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xv | |
Preface |
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xvii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxi | |
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PART I INTRODUCTION TO CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY |
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Chapter 1 Anthropology and Human Diversity |
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1 | (26) |
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The Fields of Anthropology |
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4 | (1) |
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Biological or Physical Anthropology |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (3) |
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Some Critical Issues in Anthropology |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (2) |
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Anthropology and Cultural Relativism |
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14 | (2) |
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Anthropologists and "Natives" |
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16 | (1) |
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Anthropology and Global Connections |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (1) |
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Some Honest Talk About College Majors and Jobs |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (3) |
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The Global and the Local: The Anthropology of Violence |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (2) |
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Critical Thinking Questions |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 Doing Cultural Anthropology |
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27 | (28) |
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Anthropology in Historical Perspective |
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28 | (1) |
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Franz Boas and American Anthropology |
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29 | (1) |
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From Haddon to Malinowski in England and the Commonwealth |
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30 | (2) |
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Anthropological Techniques |
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32 | (8) |
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Ethnographic Data and Cross-Cultural Comparisons |
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40 | (2) |
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Some Critical Issues in Ethnography |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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Collaborative and Engaged Anthropology |
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43 | (2) |
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Studying One's Own Society |
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45 | (3) |
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Ethics in Fieldwork and Anthropology |
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48 | (2) |
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Conclusion: New Roles for Ethnographers |
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50 | (1) |
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The Global and the Local: The Anthropology of Pandemics and Other Disasters |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (2) |
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Critical Thinking Questions |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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Chapter 3 The Idea of Culture |
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55 | (32) |
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57 | (2) |
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Culture Is Made Up of Learned Behaviors |
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59 | (4) |
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Culture Is the Way Humans Use Symbols to Classify Their World and Give It Meaning |
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63 | (1) |
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Systems of Classification |
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64 | (2) |
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Cultures, Symbols, and Meaning |
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66 | (3) |
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Culture Is an Integrated System - or Is It? |
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69 | (2) |
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Culture Is a Shared System of Norms and Values - Or Is It? |
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71 | (3) |
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Culture Is the Way Human Beings Adapt to the World |
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74 | (4) |
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Culture Is Constantly Changing |
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78 | (4) |
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Conclusion: Culture Counts |
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82 | (1) |
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The Global and the Local: Is There an American Culture? |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking Questions |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (32) |
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Human and Animal Communication |
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88 | (1) |
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Origins and Acquisition of Human Language |
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89 | (3) |
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The Structure of Language |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (2) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (3) |
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Language and Social Stratification |
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99 | (2) |
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African American Vernacular English (AAVE) |
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101 | (2) |
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The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (3) |
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108 | (2) |
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Language and Culture Contact |
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110 | (1) |
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Tracing Relationships Among Languages |
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111 | (2) |
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The Global and the Local: Language, Identity, and Assimilation |
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113 | (1) |
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Question: Do you need to speak English to be a true American? |
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113 | (2) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking Questions |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (2) |
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PART II EQUALITIES AND INEQUALITIES |
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Chapter 5 Making a Living |
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119 | (28) |
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Human Adaptation: The Environment and Technology |
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120 | (4) |
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An Overview of Subsistence Strategies |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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The Hadza, a Foraging Society in East Africa |
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126 | (1) |
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The Inuit: Foraging and Global Warming |
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127 | (3) |
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130 | (1) |
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The Maasai of East Africa: ATranshumant Pastoral Adaptation |
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131 | (2) |
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The Yarahmadzai: Nomadic Pastoralists |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (1) |
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The Lua': A Horticultural Society in Southeast Asia |
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135 | (3) |
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138 | (1) |
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Musha: A Peasant Agricultural Village in Egypt |
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139 | (2) |
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141 | (1) |
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Industrial Agriculture in California |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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The Global and the Local: Climate Change and Food Choices |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (36) |
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148 | (2) |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (2) |
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Specialization in Agricultural and Industrial Societies |
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159 | (4) |
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Distribution: Systems of Exchange and Consumption |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (3) |
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Gifts, Bribes, and Social Networks |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (2) |
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The Global and the Local: Paying for College in the United States |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking Questions |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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Chapter 7 Political Organization |
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183 | (32) |
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Hierarchies: Power, Ideology, Gender, and Conflict |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (3) |
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Women and Political Power |
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188 | (1) |
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Punishment of Social Violations |
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189 | (1) |
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Rebellions and Revolutions |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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Political Integratien and Leadership in Band Societies |
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191 | (1) |
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Conflict Resolution and Violence in Bands |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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Political Integration and Leadership in Tribes |
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193 | (2) |
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Conflict Resolution and Violence in Tribes |
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195 | (3) |
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198 | (1) |
