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El. knyga: Cross-Border Tourism in Protected Areas: Potentials, Pitfalls and Perspectives

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This book discusses how tourism between neighboring countries like Poland and Germany is hindered despite the Schengen Treaty. Taking protected areas in north-eastern Germany and north-western Poland as exemplary cases, it analyses the phenomenon of socio-economic and cultural barriers for cross-border tourism. It also presents the results of a representative online survey in both countries, and discusses socio-economic and geographical research on border areas, nature tourism in protected areas, national stereotypes and prejudices. As one of the very few source market studies on protected area tourism, it is relevant for scholars and practitioners (protected area managers, tourism professionals) alike providing them with insights into the implications for future research and tourism practice.

1 Barrier Effects of the Polish-German Border on Tourism and Recreation: The Case of Protected Areas. An Introduction 1(18)
1.1 Introduction
1(6)
1.2 Theoretical Background and the State of Research: An Overview
7(2)
1.3 Survey Area: The Polish-German Borderlands
9(2)
1.4 Book Outline
11(2)
References
13(6)
2 Borders, (Protected Area) Tourism and Prejudices: Theoretical and Conceptual Insights 19(46)
2.1 Introduction
19(1)
2.2 Borders and Boundaries as Objects of Research
19(8)
2.2.1 Borders and Boundaries: Terms, Definitions and Discussion
20(4)
2.2.2 Border Typologies, Types and Functions
24(2)
2.2.3 Border Regions, Borderlands, Border Areas and Their Characteristics
26(1)
2.3 Tourism and Borders
27(13)
2.3.1 Tourism as a Topic Disregarded by the Field of Border Studies
27(1)
2.3.2 The General Nexus Between Tourism and Borders/Boundaries
28(5)
2.3.3 Spatial and Temporal Relations Between Political Borders and Tourism
33(2)
2.3.4 Influence of (Political) Borders on Tourism
35(5)
2.4 Stereotypes and Prejudices as Barriers to Tourism and Their Spatial Context
40(7)
2.4.1 Stereotypes
41(1)
2.4.2 Prejudices
42(1)
2.4.3 Stereotypes and Prejudices in Tourism
43(1)
2.4.4 Destination Image and Its Influence on Destination Choice/Travel Decisions
44(2)
2.4.5 Effects of Tourism on Stereotypes and Prejudices and vice versa
46(1)
2.5 (Cross-Border) Protected Areas and (Cross-Border) Tourism
47(5)
2.5.1 Tourism in Protected Areas
47(2)
2.5.2 Tourism in Transboundary Protected Areas
49(3)
2.6 Conclusions
52(1)
References
53(12)
3 Cross-Border Politics and Development in the European Union with a Focus on Tourism 65(20)
3.1 Introduction
65(1)
3.2 Objectives and Challenges of Cross-Border Cooperation in Tourism
66(2)
3.3 Tourism Policy in Central and Eastern European Countries After the Fall of the Iron Curtain, 1989/90
68(2)
3.4 EU Cross-Border Policies and Tourism Development
70(3)
3.4.1 EU Tourism Policy
70(1)
3.4.2 The Schengen Agreement and Its Importance for Tourism
71(1)
3.4.3 EU Funding Programs and Instruments
72(1)
3.5 Euroregions
73(1)
3.6 The Interreg Initiative
74(5)
3.7 Conclusion
79(1)
References
79(6)
4 Characteristics of the Relations and Tourism Flows Between Poland and Germany 85(26)
4.1 Introduction
85(1)
4.2 Polish-German Relations Post-World War II and Today's Mutual Country Images
86(5)
4.2.1 Polish-German Post-war Relations and Features of a Shared Border
86(3)
4.2.2 Cultural Similarity and Mutual Country Images of Poles and Germans
89(2)
4.3 Determinants and Characteristics of International Tourism Between Poland and Germany
91(5)
4.4 Trip Organization, Expenditures and Accommodation of Polish and German Tourists
96(6)
4.5 The Role of Nature as an Attraction Factor for Polish-German Tourism
102(3)
4.6 Conclusion
105(1)
References
106(5)
5 Tourism in Two National Parks: Lower Oder Valley, Germany, and Ujscie Warty, Poland 111(18)
5.1 Introduction
111(1)
5.2 National Park Tourism in Germany and Poland
111(6)
5.3 Case Studies of Two National Parks: Lower Oder Valley, Germany, and Ujscie Warty, Poland
117(2)
5.4 Current State of Tourism in Two National Parks: Lower Oder Valley, Germany, and Ujscie Warty, Poland
119(3)
5.5 Conclusions
122(2)
References
124(5)
6 Cross-Border Tourism to Protected Areas in Poland and Germany: Methodology 129(30)
6.1 Introduction
129(1)
6.2 General Assumptions
130(1)
6.3 The Web-Based Source Area Survey
131(1)
6.4 Structure of the Questionnaire
132(2)
6.5 Workshops, Conferences and Focus-Group Discussions as Pretests
134(1)
6.6 Statistical Population and Sample Size
135(1)
6.7 Elicitation and Data Preparation
136(1)
6.8 Data Analysis and Aggregation of Image Variables
