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ix | |
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Acknowledgments |
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xii | |
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xiii | |
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1 | (16) |
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1.1 Background and motivation |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Setting the scene: second and third language acquisition |
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3 | (7) |
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1.2.1 Language acquisition |
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3 | (2) |
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1.2.2 Second versus third language acquisition |
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5 | (1) |
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1.2.3 Third language learners |
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6 | (1) |
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1.2.4 Transfer versus crosslinguistic influence |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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1.4 Structure of the book |
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11 | (6) |
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2 Acquisition of English in Germany |
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17 | (14) |
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2.1 The role of English in Germany |
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17 | (3) |
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2.2 Heterogeneous and diverse foreign language classrooms |
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20 | (2) |
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2.3 Monolingual versus multilingual teaching reality in Germany and beyond |
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22 | (3) |
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25 | (6) |
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3 Previous and current research on language acquisition |
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31 | (37) |
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31 | (2) |
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31 | (1) |
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3.1.2 Minority/heritage language |
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32 | (1) |
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3.1.3 Majority/dominant language |
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32 | (1) |
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3.1.4 Bilingual heritage speakers |
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33 | (1) |
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3.1.5 Learning versus acquiring |
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33 | (1) |
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3.2 Third versus second language acquisition |
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33 | (10) |
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3.2.1 Emergence of the field |
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34 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Crosslinguistic influence in third language acquisition |
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35 | (6) |
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41 | (2) |
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3.3 Bilingualism and heritage speakers |
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43 | (3) |
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3.4 Third language acquisition of heritage bilinguals |
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46 | (6) |
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3.5 Metalinguistic awareness |
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52 | (2) |
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3.6 Bilingual advantages or effects |
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54 | (3) |
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57 | (11) |
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68 | (29) |
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4.1 General properties of tense, aspect, aktionsart |
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68 | (4) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (2) |
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4.2 Tense and aspect marking in English |
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72 | (4) |
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4.3 Tense and aspect marking in German |
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76 | (3) |
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4.4 Tense and aspect marking in Russian |
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79 | (5) |
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4.5 Tense and aspect marking in Turkish |
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84 | (4) |
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4.6 Tense and aspect marking in Vietnamese |
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88 | (3) |
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4.7 Similarities and differences in tense and aspect marking |
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91 | (6) |
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5 Acquisition of tense and aspect |
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97 | (17) |
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5.1 Acquisition of tense and aspect by native speakers of English |
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97 | (1) |
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5.2 Acquisition of tense and aspect by non-native speakers of English |
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98 | (3) |
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98 | (2) |
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5.2.2 The English progressive aspect |
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100 | (1) |
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5.3 Specific foreign language learners of English |
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101 | (8) |
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5.3.1 German learners of English |
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101 | (2) |
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5.3.2 Russian learners of English |
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103 | (2) |
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5.3.3 Turkish learners of English |
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105 | (1) |
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5.3.4 Vietnamese learners of English |
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106 | (3) |
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109 | (5) |
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6 English learner corpus based on written and spoken stories |
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114 | (26) |
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6.1 Research design and data collection |
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114 | (4) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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6.2 Corpus data coding scheme |
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118 | (6) |
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6.3 Profile of participants |
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124 | (7) |
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124 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Background variables |
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125 | (6) |
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6.4 Research objectives and predictions |
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131 | (9) |
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7 Use of tense and aspect of monolinguals versus bilinguals |
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140 | (29) |
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7.1 Frequency overview (written component of the learner corpus) |
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140 | (10) |
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7.1.1 Text composition (sentences, words, verbs) |
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140 | (2) |
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7.1.2 Subject-verb agreement |
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142 | (4) |
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146 | (2) |
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7.1.4 Formal correctness and target-like meaning of verbs |
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148 | (2) |
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7.2 Progressive aspect (written component of the learner corpus) |
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150 | (2) |
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7.3 Present versus past time reference (written component of the learner corpus) |
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152 | (2) |
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7.4 Written versus spoken production |
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154 | (11) |
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7.4.1 Frequency overview: written texts versus oral recordings |
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155 | (2) |
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7.4.2 Subject-verb agreement |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (3) |
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7.4.4 Formal correctness and target-like meaning of verbs |
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161 | (2) |
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7.4.5 Use of tenses and the progressive aspect |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (4) |
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8 Use of tense and aspect versus social variables |
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169 | (33) |
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8.1 Formal correctness and target-like meaning of verbs |
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169 | (12) |
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169 | (5) |
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8.1.2 Target-like meaning |
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174 | (3) |
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8.1.3 Subject-verb agreement |
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177 | (4) |
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181 | (2) |
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181 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Target-like meaning |
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182 | (1) |
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8.3 Present versus past time reference |
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183 | (1) |
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8.4 Written versus spoken production |
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184 | (13) |
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185 | (5) |
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8.4.2 Target-like meaning |
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190 | (5) |
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8.4.3 Subject-verb agreement |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (4) |
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9 Crosslinguistic influence in heritage speakers' L3 production |
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202 | (21) |
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9.1 Crosslinguistic influence in third language acquisition |
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202 | (5) |
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207 | (2) |
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9.3 Influence of (social) background variables |
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209 | (7) |
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209 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Socio-economic status |
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210 | (1) |
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9.3.3 Number of books per household |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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9.3.5 Language task assessment: written versus spoken |
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213 | (1) |
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9.3.6 Age of onset of acquiring German |
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214 | (1) |
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9.3.7 Attitudes toward learning English |
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215 | (1) |
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9.4 Shortcomings and limitations |
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216 | (7) |
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10 Bi-/multilingual advantages of heritage speakers |
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223 | (16) |
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10.1 Advantages in foreign language acquisition? |
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223 | (3) |
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10.2 Metalinguistic awareness |
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226 | (2) |
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10.3 Learning environment in the English classroom in Germany |
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228 | (3) |
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10.4 Implications for foreign language education |
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231 | (8) |
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11 Conclusion and outlook |
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239 | (10) |
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239 | (5) |
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11.2 Future directions of further research |
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244 | (5) |
Index |
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249 | |