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Political Integration and Leadership in Chiefdoms |
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198 | (2) |
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Conflict Resolution and Violence in Chiefdoms |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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The Rise of State Societies |
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200 | (2) |
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Political Integration and Leadership in State Societies |
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202 | (1) |
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The State and Social Stratification |
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202 | (4) |
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206 | (1) |
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The Rise of the Nation-State |
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206 | (3) |
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The Nation-State and the Global Economy |
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209 | (1) |
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The Global and the Local: Citizenship and Statelessness |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (2) |
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Critical Thinking Questions |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (2) |
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Chapter 8 Social Stratification |
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215 | (28) |
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Theories of Social Stratification |
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217 | (2) |
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Criteria of Stratification: Power, Wealth, and Prestige |
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219 | (3) |
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Class and Caste in Social Stratification |
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222 | (1) |
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Social Class in the United States |
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223 | (1) |
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Income Inequality in the United States |
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224 | (2) |
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Class Mobility in the United States |
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226 | (3) |
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American Classes as Subcultures |
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229 | (2) |
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231 | (1) |
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The Caste System in India |
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231 | (2) |
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Indian Caste, Religion, and Colonialism |
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233 | (1) |
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Indian Caste and Social Mobility |
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234 | (2) |
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Caste in Current-Day India |
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236 | (2) |
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Conclusion: Unequal Inequalities and the Future |
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238 | (1) |
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The Global and the Local: The Gig Economy |
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238 | (2) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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Chapter 9 Race and Ethnicity |
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243 | (30) |
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244 | (4) |
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Race, Culture, and History |
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248 | (4) |
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Race and Caste in the United States |
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252 | (2) |
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Race and Life Chances in the United States |
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254 | (3) |
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Racial Classification in Brazil |
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257 | (2) |
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259 | (1) |
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Ethnicity and the Nation-State |
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260 | (2) |
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Ethnicity, Immigration, and Adaptation |
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262 | (2) |
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Immigration and Ethnicity in the United States |
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264 | (2) |
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Muslim and Hispanic Immigrants in the United States |
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266 | (2) |
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The Globalization of Ethnicity |
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268 | (1) |
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The Global and the Local: Inequality, Race, Ethnicity, and COVID-19 |
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269 | (2) |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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PART III FAMILIES IN SOCIETY |
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273 | (26) |
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Kinship: Relations Through Descent and Marriage |
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274 | (1) |
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Rules of Descent and the Formation of Descent Groups |
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275 | (3) |
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278 | (1) |
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The Nuer and the Continued Relevance of Segmentary Lineages |
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279 | (2) |
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Gender Relations in Patrilineal Societies |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (4) |
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Gender Relations in Matrilineal Societies |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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Principles of Kin Classification |
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288 | (1) |
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Comparing Kin Classification in North India and the United States |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (3) |
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The Global and the Local: Kinship and Immigration, and Transmigration |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (2) |
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Critical Thinking Questions |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (2) |
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Chapter 11 Marriage, Family, and Domestic Groups |
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299 | (34) |
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Marriage and Marriage Rules |
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300 | (5) |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (2) |
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308 | (1) |
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The Levirate and Sororate |
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309 | (1) |
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Marriages With Multiple Partners |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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Exchanges of Goods at Marriage |
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314 | (1) |
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Bride Service and Bridewealth |
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314 | (2) |
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316 | (2) |
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318 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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The Changing American Family |
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318 | (4) |
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322 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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Patrilineal, Patrilocal Families |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (2) |
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Conclusion: The Global Family |
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326 | (1) |
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The Global and the Local: Caring for the Elderly |
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327 | (2) |
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329 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking Questions |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (2) |
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333 | (28) |
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Sex, Gender, and Sexuality |
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335 | (1) |
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The Cultural Construction of Gender |
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336 | (1) |
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Gender Ideologies: Female Sexuality and Male Prestige Behavior |
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337 | (1) |
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Controlling Female Sexuality |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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Gender and Bullfighting in Spain |
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341 | (1) |
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Variability in Gender and Sexuality |
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342 | (1) |
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Variation in Gender Roles |
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343 | (3) |
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Variable Norms of Sexual Behavior |
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346 | (2) |
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Theories of Gender and Stratification |
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348 | (2) |
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Gender Relations and Systems of Production |
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350 | (1) |
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Gender Relations in Foraging Societies |
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350 | (1) |
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Gender Relations in Horticultural Societies |
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350 | (1) |
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Gender Relations in Pastoral Societies |
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351 | (1) |
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Gender Relations in Agricultural Societies |
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352 | (1) |
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Changing Gender Relationships in an Interconnected World |