137(20)
References
157(2)
7 Mutual Attitudes, Stereotypes and Prejudices Towards the Neighboring Country and Perceptions of the Polish-German Border 159(42)
7.1 Introduction
159(1)
7.2 Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Respondents
159(9)
7.3 Mutual Attitudes and Perceptions of the Neighboring Country
168(23)
7.3.1 Interest, Sympathy, Fascination and Knowledge of the Neighboring Country
168(2)
7.3.2 Associations with the Neighboring Country
170(6)
7.3.3 Image of the Neighboring Country: Semantic Differential
176(3)
7.3.4 Stereotypes and Prejudices Between Poland and Germany
179(7)
7.3.5 Aggregated Image Variables
186(3)
7.3.6 Influencing Factors on the Perception and Image of the Neighboring Country
189(2)
7.4 Perceptions of the Polish-German Border in Its Surroundings
191(2)
7.5 Conclusion
193(7)
References
200(1)
8 Cross-Border Tourism and Recreational Behavior in the Polish-German Border Region: Empirical Evidence from a Representative Online Survey 201(38)
8.1 Introduction
201(1)
8.2 Interest in Other Countries and International Travel Behavior
201(5)
8.3 Respondents' Holiday Preferences
206(3)
8.4 Frequency of Border-Crossings in the Polish-German Border Region
209(3)
8.5 Reasons for Border-Crossings Between Poland and Germany
212(4)
8.6 Reasons for not Visiting the Neighboring Country and Barrier Effects of the Border
216(9)
8.7 Influencing Factors for Border-Crossings in the Polish-German Border Area
225(7)
8.8 Conclusion
232(5)
References
237(2)
9 Images of and Visitation to Protected Areas Along the Polish-German Border with a Special Focus on Two National Parks: Lower Oder Valley, Germany, and Ujscie Warty, Poland 239(40)
9.1 Introduction
239(1)
9.2 Environmental Worldview and Knowledge About Protected Areas in General
239(8)
9.2.1 Environmental Worldview
239(1)
9.2.2 Aggregate Environmental Worldview
240(3)
9.2.3 Membership in Nature/Environmental Protection Organizations
243(1)
9.2.4 Knowledge About Protected Areas in General
244(3)
9.3 Top-of-Mind Associations with Protected Areas in Poland and Germany
247(4)
9.4 Knowledge of and Visitation to Protected Areas in the Polish-German Borderlands
251(12)
9.4.1 Knowledge of Protected Areas
251(4)
9.4.2 Visitation
255(8)
9.5 Preferences for Tourism Infrastructure Facilities in National Parks
263(3)
9.6 Visitation to the NPLOV and NPUW Among the Representative Sample
266(6)
9.6.1 Sociodemographic and Attitudinal Profile of NPUW and NPLOV Visitors
266(1)
9.6.2 Evaluation of, and Feedback on, NPUW and NPLOV Visits
267(4)
9.6.3 Information Sources About the NPUW and NPLOV
271(1)
9.7 Conclusions
272(5)
References
277(2)
10 Revealed and Stated Preferences for Cross-Border Tourism to Protected Areas in Poland and Germany 279(56)
10.1 Introduction
279(1)
10.2 Revealed Preferences I: Visits to a Protected Area in the Neighboring Country
280(7)
10.3 Revealed Preferences II: Share of Protected Areas in the Neighboring Country Visited by Respondents
287(3)
10.4 Stated Preferences: Results of the Choice Task
290(28)
10.4.1 Protected Area Choices for Day and Weekend Trips
291(7)
10.4.2 Sociodemographic and Attitudinal Profile of Respondents with a Stated Preference for Protected Areas in the Neighboring Country
298(8)
10.4.3 Distances and Travel Times to the Chosen Protected Areas
306(4)
10.4.4 Influences of Distance, Time and Knowledge Variables on Stated Day and Weekend Trip Decisions to Protected Areas
310(2)
10.4.5 Regression Models to Explain the Choice of a Protected Area Destination in the Neighboring Country
312(6)
10.5 Conclusions
318(16)
References
334(1)
11 Cross-Border Tourism in Protected Areas Along the Polish-German Border: A Synthesis 335(28)
11.1 Introduction
335(1)
11.2 Summary of Main Results
335(10)
11.3 Discussion of the Results
345(4)
11.4 Comparison with Existing Studies
349(2)
11.5 Critical View of Our Methodology, and Avenues for Future Research
351(2)
11.6 Practical Implications
353(4)
11.7 Final Remarks and Outlook
357(2)
References
359(4)
Index 363
Prof. Dr. Marius Mayer is Assistant Professor at the Institute of Geography and Geology of Greifswald University, Germany, since 2013. He studied economic geography, business and social and economic history at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU) and holds a PhD in Geography from Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg. His research interests include the geography of tourism and recreation, protected areas, ecosystem services and their economic and sociocultural values as well as regional development. He has co-edited books on nature tourism as well as tourism and regional development in Bavaria.

