consequences |
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5 | (1) |
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Context, Theory, and Policy: Plan of the Book |
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6 | (5) |
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Inventing Criminology: Mainstream Theories |
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7 | (1) |
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Social Turmoil and the Rise of Critical Theories |
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8 | (1) |
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Criminological Theory in the Conservative Era |
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9 | (1) |
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Criminological Theory in the 21st Century |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
| Chapter 2 The Search for the "Criminal Man" |
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12 | (20) |
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14 | (2) |
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The Classical School: Criminal as Calculator |
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16 | (2) |
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The Positivist School: Criminal as Determined |
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18 | (8) |
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The Birth of the Positivist School: Lombroso's Theory of the Criminal Man |
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18 | (2) |
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Lombroso's Legacy: The Italian Criminological Tradition |
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20 | (3) |
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The Continuing Search for the Individual Roots of Crime |
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23 | (3) |
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The Consequence of Theory: Policy Implications |
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26 | (4) |
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The Positivist School and the Control of the Biological Criminal |
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26 | (3) |
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The Positivist School and Criminal Justice Reform |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
| Chapter 3 Rejecting Individualism: The Chicago School |
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32 | (27) |
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The Chicago School of Criminology: Theory in Context |
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33 | (1) |
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Shaw and McKay's Theory of Juvenile Delinquency |
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34 | (4) |
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Burgess's Concentric Zone Theory |
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35 | (1) |
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Disorganization and Delinquency |
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36 | (1) |
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Transmission of Criminal Values |
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37 | (1) |
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The Empirical Status of Social Disorganization Theory |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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Sutherland's Theory of Differential Association |
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38 | (3) |
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Differential Social Organization |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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The Chicago School's Criminological Legacy |
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41 | (1) |
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Control and Culture in the Community |
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42 | (9) |
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Collective Efficacy Theory |
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42 | (2) |
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Cultural Attenuation Theory |
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44 | (3) |
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47 | (1) |
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Anderson's Code of the Street |
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48 | (3) |
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Akers's Social Learning Theory |
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51 | (5) |
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Becoming a Learning Theorist |
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51 | (1) |
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Extending Sutherland: Akers's Theory |
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52 | (3) |
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Assessing Social Learning Theory |
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55 | (1) |
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The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
| Chapter 4 Crime in American Society: Anomie and Strain Theories |
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59 | (27) |
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60 | (5) |
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America as a Criminogenic Society |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (2) |
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Status Discontent and Delinquency |
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65 | (3) |
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65 | (1) |
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Delinquency and Opportunity |
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66 | (2) |
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The Criminological Legacy of "Classic" Strain Theory |
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68 | (1) |
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Agnew's General Strain Theory |
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69 | (6) |
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Becoming a Strain Theorist |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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Assessing General Strain Theory |
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72 | (1) |
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Two Theoretical Extensions |
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73 | (2) |
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A Theory of African American Offending |
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75 | (2) |
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Crime and the American Dream: Institutional-Anomie Theory |
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77 | (3) |
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Inventing Institutional-Anomie Theory |
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78 | (1) |
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The American Dream and Anomie |
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78 | (1) |
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Institutional Balance of Power |
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79 | (1) |
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Assessing Institutional-Anomie Theory |
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79 | (1) |
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The Market Economy and Crime |
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80 | (1) |
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The Future of Strain Theory |
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81 | (1) |
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The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications |
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82 | (3) |
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82 | (2) |
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Taming the American Dream |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
| Chapter 5 Society as Insulation: The Origins of Control Theory |
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86 | (19) |
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Forerunners of Control Theory |
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87 | (3) |
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87 | (2) |
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The Influence of the Chicago School |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (2) |
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Reiss's Theory of Personal and Social Controls |
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90 | (1) |
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Nye's Family-Focused Theory of Social Controls |
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91 | (1) |
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Reckless's Containment Theory |
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92 | (5) |
