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El. knyga: Cryogenic Heat Management: Technology and Applications for Science and Industry [Taylor & Francis e-book]

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  • Formatas: 425 pages, 60 Tables, black and white; 157 Line drawings, black and white; 144 Halftones, black and white; 301 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 21-Jul-2022
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003098188
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  • Taylor & Francis e-book
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Cryogenic Heat Management: Technology and Applications for Science and IndustryDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 425 pages, 60 Tables, black and white; 157 Line drawings, black and white; 144 Halftones, black and white; 301 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 21-Jul-2022
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003098188
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Taylor & Francis e-booksMore info about Taylor & Francis e-books
Partnerių interneto svetainė: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003098188
Cryogenic engineering (cryogenics) is the production, preservation, and use or application of cold. This book presents a comprehensive introduction to designing systems to deal with heat effective management of cold, exploring the directing (or redirecting), promoting, or inhibiting this flow of heat in a practical way. It provides a description of the necessary theory, design methodology, and advanced demonstrations (thermodynamics, heat transfer, thermal insulation, fluid mechanics) for many frequently occurring situations in low-temperature apparatus. This includes systems that are widely used such as superconducting magnets for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), high-energy physics, fusion, tokamak and free electron laser systems, space launch and exploration, and energy and transportation use of liquid hydrogen, as well as potential future applications of cryo-life sciences and chemical industries.

The book is written with the assumption that the reader has an undergraduate understanding of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics, in addition to the mechanics of materials, material science, and physical chemistry. Cryogenic Heat Management: Technology and Applications for Science and Industry will be a valuable guide for those researching, teaching, or working with low-temperature or cryogenic systems, in addition to postgraduates studying the topic.

Key features:











Presents simplified but useful and practical equations that can be applied in estimating performance and design of energy-efficient systems in low-temperature systems or cryogenics





Contains practical approaches and advanced design materials for insulation, shields/anchors, cryogen vessels/pipes, calorimeters, cryogenic heat switches, cryostats, current leads, and RF couplers





Provides a comprehensive introduction to the necessary theory and models needed for solutions to common difficulties and illustrates the engineering examples with more than 300 figures
Preface xvii
Authors xix
Abbreviations / Acronyms / Nomenclature xxi
Introduction xxvi
Chapter 1 Heat Transfer at Low Temperatures
1(30)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Review of Thermodynamics
1(3)
1.3 Thermodynamic Cycles
4(1)
1.4 The Carnot Cycle
5(5)
1.5 Conduction Heat Transfer
10(2)
1.6 Convection Heat Transfer
12(4)
1.7 Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer
16(8)
1.7 Gas Conduction
24(1)
1.8 Boiling and Condensation
25(2)
1.9 Application of Heat Transfer to Heat Management
27(4)
References
29(2)
Chapter 2 Thermal Insulation Materials and Systems
31(38)
2.1 Introduction to Thermal Insulation
31(1)
2.1.1 Three Key Questions
31(1)
2.1.2 Full Range Vacuum Pressure
31(1)
2.2 Types of Thermal Insulation Systems
32(3)
2.3 Calculations, Testing, and Materials
35(3)
2.3.1 Calculations of Heat Transmission
35(1)
2.3.2 Overview of Testing of Cryogenic Insulation Systems
35(1)
2.3.3 Overview of Insulation Material Data
36(1)
2.3.4 Structural-Thermal Material Data
36(2)
2.4 Engineered System Analysis Approach
38(5)
2.4.1 Comparative Analysis of Example Systems
40(1)
2.4.2 The Insulation Quality Factor in System Design
40(1)
2.4.3 Methodology and Key to Success
41(2)
2.5 Aerogels and Aerogel-Based Systems
43(6)
2.5.1 Aerogel Materials
43(1)
2.5.2 Experimental Method and Apparatus for Aerogel Testing
44(1)
2.5.3 Cryogenic-Vacuum Test Results for Aerogels
45(3)
2.5.4 Thermal Analysis of Aerogels (Estimating for Different Boundary Temperatures)
48(1)
2.6 Bulk-Fill Insulation Materials
49(3)
2.6.1 Bulk-Fill Material Test Data
50(1)
2.6.2 Analysis and Discussion of Bulk-Fill Materials
50(2)
2.7 Glass Bubble Thermal Insulation Systems
52(6)
2.7.1 Material Testing and Thermal Performance Data
55(3)
2.8 Fiberglass Insulation Systems
58(1)
2.9 Foam Insulation Systems
58(11)
References
66(3)
Chapter 3 Multilayer Insulation Systems
69(42)
3.1 Introduction to Multilayer Insulation Systems
69(3)
