Preface |
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xvii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxii | |
About the Authors |
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xxiii | |
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1 | (38) |
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Problem 1 How Can People Begin to Understand Beliefs and Behaviors That Are Different From Their Own? |
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1 | (1) |
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Introduction: The World Behind Everyday Appearances |
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1 | (3) |
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Question 1.1 Why Do Human Beings Differ in Their Beliefs and Behaviors? |
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4 | (3) |
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Question 1.2 How Do People Judge the Beliefs and Behaviors of Others? |
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7 | (9) |
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The Ethnocentric Fallacy and the Relativist Fallacy |
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8 | (2) |
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Virginity Testing in Turkey and Cannibalism Among the Wari |
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10 | (3) |
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13 | (3) |
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Question 1.3 Is It Possible to See the World Through the Eyes of Others? |
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16 | (5) |
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The Embarrassed Anthropologist |
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16 | (1) |
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Confronting Witchcraft in Mexico |
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17 | (2) |
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The Endangered Anthropologist |
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19 | (2) |
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Question 1.4 How Can the Meanings That Others Find in Experience Be Interpreted and Described? |
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21 | (4) |
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Deciphering the Balinese Cockfight |
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23 | (2) |
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Question 1.5 What Can Learning About Other Peoples Tell Americans About Themselves? |
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25 | (5) |
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A Balinese Anthropologist Studies Football |
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25 | (3) |
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An Anthropologist Looks at a "Happy Meal" |
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28 | (2) |
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Case Study in Doing Anthropology #1: Why We Post |
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30 | (5) |
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35 | (1) |
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References and Suggested Readings |
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36 | (3) |
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2 The Meaning of Progress and Development |
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39 | (44) |
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Problem 2 How Do We Explain the Transformation of Human Societies Over the Past 10,000 Years From Small-Scale Nomadic Bands of Hunters and Gatherers to Large-Scale Urban-Industrial States? |
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39 | (1) |
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Introduction: The Death of a Way of Life |
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39 | (4) |
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Question 2.1 Why Did Hunter-Gatherer Societies Switch to Sedentary Agriculture? |
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43 | (9) |
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Life Among Hunter-Gatherers: The Hadza and the Bushman |
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45 | (2) |
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The Transition to Agriculture |
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47 | (4) |
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Producing Potato Calories |
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51 | (1) |
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Question 2.2 Why Are Some Societies More Industrially Advanced Than Others? |
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52 | (6) |
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55 | (1) |
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Cotton, Slavery, and the Cherokee Removal |
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56 | (2) |
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Question 2.3 Why Do Poor Countries Not Modernize and Develop in the Same Way as Wealthier Countries? |
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58 | (5) |
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61 | (2) |
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Question 2.4 How Do Modern Standards of Health and Medical Treatment Compare With Those of Traditional Societies? |
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63 | (5) |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (3) |
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Question 2.5 Why Are Simpler Societies Disappearing? |
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68 | (7) |
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Cultural Devastation and Radical Hope |
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70 | (5) |
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Case Study in Doing Anthropology #2: Searching for the Perfect Diet and Doing Development |
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75 | (3) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (1) |
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References and Suggested Readings |
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79 | (4) |
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3 Debt, Globalization, and the Nation-State |
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83 | (48) |
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Problem 3 How Does Our Economy Affect Our Way of Life? |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (5) |
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Question 3.1 How Is Money Created and Why Must Modern Economies Perpetually Grow? |
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88 | (6) |
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Money, Wealth, and Well-Being |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (5) |
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The Society of Perpetual Growth |
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93 | (1) |
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Question 3.2 Where Does the Wealth Needed to Sustain Growth Come From? |
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94 | (4) |
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94 | (4) |
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Question 3.3 What Kind of Economic System Is Necessary to Sustain Growth? |
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98 | (7) |
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"The Great Transformation" |
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99 | (1) |
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The Emergence of Neoliberalism |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (3) |
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Question 3.4 What Is the Role of the Nation-State in Sustaining Growth? |
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105 | (7) |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (1) |
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Avoiding Democratic Decision Making |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (3) |
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Question 3.5 Why Do Economies Collapse? |
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112 | (8) |
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113 | (7) |
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Case Study in Doing Anthropology #3: Anthropology and Public Policy |
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120 | (6) |
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The Market Externalities of "Hog Hotels" |
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121 | (5) |
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126 | (1) |
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References and Suggested Readings |
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127 | (4) |
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4 The Cultural Construction of Social Hierarchy |
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131 | (70) |
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Problem 4 Why Are Modern Societies Characterized by Growing Economic Inequalities? |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (2) |
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Question 4.1 How Unequal Are We? |