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The Social Psychology of the Self |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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Factors in Outer Containment |
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94 | (1) |
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Factors in Inner Containment |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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Sykes and Matza: Neutralization and Drift Theory |
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97 | (5) |
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Techniques of Neutralization |
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98 | (2) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (2) |
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Control Theory in Context |
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102 | (2) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
| Chapter 6 The Complexity of Control: Hirschi's Two Theories and Beyond |
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105 | (32) |
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Hirschi's First Theory: Social Bonds and Delinquency |
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106 | (9) |
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106 | (2) |
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Hirschi's Sociological Perspective |
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108 | (1) |
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Why Social Control Matters |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (4) |
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Assessing Social Bond Theory |
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114 | (1) |
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Hirschi's Second Theory: Self-Control and Crime |
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115 | (11) |
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116 | (3) |
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Assessing Self-Control Theory |
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119 | (3) |
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Self-Control and Social Bonds |
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122 | (1) |
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Hirschi's Revised Social Control Theory |
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123 | (2) |
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Self-Control and Vulnerability to Victimization |
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125 | (1) |
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The Complexity of Control |
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126 | (8) |
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Hagan's Power-Control Theory |
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126 | (1) |
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Tittle's Control Balance Theory |
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127 | (2) |
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Colvin's Differential Coercion Theory |
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129 | (2) |
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Beyond Control: Cullen's Social Support Theory |
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131 | (3) |
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The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
| Chapter 7 The Irony of State Intervention: Labeling Theory |
|
137 | (27) |
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The Social Construction of Crime |
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138 | (2) |
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Labeling as Criminogenic: Creating Career Criminals |
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140 | (10) |
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Early Statements of Labeling Theory |
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141 | (1) |
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Labeling as a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy |
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142 | (1) |
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Assessing Labeling Theory |
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143 | (6) |
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Labeling Theory in Context |
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149 | (1) |
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The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications |
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150 | (4) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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Extending Labeling Theory |
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154 | (8) |
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Braithwaite's Theory of Shaming and Crime |
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154 | (2) |
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Sherman's Defiance Theory |
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156 | (1) |
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Tyler's Procedural Justice Theory |
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156 | (2) |
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Rose and Clear's Coerced Mobility Theory |
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158 | (1) |
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Policy Implications: Restorative Justice and Prisoner Reentry |
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159 | (3) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
| Chapter 8 Social Power and the Construction of Crime: Conflict Theory |
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164 | (28) |
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Forerunners of Conflict Theory |
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165 | (3) |
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Marx and Engels: Capitalism and Crime |
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165 | (1) |
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Simmel: Forms of Conflict |
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166 | (1) |
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Banger: Capitalism and Crime |
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166 | (1) |
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Sutherland and Sellin: Culture Conflict and Crime |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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Theory in Context: The Turmoil of the 1960s |
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168 | (1) |
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Advancing Conflict Theory: Turk, Chambliss, and Quinney |
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169 | (16) |
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Turk: The Criminalization Process |
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170 | (4) |
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Chambliss: Crime, Power, and Legal Process |
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174 | (5) |
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Quinney: Social Reality, Capitalism, and Crime |
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179 | (6) |
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Conflict Theory and the Causes of Crime |
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185 | (1) |
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Consequences of Conflict Theory |
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186 | (5) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
| Chapter 9 The Variety of Critical Theory |
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192 | (41) |
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Looking Back at Early British and European Influences |
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194 | (2) |
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Background: The New Criminology |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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Critique of the New Criminology |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (3) |
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196 | (2) |
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Consequences of New Criminology/Left Realism |
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198 | (1) |
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The New Criminology Revisited: A Shift in Context |
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199 | (2) |
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201 | (4) |
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201 | (4) |
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Late Modernity and Globalization: Major Historical Changes |
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205 | (1) |
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Changing Social Context: 2015-2018 |
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205 | (4) |
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Early Cultural Criminology |
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209 | (3) |