3.1.1 What Is the Best MLI?
69(1)
3.1.2 Advantages and Applications of MLI Systems
69(1)
3.1.3 Thermal Performance Test Data
70(1)
3.1.4 Vacuum-Pressure Dependency
70(2)
3.2 MLI and Vacuum
72(1)
3.3 MLI Materials
72(4)
3.3.1 System Variation with Different Reflectors and Spacers
72(2)
3.3.2 Classical Thermal Performance of MLI Systems
74(2)
3.4 Calculation of MLI Thermal Performance
76(2)
3.4.1 Lockheed Equations
76(1)
3.4.2 Equation by Mcintosh
76(1)
3.4.3 Hybrid Approach by Augustynowicz
77(1)
3.4.4 Empirical Equation by CERN Large Hadron Collider
77(1)
3.5 Energy Saving: MLI with Intermediate Shields
78(2)
3.5.1 Basic Principles and Typical Configurations
78(1)
3.5.2 Demonstration of Energy Saving by Intermediate Shields
79(1)
3.5.3 Design Methodology of Intermediate Shields with MLI Systems
79(1)
3.6 Thermal Performance of MLI Systems
80(5)
3.6.1 Description of MLI Test Specimens
80(1)
3.6.2 Cryostat Test Data for Select MLI Systems
81(4)
3.6.3 Supporting Cryostat Test Data for Other MLI Systems
85(1)
3.7 Discussion of MLI Thermal Performance
85(2)
3.7.1 General Performance Considerations
85(1)
3.7.2 Detailed Performance Considerations
85(1)
3.7.3 Effects of System Requirements
86(1)
3.8 Effect of Number of Layers and Layer Density
87(2)
3.8.1 Layer Density Estimation and Analysis
88(1)
3.8.2 Practical Rules for Installation
88(1)
3.9 Comparison of Data to Thermal Model
89(1)
3.10 MLI Performance below 77 K
89(3)
3.10.1 MLI Performance for 77 K to 4.2 K
91(1)
3.10.2 MLI Performance for 65 K to 6 K
91(1)
3.10.3 MLI Performance Test for 260 K-19 K
91(1)
3.10.4 Other Experimental Studies down to 4 K
92(1)
3.11 Challenges and Remedies in Real MLI Systems
92(5)
3.11.1 Greatly Unexpected Heat Fluxes through Cracks/Slots
92(2)
3.11.2 Shu's Enhanced Black Cavity Model Theory for MLI with Cracks/Slots
94(1)
3.11.3 Patch-Covering Technique for Remedy of MLI Performance
94(2)
3.11.4 Engineering Remedy for MLI with Many Joins/Seams
96(1)
3.11.5 MLI Configuration of Joints/Seams and Testing Results (300 K to 20 K)
97(1)
3.11.6 Patch-Covering Method for 4 K Surfaces
97(1)
3.12 Experimental Study of Heat Transfer Mechanisms
97(3)
3.12.1 Eight Experiments for T Distributions
98(1)
3.12.2 Temperature (T) Distributions
98(1)
3.12.3 Calculation of Local Equivalent Thermal Conductivity
99(1)
3.12.4 Local Equivalent Thermal Conductivity w/o Slots for 77 Kto4.2K
99(1)
3.13 MLI Composites, Hybrids, and Structural Attachments
100(3)
3.13.1 Ideal MLI vs Practical MLI
100(1)
3.13.2 Additional Considerations of MLI Systems
100(1)
3.13.3 Layered Composite Insulation Systems
101(1)
3.13.4 Thermal Test Results of LCI Systems
101(1)
3.13.5 Application and Discussion of LCI Systems
102(1)
3.14 Demonstration of Successful MLI Systems
103(8)
3.14.1 MLI Systems for Space Exploration
104(1)
3.14.2 MLI Systems for Space Science Missions and Payload Applications