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353 | (1) |
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Gender and Family in Current-Day Wealthy Societies |
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353 | (3) |
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The Global and the Local: Women's Rights in Global Perspective--How Important Is Wealth? |
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356 | (2) |
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358 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (2) |
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PART IV SYMBOLS AND MEANINGS |
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361 | (34) |
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363 | (1) |
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Searching for Order and Meaning |
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363 | (1) |
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Reducing Anxiety and Increasing Control |
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364 | (1) |
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Reinforcing or Changing the Social Order |
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364 | (1) |
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Beliefs: Stories, Symbols, and the Supernatural |
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365 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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366 | (2) |
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Supernatural Beings, Powers, States, and Qualities |
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368 | (1) |
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Practices: Addressing the Supernatural |
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369 | (1) |
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369 | (2) |
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371 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (2) |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (2) |
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378 | (2) |
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380 | (1) |
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Accusations of Witchcraft or Sorcery |
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380 | (1) |
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Modern Witches, Wiccans, and Neopagans |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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Varieties of Religious Prophesy |
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383 | (1) |
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The Ghost Dance and Religious Change in Native North America |
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384 | (5) |
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Fundamentalism and Religious Change |
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389 | (1) |
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The Global and the Local: The Globalization of Religion in the United States |
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390 | (1) |
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Will America Be More or Less Religious in the Future? |
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390 | (2) |
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392 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking Questions |
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393 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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Chapter 14 Creative Expression |
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395 | (30) |
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The Arts in Cultural Context |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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Art as Ritual: Paleolithic Cave Art |
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397 | (1) |
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Art, Culture, and Symbolism |
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398 | (3) |
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Art and the Expression of Cultural Themes |
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401 | (1) |
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401 | (2) |
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403 | (1) |
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403 | (1) |
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404 | (3) |
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407 | (1) |
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Art and Expressing Identities |
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408 | (2) |
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Body Art and Cultural Identity |
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410 | (1) |
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Art and Personal Identity |
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411 | (1) |
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411 | (2) |
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Fritz Scholder: Indian/Not Indian |
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413 | (1) |
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Art and Representing the Other |
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413 | (1) |
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Orientalism in European Art |
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413 | (2) |
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World Art: Culture, Marketing, and Tourism |
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415 | (1) |
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Maria Martinez and Pueblo Pottery |
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415 | (2) |
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417 | (2) |
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The Global and the Local: Art and Censorship |
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419 | (2) |
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421 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking Questions |
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422 | (1) |
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423 | (1) |
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423 | (2) |
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Chapter 15 Making the Modern World |
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425 | (30) |
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European Expansion: Motives and Methods |
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428 | (1) |
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429 | (2) |
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431 | (2) |
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433 | (1) |
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The Dutch East India Company |
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433 | (2) |
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435 | (1) |
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Colonization, 1500 to 1800 |
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436 | (1) |
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Colonizing in the 19th Century |
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437 | (2) |
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439 | (1) |
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440 | (4) |
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444 | (1) |
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445 | (1) |
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Colonialism and Anthropology |
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446 | (1) |
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447 | (2) |
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Conclusion: An Interconnected but Unstable World |
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449 | (1) |
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The Global and The Local: Globalization, Nationalism, and Colonialism |
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449 | (1) |
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Question: Are Nationalism and Globalization Forces That Oppose Each Other? |
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449 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
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451 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking Questions |
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452 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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452 | (3) |
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Chapter 16 Anthropology in the 21st Century |
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455 | (30) |
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The Changing Political and Economic Environment |
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458 | (1) |
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The Persistence of Poverty and Instability |
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459 | (1) |
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460 | (3) |
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Multinational Corporations |
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463 | (1) |
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Multinational Corporations: Sweatshop Labor |
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463 | (2) |
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MNCs: Platform Capitalism and the Surveillance State |
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465 | (1) |
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Multi-National Corporations: McDonaldization |
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466 | (1) |
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Multinational Corporations: Gender |
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467 | (1) |
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468 | (4) |
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472 | (1) |
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473 | (1) |
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Fertility, Politics, and Economics |
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474 | (1) |
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The Rights of Indigenous People |
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475 | (1) |
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Saami Reindeer Herders and Norway |
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476 | (1) |
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477 | (1) |
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477 | (2) |
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The Effect of Pollution on the Poor |
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479 | (1) |
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480 | (1) |
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480 | (1) |
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481 | (1) |
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481 | (2) |
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Critical Thinking Questions |
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|
483 | (1) |
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484 | (1) |
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|
484 | (1) |
Appendix: A Brief Historical Guide to Anthropological Theory |
|
485 | (8) |
Glossary |
|
493 | (6) |
References |
|
499 | (32) |
Index |
|
531 | |