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209 | (1) |
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Consequences of Early Cultural Criminology |
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210 | (2) |
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Cultural Criminology Today |
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212 | (3) |
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Green/Cultural Criminology |
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215 | (3) |
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Background and Emergence of Green Criminology |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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Convict/Cultural Criminology |
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218 | (4) |
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Background: Primarily an American Contribution |
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218 | (1) |
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Consequences of the "New School of Convict Criminology" |
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219 | (3) |
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New Directions in Criminological Theory: Death and the Birth of New Ideas |
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222 | (4) |
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Background and Transition |
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222 | (1) |
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Hall's New Perspective: 2012-2018 |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (1) |
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The Importance of Other Voices: Jock Young |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (5) |
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Contributions and Content: Background |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (2) |
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229 | (2) |
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Consequences of Abolitionism |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
| Chapter 10 The Gendering of Criminology: Feminist Theory |
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233 | (39) |
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234 | (1) |
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Prefeminist Pioneers and Themes |
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235 | (3) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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The Emergence of New Questions: Bringing Women In |
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238 | (1) |
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The Second Wave: From Women's Emancipation to Patriarchy |
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239 | (2) |
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Women's Emancipation and Crime |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (1) |
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Varieties of Feminist Thought |
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241 | (1) |
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Early Feminist Perspectives |
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241 | (1) |
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Contemporary Feminist Perspectives |
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242 | (1) |
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The Intersection of Race, Class, and Gender |
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242 | (4) |
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246 | (4) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (2) |
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250 | (9) |
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Gendered Pathways to Lawbreaking |
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250 | (3) |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (2) |
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A Gendered Theory of Offending |
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255 | (2) |
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The Gender Gap: Further Comments |
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257 | (2) |
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Postmodemist Feminism and the Third Wave Revisited |
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259 | (3) |
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Consequences of Feminist Theory: Policy Implications |
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262 | (9) |
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Consequences of the Diversity of Feminist Perspectives |
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262 | (3) |
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Consequences of Feminist Criminology for Corrections |
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265 | (2) |
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Consequences of Feminist Criminology: Background and New Directions |
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267 | (4) |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
| Chapter 11 Crimes of the Powerful: Theories of White-Collar Crime |
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272 | (30) |
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The Discovery of White-Collar Crime: Edwin H. Sutherland |
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276 | (10) |
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276 | (3) |
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Becoming the Father of White-Collar Crime |
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279 | (2) |
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Defining White-Collar Crime |
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281 | (3) |
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Explaining White-Collar Crime |
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284 | (2) |
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286 | (4) |
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286 | (2) |
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288 | (1) |
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The Normalization of Deviance |
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289 | (1) |
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Organizational Strain and Opportunity |
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290 | (3) |
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290 | (1) |
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Criminogenic Opportunities |
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291 | (2) |
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293 | (5) |
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293 | (2) |
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White-Collar Crime as a Rational Choice |
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295 | (1) |
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White-Collar Offenders as Bad Apples |
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296 | (2) |
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298 | (1) |
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Consequences of White-Collar Crime Theory: Policy Implications |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
| Chapter 12 Bringing Punishment Back In: Conservative Criminology |
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302 | (43) |
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Context: The United States of the 1980s and Early 1990s |
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303 | (7) |
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The Economic Decline of the United States |
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304 | (1) |
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The Persistence of Inequality in the United States |
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304 | (2) |
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The Rhetoric of Stability |
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306 | (3) |
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The Legacy of the Conservative Political Agenda |
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309 | (1) |
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A New Context in Four Parts: 2008 to 2019 |
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310 | (7) |
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The New Conservatism, Shock Doctrine, and Dark Money |
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310 | (2) |
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The War on Terror and the Rise of Hate Crimes |
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312 | (1) |
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The Precariousness of the Rule of Law |
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313 | (2) |
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Big Data and Surveillance |
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315 | (2) |
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Other Recent Changes in Context |
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317 | (7) |