104(1)
3.14.3 MLI Systems for Superconducting Accelerators
105(1)
3.14.4 MLI Systems for Fusion Projects
105(1)
References
106(5)
Chapter 4 Thermally Efficient Support: Structures for Cryogenics
111(32)
4.1 Introduction
111(1)
4.2 Basic Design and Mechanical Considerations
112(4)
4.2.1 General Considerations
112(1)
4.2.2 Mechanical Considerations
113(3)
4.3 Materials
116(1)
4.4 Thermal Optimization
117(4)
4.4.1 Mathematical Analyses for Optimization
117(4)
4.4.2 Thermal Optimization with Computing Codes
121(1)
4.5 Supports for Pipes and Pipe Complexes
121(5)
4.5.1 Ring Supports for Cryogenic Fluid Transfer Pipes
121(1)
4.5.2 Thermal Simulation of Ring Support Designs
122(1)
Multi-Channel Cryogenic Pipe
122(3)
4.5.3 Other Advanced Supports for Cryogenic Pipes
125(1)
4.6 Supports for Cryogenic Vessels and Similar Cold Masses
126(5)
4.6.1 Rod Supports for Large Tanks and Cold Masses
126(1)
4.6.2 Tubular Supports for Medium and Small Vessels
127(1)
4.6.3 Stack Support of Plate Disks
128(2)
4.6.4 Support Rings for Cryogenic Vessels
130(1)
4.6.5 Similar Supports Utilized for SC Cold Masses
130(1)
4.7 Compression and Tension Post Supports
131(5)
4.7.1 Reentrant Post Support
132(1)
4.7.2 Single-Tube Compression Posts for Heavy SC Magnets
133(1)
4.7.3 Single-Tube Tension Posts for Heavy SRF Cavities
134(2)
4.8 Supports for Long Cold Masses with Very Large Warm Bores
136(2)
4.8.1 Supports of Fermilab Collider Detector Facility Magnet
136(1)
4.8.2 Supports for CMS and ATLAS Magnets
137(1)
4.9 Contact-Free Supports with Magnetic Levitation
138(5)
4.9.1 HTS Maglev Support for Cryogenic Transfer Lines and Vessels
139(1)
4.9.2 HTS Maglev Support for Bearings and Flywheels
139(2)
References
141(2)
Chapter 5 Thermal Anchors and Shields
143(18)
5.1 Introduction
143(1)
5.2 Thermal Shields
143(3)
5.2.1 Passive Thermal Shields
143(1)
5.2.2 Actively Cooled Thermal Shields
144(2)
5.3 Thermal Shields for Superconducting Magnets and Superconducting Radio-Frequency Cavities
146(2)
5.4 Dewar Thermal Shields
148(1)
5.5 Thermal Shields in Magnetic Fields
148(1)
5.5.1 Thermal Shields and Anchors in Varying Magnetic Fields
148(1)
5.6 Thermal Shields with Cryocoolers
149(2)
5.7 Cryogenic Shields for Cold Masses below 1 K
151(1)
5.8 Thermal Anchors
152(9)
5.8.1 Thermal Anchors for Structural Components
153(1)
5.8.2 Thermal Anchors for Cryogenic Sensors and Wires
153(2)
5.8.3 Thermal Anchors for RF Instruments
155(3)
5.8.4 Thermal Anchors for Current Leads and Superconductor Joints
158(1)
References
159(2)
Chapter 6 Cryogenic Transfer Pipes and Storage Vessels
161(36)
6.1 Introduction
161(1)
6.2 Basic Cryogenic Transfer Pipes
162(6)
6.2.1 Cryogenic Pipes with Foams, Fibers, and Powders
162(1)
6.2.2 Cryogenic Pipes with Aerogels and Aerogel Layered Composites
162(1)
6.2.2.1 LH2 Transfer Pipes for Space Launch Facilities
163(1)