Dr. Wojciech Zbaraszewski is an economist and Assistant Professor at the Department of System Analysis and Finance at the West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Poland. He has authored dozens of scientific articles in the field of public finances, environmental economics and sustainable development and has co-authored a number of projects related to the financing and the functioning of protected areas, including international character. He is long-term manager of a finance workshop and, in addition, he is a social worker and member of several nonprofit organizations.

Dr. hab. Dariusz Piekowski is the head of the Department of Social Sciences and Pedagogy at the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Life Sciences in Pozna (Poland). He studied environmental biology and industrial psychology at the University of A. Mickiewicz in Pozna. He received his PhD in Economics from Kraków University of Economics (Poland) in 2002 and his postdoc qualification in economics from the University of Biaystok in 2015. He was awarded a scholarship from the Swedish Institute (SI) in 2004, and he has worked in German and United Kingdom research organizations. His transdisciplinary research interests are related to ecological economics and socio-economic development issues. He is an author and co-editor of books on theconception of sustainable development and tourism in valuable natural areas.

Dr. Gabriel Gach is a human geographer and works as a marketing and tourism manager at the Kulturzentrum Abtei Brauweiler of the Landschaftsverband Rheinland (LVR) in Pulheim near Cologne, Germany. He studied geography at Göttingen University as well as at Exeter University and holds a PhD in Geography from Greifswald University. His research interests encompass nature tourism, tourism and health, Polish-German tourism and cultural tourism.

Johanna Gernert, M.Sc. is a human geographer. She holds a Bachelor degree in geography with the main focus on leisure, tourism and environment at the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Germany and a master in tourism and regional development from the University of Greifswald where she graduated by writing her thesis within the TAPA research project. Her research interests encompass the geography of tourism and recreation, protected areasand tourism in cross-border regions.
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