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Cross-Dressing Female Saints in Wynkyn de Worde's 1495 Edition of the «Vitas Patrum»: A Study and Edition of the Lives of Saints Pelage, Maryne, Eufrosyne, Eugene and Mary of Egypt [Minkštas viršelis]

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This book presents a study and a first modern text edition of the lives of women cross-dressers in the late Middle English Vitas Patrum , translated by William Caxton, printed by Wynkyn de Worde in 1495. The text edition is accompanied by a critical commentary, glossary and indices. The main study provides an extensive analysis of the motif of cross-dressing in the lives. A constellation of questions is addressed: why do the women take up the male disguise? What were the Church"s and medieval theologians" views on pretending to be a member of the opposite sex? Can, as has often been argued by feminist scholars, these cross-dressing women saints be seen as early feminists? Two further studies give insights into the prospective reading public of the 1495 edition and the woodcut illustrations appended to the vitae.

Contents : The History of the Late Antique and Medieval Tradition - The Woodcut Illustrations - The Audience for de Worde"s Edition - The Motif of Cross-Dressing - Critical Text Edition of the Lives of the Women Cross-Dressers: Pelagia, Mary of Egypt, Maryne, Eufrosyne, Eugene.

The Author: Sandra Lowerre, born in 1973, studied English, American and Medieval German Studies at the University of Bochum. For many years she worked as a lecturer for Old and Middle English at the University of Bochum. Currently, she teaches English at a private school in North Rhine-Westphalia.
Acknowledgements viii
List of Abbreviations ix
I. Introduction x
I.1 Aims of this Study
x
I.2 The Vitas Patrum: The History of the Late Antique and Medieval Tradition
xii
I.3 Bibliographical Description
xviii
3.1 Bibliographical Description of the 'Ideal Copy'
xviii
3.1.1 The Title Page
xviii
3.1.2 Paper, Format and Water Marks
xix
3.1.3 Collation
xix
3.1.4 Text Pages
xix
3.1.5 Typeface
xix
3.1.6 Contents
xx
3.2 List of Misnumbered Folios Common to All the Inspected Copies
xxii
3.3 Further Erroneous Pagination
xxii
3.4 Features Unique to BL C.11.b.3.
xxii
3.4.1 Cover
xxii
3.4.2 Misnumbered or Damaged Folios
xxii
3.4.3 Annotations
xxiii
3.5 Missing Pages in BL IB.55175
xxiii
II. Interpretive Studies xxv
II.1 The Woodcuts
xxv
1.1 The Role of Illustrations in Early Printed Books
xxv
1.2 Description of the Woodcut
xxvii
1.2.1 The Title Page
xxvii
1.2.2 The Full-Page Woodcut
xxvii
1.2.3 The Single-Column Cuts
xxviii
1.3 The Woodcuts in the 1495 English Edition and their Source
xxxii
1.3.1 Preparation of the English Woodcuts xxxiv
1.3.2 Comparison of the Woodcuts in the English and the French Editions
xxxvi
1.3.3 Five Similar But Not Identical Mirror Images
xxxvii
1.3.4 Woodcuts of the Lyons Edition Not Copied in the English VP
xl
1.4 The Women's Lives and their Woodcut Representations
xlii
1.4.1 St Pelage
xlii
1.4.2 St Mary of Egypt
xliii
1.4.3 St Maryne
xliv
1.4.4 St Eufrosyne
xlv
1.4.5 St Eugene
xlvi
II.2 In Search of the Audience: The Reading Public for de Worde's VP
xlvii
2.1 Introduction
xlvii
2.2 Late Medieval Readers – Literacy and Reading Interests in Late Fifteenth-Century England
xlviii
2.3 Comparing Male and Female Reading Interests
lii
2.4 Evidence of the Popularity of the VP Collection among Monastics and the Religiously Interested Lay Reader
liv
2.4.1 Monastic Libraries
liv
2.4.2 Personal Inscriptions in Various Medieval Versions of the VP
lviii
2.4.3 The Reading Public for the VP in Fifteenth-Century Europe
lix
2.5 William Caxton's Reasons for Translating the VP
lxii
2.6 Printing the VP – Wynkyn de Worde
lxv
2.6.1 De Worde's 'Patrons' or Benefactors – Lady Margaret Beaufort
lxviii
2.6.2 Clerical Patrons or Benefactors
lxxi
2.7 Extant Copies of the 1495 VP: Known Owners of de Worde's Edition
lxxiii
2.7.1 Inscriptions by Women
lxxiv
2.7.2 Inscriptions by Men
lxxvi
2.8 Summary and Conclusion
lxxvi
II.3 '...to the ende that noo man knowe that I am a woman...' The Motif of Cross-Dressing
lxxix
3.1 Introduction
lxxix
3.2 The Ideal of the 'Male Woman': Biblical, Late Antique and Medieval Attitudes towards Women and Cross-Dressing
lxxxiii
3.3 Analyses of the Lives and the Reasons for Cross-Dressing
xci
3.3.1 The Life of St Maryne
xci
3.3.2 The Life of St Eufrosyne
xciv
3.3.3 The Life of St Eugene
xcix
3.3.4 The Life of St Pelage
ciii
3.3.5 The Life of St Mary of Egypt
cviii
3.4 Eunuchs for the Kingdom of Heaven – A 'Third Sex'?
cxi
3.5 The Audience for the Lives of the Cross-Dressing Saints
cxx
3.6 Results of the Analyses
cxxii
3.7 The Influence of the Changes in Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary
cxxvi
3.7.1 The Old English Versions of the Lives
cxxix
3.7.2 Comparison of the Anglo-Saxon and Late Middle English Versions of the Lives — Taking Mary as a Model for Compassion and Mildness
cxxx
3.7.3 Sexuality and Gender: The Ideal of Manliness
cxxxiv
3.7.4 From Wolf to Sheep?
cxxxvi
3.7.5 Results of the Comparison
cxxxviii
3.8 Conclusion and Outlook
cxxxix
III. The Edition cxli
III. 1 Editorial Principles
cxli
III. 2 The Text
cxliii
2.1 The Life of St Pelage
1
2.2 The Life of St Mary of Egypt
11
2.3 The Life of St Maryne
28
2.4 The Life of St Eufrosyne
32
2.5 The Life of St Eugene
41
III. 3 Critical Commentary
63
3.1 The Life of St Pelage
64
3.2 The Life of St Mary of Egypt
76
3.3 The Life of St Maryne
85
3.4 The Life of St Eufrosyne
89
3.5 The Life of St Eugene
101
III. 4 Glossary
127
III. 5 List of Proper Names
142
Bibliography 146
Appendices 182
I Copies of a Medieval Version of VP in Twenty Major Medieval Libraries
182
II Occurences of VP in British Medieval Library Catalogues Based on the Corpus of British Medieval Library Catalogues
185
III Extant Copies of de Worde's Edition
197
IV Description of the Marginalia and Glosses in Inscribed Copies of de Worde's 1495 Edition.
199
V List of Major Works Printed by de Worde.
207
VI Table of woodcuts
209
VII Woodcuts of the Lyons Edition Not Copied in the English VP
213