6.2.2.2 Subsea-Buried LNG Pipeline Technology
163(1)
6.2.3 Cryogen Pipes with Vacuum Jacketed + Multilayer Insulation
164(1)
6.2.3.1 LN2 and LH2 Transfer Pipes with VJ+MLI
165(1)
6.2.3.2 LHe Transfer Pipes with VJ+MLI
165(2)
6.2.4 Cryogenic Transfer Pipes with Maglev Suspension
167(1)
6.3 Complex Pipelines with Multiple Channels and Cryogens
168(3)
6.3.1 ITER Cryogenic Pipeline System
169(1)
6.3.2 LHC Cryogenic Pipeline System
169(2)
6.3.3 Another Example: Complex Multichannel Pipes
171(1)
6.4 Connections (Bayonets) for Cryogenic Piping
171(3)
6.4.1 Traditional Bayonets
171(1)
6.4.2 LH2 Bayonets for Field Joint Connections
172(2)
6.4.3 Interconnections for Cryogenic Multi-Channel Piping
174(1)
6.5 Thermal Tests of Cryogenic Transfer Piping
174(3)
6.5.1 Boil-Off Test (Static) Method
174(2)
6.5.2 Enthalpy Difference (Dynamic) Method
176(1)
6.6 Regular Cryogenic Storage Vessels
177(4)
6.6.1 Storage Vessels Insulated by MLI
177(1)
6.6.1.1 Techniques to Minimize Cryogen Boil-Off
177(2)
6.6.1.2 Integration of Regular Cryogenic Vessels
179(1)
6.6.2 Storage Vessels Insulated by Powder Material
179(1)
6.6.3 Other Interesting Topics
180(1)
6.6.3.1 Zero Boil-Off Vessels
180(1)
6.6.3.2 Qualification Test of Regular Cryogenic Vessels
180(1)
6.7 Extra-Large Tanks for LO2, LN2, and LH2
181(3)
6.7.1 Extra-Large Tanks with Perlite, Glass Bubbles, Aerogel
181(1)
6.7.2 Extra-Large Tanks with Multilayer Insulation
182(1)
6.7.3 Extra-Large Cryogenic Movable Tanks
182(2)
6.8 Diagnoses and Modification of Extra-Large Tanks in the Field
184(3)
6.8.1 Diagnosis, Refill, and Return to Service of a Poorly Performing LH2 Tank
184(1)
6.8.2 Improvement and Modification of Ultra-Large LH2 Tank in the Field
185(2)
6.9 Zero Boil-Off Ultra-Large LH2 Tanks
187(3)
6.9.1 Integrated Refrigerator and Storage Zero Boil-Off Methodology
188(1)
6.9.2 Advantages and Challenges
189(1)
6.9.3 Design and Construction of Heat Exchanger
189(1)
6.9.4 Integration, Test, and Conclusion
189(1)
6.10 Extra-Large Lhe Storage Tanks
190(2)
6.10.1 CERN's Ultra-Large Lhe Storage Tanks
191(1)
6.10.2 ITER'S Ultra-Large Lhe Storage Tanks
192(1)
6.11 Large LNG Storage and Shipping Tanks
192(5)
References
193(4)
Chapter 7 Vacuum Techniques
197(18)
7.1 Definition of Vacuum
197(2)
7.2 Vacuum System Basics
199(1)
7.3 Levels of Vacuum
200(1)
7.4 Vacuum Pumping
201(1)
7.5 Vacuum Equipment
202(2)
Leak Checking and Troubleshooting
204(1)
7.6 Vacuum Measurement
204(1)
7.7 Temperature Measurement and Vacuum
204(1)
7.8 Large-Scale Vacuum Systems for Cryogenic Applications
205(1)
7.9 Thermal Isolation and Vacuum
206(1)
7.10 Vacuum and Thermal Shields
207(3)
7.11 Vacuum Chambers for Testing
210(5)
References
213(2)
Chapter 8 Cryogenic Calorimeters for Testing of Thermal Insulation Materials and Systems
215(28)
8.1 Introduction
215(1)
8.2 Cylindrical Boil-Off Calorimeter
215(7)