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317 | (1) |
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Inequality Expands in the United States |
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318 | (1) |
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The Rhetoric of Hope and Change |
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318 | (2) |
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The Rhetoric of "Make America Great Again" |
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320 | (3) |
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Law and Order Issues Under Trump |
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323 | (1) |
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Varieties of Conservative Theory |
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324 | (1) |
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Crime and Human Nature: Wilson and Herrnstein |
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324 | (4) |
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324 | (2) |
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Assessing Crime and Human Nature |
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326 | (2) |
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Crime and The Bell Curve: Herrnstein and Murray |
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328 | (2) |
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330 | (1) |
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Choosing to Be Criminal: Crime Pays |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (3) |
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Broken Windows: The Tolerance of Public Disorganization |
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335 | (3) |
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Consequences of Conservative Theory: Policy Implications |
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338 | (4) |
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The Embrace of Mass Imprisonment |
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338 | (1) |
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Incapacitating the Wicked |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (2) |
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342 | (2) |
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344 | (1) |
| Chapter 13 Choosing Crime in Everyday Life: Routine Activity and Rational Choice Theories |
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345 | (28) |
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Routine Activity Theory: Opportunities and Crime |
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346 | (12) |
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The Chemistry for Crime: Offenders, Targets, and Guardians |
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348 | (3) |
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351 | (1) |
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Policy Implications: Reducing Opportunities for Crime |
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352 | (6) |
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358 | (7) |
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Rational Choice and Crime |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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Are Offender's Choices Rational? |
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360 | (5) |
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Perceptual Deterrence Theory |
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365 | (6) |
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365 | (1) |
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Assessing Perceptual Deterrence Theory |
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365 | (3) |
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Policy Implications: Certainty, Not Severity |
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368 | (3) |
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Situational Action Theory |
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371 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
| Chapter 14 The Search for the "Criminal Man" Revisited: Biosocial Theories |
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373 | (23) |
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Evolutionary Psychology: Darwin Revisited |
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376 | (3) |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (2) |
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Social Concern Theory: Evolutionary Psychology Revisited |
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379 | (1) |
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Neuroscience: Neurological and Biochemical Theories |
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380 | (11) |
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382 | (3) |
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385 | (6) |
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391 | (1) |
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391 | (3) |
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391 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
| Chapter 15 New Directions in Biosocial Theory: Perspectives and Policies |
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396 | (26) |
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Biosocial Risk and Protective Factors |
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397 | (5) |
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397 | (2) |
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399 | (3) |
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402 | (2) |
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The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications |
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404 | (15) |
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An Agenda for Research and Policy |
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404 | (4) |
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Implications for Prevention and Treatment |
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408 | (7) |
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Problems of Definition and the Social Construction of Crime |
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415 | (3) |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (2) |
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421 | (1) |
| Chapter 16 The Development of Criminals: Life-Course Theories |
|
422 | (35) |
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Integrated Theories of Crime |
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424 | (9) |
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425 | (1) |
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Elliott and Colleague's Integrated Strain-Control Paradigm |
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425 | (2) |
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Thornberry's Interactional Theory |
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427 | (2) |
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Hawkins and Catalano's Social Development Model |
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429 | (1) |
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430 | (3) |
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433 | (1) |
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Life-Course Criminology: Continuity and Change |
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433 | (1) |
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Criminology in Crisis: Gottfredson and Hirschi Revisited |
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434 | (2) |
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Patterson's Social-Interactional Developmental Model |
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436 | (1) |
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436 | (1) |
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436 | (1) |
|
Intervening With Families |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Moffitt's Life-Course-Persistent/Adolescence-Limited Theory |
|
|
437 | (5) |
|
Life-Course-Persistent Antisocial Behavior |
|
|
438 | (2) |
|
Adolescence-Limited Antisocial Behavior |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Assessing Moffitt's Theory |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
Sampson and Laub: Social Bond Theory Revisited |
|
|
442 | (6) |
|
An Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control |
|
|
442 | (2) |
|
Assessing Sampson and Laub's Life-Course Theory |
|
|
444 | (2) |
|
Revising the Age-Graded Theory of Crime |
|
|
446 | (2) |
|
Rethinking Crime: Cognitive Theories of Desistance |
|
|
448 | (5) |
|
Maruna's Theory of Redemption Scripts |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Giordano et al.'s Theory of Cognitive Transformation |
|
|
449 | (3) |
|
Paternoster and Bushway's Theory of the Feared Self |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications |
|
|
453 | (2) |
|
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
|
|
456 | (1) |
| References |
|
457 | (77) |
| Author Index |
|
534 | (20) |
| Subject Index |
|
554 | (19) |
| About the Authors |
|
| Index |
|
573 | |
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