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133 | (19) |
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Income and Wealth Inequality |
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133 | (15) |
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148 | (4) |
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Question 4.2 Why Is Social and Economic Inequality Increasing? |
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152 | (13) |
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Question 4.3 How Do People Come to Accept Social Hierarchies as Natural? |
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165 | (10) |
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Constructing the Ideology of Racism |
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165 | (3) |
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The Social Construction of "Intelligence" |
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168 | (5) |
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Constructing Stratification by Gender |
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173 | (2) |
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Question 4.4 How Do People Living in Poverty Adapt to Their Condition? |
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175 | (7) |
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Kinship as an Adaptation to Poverty |
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176 | (2) |
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In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio |
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178 | (4) |
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Question 4.5 What Are the Effects of Inequality on Society? |
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182 | (7) |
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The Health Effects of Inequality |
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183 | (6) |
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Case Study in Doing Anthropology #4: Health and Human Rights |
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189 | (7) |
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Anthropology and Human Rights |
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190 | (2) |
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Anthropology and Medical Rights: The Work of Paul Farmer |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (1) |
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References and Suggested Readings |
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197 | (4) |
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5 The Social and Cultural Construction of Reality |
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201 | (48) |
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Problem 5 Why Do People Believe Different Things, and Why Are They So Certain Their View of the World Is Correct and Other Views Are Wrong? |
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201 | (1) |
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Introduction: The Central Question |
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201 | (3) |
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Question 5.1 How Does Language Affect the Meanings People Assign to Experience? |
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204 | (8) |
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Borrowing Meaning With Metaphors |
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205 | (3) |
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Kwakwaka'wakw Metaphors of Hunger |
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208 | (2) |
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The Metaphors of Contemporary Witchcraft and Magic |
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210 | (2) |
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Question 5.2 How Does Symbolic Action Reinforce a Particular View of the World? |
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212 | (7) |
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The Kwakwaka'wakw Cannibal Dance |
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213 | (3) |
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The Ritual of Contemporary Witchcraft and Magic |
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216 | (1) |
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Dorothy Gale Meets Luke Skywalker |
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217 | (2) |
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Question 5.3 How Do People Come to Believe What They Do, and How Do They Continue to Hold to Their Beliefs Even If They Seem Contradictory or Ambiguous? |
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219 | (6) |
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The Process of Interpretive Drift |
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220 | (2) |
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Explaining Why the Sun Moves Around Earth |
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222 | (3) |
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Question 5.4 How Can We Account for the Different Meanings People Assign to Experiences? |
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225 | (8) |
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What Kinds of Worldviews Are Associated With Each Cultural Type? |
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229 | (4) |
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Question 5.5 How Can People Reorder Their View of the World If It Becomes Unsatisfactory? |
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233 | (6) |
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Wovoka and the Ghost Dance |
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233 | (3) |
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Mother Ann Lee and the Shakers |
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236 | (3) |
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Case Study in Doing Anthropology #5: Political Consulting and the Power of Metaphor |
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239 | (6) |
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Moral Politics: The Nation as a Family |
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240 | (3) |
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Policy Views: Same-Sex Marriage |
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243 | (1) |
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Translating Theory Into Action |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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References and Suggested Readings |
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246 | (3) |
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6 Patterns of Family Relations |
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249 | (36) |
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Problem 6 What Do We Need to Know Before We Can Understand the Dynamics of Family Life in Other Societies? |
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249 | (1) |
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Introduction: Soap Operas and Family Relations |
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249 | (2) |
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Question 6.1 What Is the Composition of the Typical Family Group? |
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251 | (8) |
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The Family Composition of the Bushman |
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253 | (2) |
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The Family Composition of the Trobriand Islanders |
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255 | (3) |
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The Family Composition of the Chinese |
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258 | (1) |
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Question 6.2 How Are Families Formed and Ideal Family Types Maintained? |
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259 | (7) |
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The Family Cycle of the Bushman |
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259 | (2) |
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The Family Cycle of the Trobriand Islanders |
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261 | (3) |
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The Family Cycle of the Chinese |
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264 | (2) |
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Question 6.3 What Are the Roles of Sexuality, Love, and Wealth? |
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266 | (3) |
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Sex, Love, and Wealth Among the Bushman |
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267 | (1) |
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Sex, Love, and Wealth Among the Trobriand Islanders |
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267 | (1) |
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Sex, Love, and Wealth Among the Chinese |
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268 | (1) |
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Question 6.4 What Threatens to Disrupt the Family Unit? |
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269 | (6) |