8.2.1 300 K-77 K Cylindrical Boil-Off Calorimeters
217(1)
8.2.1.1 Cryostat CS-100
217(2)
8.2.1.2 Selected Examples of Cylindrical Boil-Off Meter Calorimeters between 300 K and 77 K
219(1)
8.2.2 CBMCs between 77 K and 4 K
220(1)
8.2.3 CBMCs between 60 K and 20 K to 4 K
221(1)
8.3 Hat Plate Boil-Off Calorimeters
222(4)
8.3.1 FPBCs with Cryogen Guard Vessels
223(1)
8.3.2 FPBCs without Cryogen Guard Vessels
224(1)
8.3.3 Macroflash Boil-Off Calorimeter (Commercially Available)
225(1)
8.4 Thermal Conductive Meter Calorimeters
226(5)
8.4.1 TCMCs with Cylindrical Insulation Specimens
228(1)
8.4.2 TCMCs with Flat Plate Insulation Specimens
228(3)
8.5 Special Multipurpose Calorimeters for MLI
231(3)
8.5.1 Fermilab Special Multipurpose Calorimeter
231(2)
8.5.2 Calorimeters for Penetration through MLI
233(1)
8.6 Spherical Calorimetric Tanks
234(4)
8.6.1 1,000-Liter Spherical-Calorimetric Tanks
234(1)
8.6.2 Calorimeter Design and Instrumentation
235(2)
8.6.3 Test Capability and Key Results
237(1)
8.7 Cryogenic Heat Management with Calorimeters
238(5)
8.7.1 Small-Scale Testing of MLI
238(1)
8.7.2 Large-Scale Implementation and Testing of MLI
239(1)
8.7.3 Testing of Support Structure to the Propellant Tank
240(1)
8.7.4 System Test
240(1)
References
241(2)
Chapter 9 Cryogenic Heat Switches for Thermal Management
243(30)
9.1 Introduction
243(2)
9.2 Superconducting Cryogenic Heat Switches
245(2)
9.2.1 Thermal Conductivity of Superconductors
245(1)
9.2.2 Design and Application of SCHSs
245(2)
9.3 Magneto-Resistive Heat Switches
247(1)
9.3.1 Change of Thermal Conductivity
247(1)
9.3.2 MRHS Development
248(1)
9.4 Shape Memory Alloy Heat Switches
248(3)
9.4.1 Shape Memory Alloy
248(1)
9.4.2 SMA Training for Cryogenic Applications
249(1)
9.4.3 Design and Development of SMAHS
250(1)
9.5 Maglev-Smart Bimetal Heat Switches
251(3)
9.5.1 Maglev with High-Temperature Superconductor-PM
252(1)
9.5.2 Smart Bimetal Heat Switches
253(1)
9.5.3 Design and Test of 6-m Cryogenic Transfer Line with Maglev and SBMHS
254(1)
9.6 Differential Thermal Expansion Heat Switches
254(3)
9.6.1 DTE-HS Working Principles
254(1)
9.6.2 Design and Test of DTE-HS
255(2)
9.7 Piezo Heat Switches
257(1)
9.7.1 Principles of Piezo Actuators
257(1)
9.7.2 PZHS Design and Test
257(1)
9.8 Cryogenic Heat Pipes 1
257(3)
9.8.1 Cryogenic Loop Heat Pipes
257(1)
9.8.2 Pulsating Heat Pipes
258(2)
9.8.3 Spacecraft Applications of CHPs
260(1)
9.9 Cryogenic Diode Heat Switches
260(2)
9.10 Concept of Gas Gap Heat Switches
262(1)
9.11 H2, Ne, and N2 GGHSs
263(2)
9.12 4He and 3He Heat Switches
265(4)
9.12.1 GGHSs for Cryogen-Free Magnet Systems
265(1)
9.12.2 GGHSs below 4 K
266(2)
9.12.3 Low-Power, Fast-Response Active GGHSs below 4 K
268(1)
9.13 Passively Operated GGHSs
269(4)
References
270(3)
Chapter 10 Current Leads for Superconducting Equipment
273(22)
10.1 Introduction
273(5)
10.1.1 Short-Duration Overcurrent Heating
276(2)
10.2 Current Leads for High-Energy Physics Magnets
278(4)
10.3 Current Leads for MRI Magnets
282(2)
10.4 Current Leads for Fusion Magnets
284(3)
10.5 Current Leads for Superconducting Power Applications
287(3)
10.6 Leads with Special Features
290(1)
10.7 Summary and Conclusions
291(4)
References
292(3)
Chapter 11 RF Power Input and HOM Couplers for Superconducting Cavities
295(22)
11.1 Introduction
295(1)
11.2 High RF Power Input Couplers
295(1)
11.3 Coaxial High RF Power Input Couplers
296(8)
11.3.1 General Design Considerations
296(2)
11.3.2 Key Elements of Coaxial RFIC
298(1)
11.3.3 Design and Thermal Optimization
299(1)
11.3.3.1 Design Specifications and Procedurals
299(2)
11.3.3.2 Key Small Model Calculation
301(1)
11.3.3.3 Heat Transfer Analysis of the Complete RFIC
302(2)
11.3.4 Frief Test Results
304(1)
11.4 Coaxial RFICs with SRF Cavities in Cryomodules
304(1)
11.5 Waveguide High RF Power Input Couplers
304(3)
11.5.1 General Features of Waveguide RFICs
305(1)
11.5.2 Heat How Intercept
306(1)
11.5.3 Waveguide RHCs with SRF Cavities in Cryostats
307(1)
11.6 High-Order Mode Couplers
307(1)
11.7 Coaxial HOM Couplers
308(3)
11.7.1 Design Considerations
308(1)
11.7.2 General Thermal Analyses
309(1)
11.7.3 Examples of Coaxial HOM Couplers
310(1)
11.8 Waveguide HOM Couplers
311(1)
11.8.1 Advantages of WG HOM Couplers
311(1)
11.8.2 Early WG HOM Couplers
311(1)
11.8.3 WG HOM Couplers for High Beam Current
311(1)
11.9 HOM Beam Tube Dampers
312(5)
11.9.1 General Considerations and Absorber Materials
312(2)
11.9.2 HOM BT Dampers at Room Temperature
314(1)
11.9.3 HOM BT Dampers at Cryogenic Temperature
314(1)
References
315(2)
Chapter 12 Special Cryostats for Laboratory and Space Exploration
317(32)
12.1 Introduction
317(1)
12.2 Methods of Cooling Samples/Apparatus in Cryostats
318(2)
12.3 Configurations of Cryostats for Samples/Apparatus
320(1)
12.3.1 Vertical Top-Load Cryostats
320(1)
12.3.2 Other Special Configurations of Cryostats
320(1)
12.4 General Considerations of Cryostat Thermal Design
321(2)
12.4.1 Reduction of Solid Thermal Conduction
321(1)
12.4.2 Minimization of Radiation Heat
322(1)
12.4.3 Eliminating Gas Convection and Conduction
323(1)
12.5 Cryostats with Cryogen Bath for Lab Tests
323(5)
12.5.1 Classical Cryostats with Cryogen Bath
323(1)
12.5.2 Vertical LHe II Cryostats for Magnet Tests
324(1)
Process Principles
324(1)
Key Functional Components
324(1)
Heat Loads
325(1)
Cryostats with Similar Design but without Lambda Plate
326(1)
12.5.3 Horizontal LHe Test Cryostats
326(1)
12.5.4 Cryogen Bath Cryostats with Warm Bore
327(1)
12.5.5 Compact LHe Bath Test Cryostats
328(1)
12.6 Cryogen-Free Cryostats for Lab Tests
328(4)
12.6.1 Cryocooler-Cooled Cryostats with Warm Bore
328(2)
12.6.2 Pulse Tube-Cooled Cryostats for Laser/Neutron Experiments
330(1)