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Threats to the Bushman Family |
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270 | (1) |
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Threats to the Trobriand Island Family |
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271 | (2) |
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Threats to the Chinese Family |
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273 | (2) |
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Case Study in Doing Anthropology #6: Combating HIV/AIDS |
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275 | (7) |
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AIDS Prevention in Mexico |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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Why Is the Message of Traditional AIDS Prevention Programs Sometimes Ignored? |
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279 | (1) |
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Designing AIDS Prevention Programs |
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280 | (2) |
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282 | (1) |
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References and Suggested Readings |
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283 | (2) |
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7 The Cultural Construction of Identity |
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285 | (42) |
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Problem 7 How Do People Determine Who They Are, and How Do They Communicate Who They Think They Are to Others? |
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285 | (1) |
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Introduction: The Importance of Self |
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285 | (2) |
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Question 7.1 How Does the Concept of Personhood Vary From Society to Society? |
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287 | (3) |
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The Egocentric and Sociocentric Self |
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287 | (2) |
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Personhood in Japan and America |
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289 | (1) |
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Question 7.2 How Do Societies Distinguish Individuals From One Another? |
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290 | (7) |
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Constructing Male and Female |
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292 | (2) |
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Language, Gender, and Race |
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294 | (3) |
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Question 7.3 How Do Individuals Learn Who They Are? |
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297 | (7) |
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The Transition to Adulthood |
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298 | (4) |
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302 | (2) |
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Question 7.4 How Do Individuals Communicate Their Identities to One Another? |
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304 | (7) |
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307 | (2) |
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Gift Giving and Christmas in America |
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309 | (2) |
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Question 7.5 How Do Individuals Defend Their Identities When They Are Threatened? |
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311 | (4) |
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Making Moka in Papua New Guinea |
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312 | (2) |
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314 | (1) |
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Case Study in Doing Anthropology #7: Fat Talk |
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315 | (7) |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (2) |
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319 | (2) |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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References and Suggested Readings |
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323 | (4) |
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8 The Cultural Construction of Violent Conflict |
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327 | (38) |
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Problem 8 How Do Societies Give Meaning to and Justify Collective Violence? |
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327 | (1) |
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Introduction: The Justification of Violent Conflict |
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327 | (2) |
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Question 8.1 How Do Societies Create a Bias in Favor of Collective Violence? |
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329 | (6) |
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Horses, Rank, and Warfare Among the Kiowa |
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329 | (1) |
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Good Hosts Among the Yanomamo |
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330 | (1) |
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Defending Honor in Kohistan |
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331 | (2) |
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Constructing Religious Justifications for Violence |
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333 | (2) |
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Question 8.2 How Do Societies Create a Bias Against Violent Conflict? |
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335 | (3) |
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Characteristics of Peaceful Societies |
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335 | (3) |
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Question 8.3 What Are the Economic, Political, or Social Differences Between Peaceful and Violent Societies? |
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338 | (5) |
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The Need to Protect Resources and Honor |
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339 | (1) |
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Creating the Conditions for Violence |
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340 | (2) |
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Sexism and Violent Conflict |
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342 | (1) |
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Question 8.4 What Are the Effects of War on Societies? |
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343 | (3) |
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The Impact of War on Population |
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343 | (1) |
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The Evolution of the Nation-State |
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344 | (1) |
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Violence and Male Solidarity |
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345 | (1) |
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Question 8.5 How Is It Possible to Justify the Creation of Weapons of Mass Destruction? |
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346 | (6) |
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The Anthropology of a Nuclear Weapons Laboratory |
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347 | (3) |
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The Language of Nuclear Destruction |
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350 | (2) |
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Case Study in Doing Anthropology #8: The Uses (and Misuses?) of Anthropology for Peace and War |
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352 | (8) |
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Anthropology and the Outcomes of War |
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352 | (1) |
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Anthropology and Peace Studies |
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353 | (2) |
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The Human Terrain Concept and Anthropologists in the Military |
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355 | (2) |
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The Anthropological Reaction to Human Terrain Systems |
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357 | (3) |
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The End of Human Terrain Systems |
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360 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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References and Suggested Readings |
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361 | (4) |
Glossary |
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365 | (6) |
References |
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371 | (17) |
Index |
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388 | |