12.6.3 Cryostats with Cryocoolers for Online-Operating SC Devices
330(2)
12.7 Cryostats with Combined Cooling for Lab Tests
332(3)
12.7.1 Cryostats with LHe Bath/Cryocooler Re-Condensers
332(1)
12.7.2 LHe II Bath Cryostats with Cryocooler Closed Loop
332(2)
12.7.3 Special Inserting Cryostats for Applications with Another Background Cryostat
334(1)
Cryocooler-Based Variable Temperature Inserting Cryostats
334(1)
LHe Bath-Based Inserting Cryostats
335(1)
Other Approaches to Varying the T
335(2)
12.7.4 Cryostats Cooled with Continuing Flow Cryogen
335(1)
Continuous-Flow Cryostats for Optical Microscopy (10 K to 350 K)
335(1)
Variable-r Continuous-Flow Cryostats Inside Scanning Electron Microscopes
336(1)
Counter-Flow Cryostats for Solid Hydrogen Targets
336(1)
12.8 Challenges and Considerations of Space Cryostats
337(1)
12.9 Space Cryostats with Cryogen Baths
337(2)
12.9.1 Solid H2 Cryostat for Space Wide Field Infrared Survey Explorer Mission
337(1)
12.9.2 He II Bath Cryostats for HSO Space Missions
338(1)
12.10 Space Cryostats Cooled by Cryocoolers
339(1)
12.10.1 Cryocooler Subsystems for Mid-Infrared Instrument Missions
339(1)
12.10.2 Cooling and Heat Rejection on Planck Spacecraft
340(1)
12.11 Cryostats for Applications below 1 K
340(2)
12.11.1 Cryostats for Tests below 1 K with Dilution Refrigerators
341(1)
Cryostats of Dry Dilution Refrigerator with Separate 1 K Circuits
342(2)
12.11.2 Sub-Kelvin 3He Sorption Cryostats for Large-Angle Optical Access
342(1)
12.11.3 Cryostats for Tests below 1 K with ADRs
343(1)
12.12 Cryostats for Bio-Medical Applications
344(5)
12.12.1 Biological Cryostat for Contamination-Free Long-Distance Transfer
344(1)
12.12.2 Zero Boil-Off Cryostats for SC Magneto-Encephalography
345(1)
References
346(3)
Chapter 13 Demonstration of Cryogenic Heat Management in Large Applications
349(30)
13.1 Liquid Helium--Best Cryogen for Large SC Machines
349(3)
13.1.1 Rapid Development of Large LTS Projects/Machines
349(1)
Development of SC Magnet-Based Machines
349(1)
Development of SRF Technology-Based Machines
350(1)
13.1.2 Liquid He--The Only Practical Cryogen for Large LTS Machines
350(1)
13.1.3 Optimized LHe Operational Points for Best SC Machine Cooling
350(1)
Challenges of SC Machine Cooling
350(1)
Practical Operation Points for Best Cooling of LTS Machines
350(1)
13.1.4 Continuing Improvement of Thermal Efficiency
351(1)
13.2 Large Cryogenic Machines Based on SC Magnets
352(6)
13.2.1 Common Features and Challenges
352(1)
Long-Pass Distribution and Narrow Cooling Channels
352(1)
Careful Tradeoff between High Magnetic Field and Cost
352(1)
Highly Restricted Requirements of Heat Load and Geometry Size
352(1)
Sectional Design and Multi-T Output of Cryo-Plants
353(1)
13.2.2 LHC--The Largest SC Accelerator in the World
353(1)
General Features of LHC
353(1)
LHC Magnet and Cryostat
354(1)
LHC Cooling and Distribution
355(1)
13.2.3 From Tevatron to Other Large SC Machines
356(1)
Tevatron--The First Largest SC Accelerator in the World
356(1)
CMS and Others
356(1)
Future Large Colliders
357(1)
13.3 Large Cryogenic Machines Based on SRF Technology
358(5)
13.3.1 General Considerations of SRF Technology-Based Machines
358(2)
13.3.2 XFEL--The Largest Cryogenic Machine Based on SRF Cavities
360(1)
From TESLA to XFEL
360(1)
Linear Accelerator and Cryomodule of EXFEL
361(1)
European XFEL Cryogenic System
362(1)
13.3.3 Other Advanced Machines Based on SRF Technologies
363(1)
13.4 Superconducting Fusion Machines and Cryogenics
363(4)
13.4.1 Development of Superconducting Fusion Machines
363(2)
13.4.2 ITER--The World's Largest SC Fusion Machine
365(1)
General Introduction to ITER
365(1)
ITER SC Magnets
365(1)
ITER Cryostat
365(1)
ITER Vacuum Vessel
365(1)
ITER Cryogenic Plant and Distribution for Magnet Cooling
366(1)
13.4.3 Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak
366(1)
13.5 Advanced Applications of H2
367(2)
13.6 Propulsion Fuel of Space Launch and Exploration
369(3)
13.6.1 New Space Launch System
370(1)
13.6.2 Formation of Hydrogen Storage
370(2)
13.7 Liquefied Natural Gas
372(2)
13.8 High-Temperature Superconducting Power
374(5)
References
377(2)
Appendix A Cryostat Test Data for Select Thermal Insulations 379(6)
Appendix B Cryostat Test Data for Select MLI Systems 385(12)
Appendix C Thermal Properties of Solid Materials 397(4)
Appendix D Fluid Properties 401(20)
Index 421
Jonathan A. Demko began his career in industry with the X-30 National Aerospace Plane (NASP) thermal management. He transitioned to the Super Collider Laboratory Cryogenics Department and then the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, developing cryogenics for high temperature superconducting (HTS) power equipment. He is Professor of Mechanical Engineering with LeTourneau University in Texas.

James E. Fesmire, renowned expert in cryogenic systems design and thermal insulation, is President of Energy Evolution LLC, Chief Architect and CTO of GenH2 Corp. He is founder of the Cryogenics Test Laboratory at Kennedy Space Center (NASA-retired). Distinctions include the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, an R&D 100 Award, 20 US Patents, and inductee of the NASA Inventors Hall of Fame.

Quan-Sheng Shu is a leading expert in cryogenics; has authored four monographs and over 100 papers on cryogenics and superconductivity; and served as a board director of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference and IIR -A1 Secretary. His technically innovative achievements include HTS Cryo-Maglev, SRF cavity, MLI, and Special Cryostat at Fermilab, SSC Lab, Cornell University, DESY, and Zhejiang University.
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781003098188_pe.html
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