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xi | |
Preface |
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xiii | |
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Chapter 1 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: A Promising Advanced Oxidation Process |
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1 | (44) |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Fundamentals and Mechanisms of Ti02 Photocatalysis |
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3 | (10) |
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1.2.1 Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Properties of Semiconductor Materials |
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4 | (5) |
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1.2.3 Photocatalytic Processes |
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9 | (4) |
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1.3 Visible Light Activity of Modified Ti02 |
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13 | (2) |
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1.4 Photocatalytic Syntheses Versus Photodegradations |
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15 | (1) |
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1.5 Operational Parameters |
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16 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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1.5.2 Oxygen Concentration |
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17 | (1) |
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1.5.3 Temperature Dependence |
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18 | (1) |
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1.6 Photocatalytic Reactor Modeling |
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18 | (15) |
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1.6.1 Kinetics of Photocatalytic Processes |
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22 | (7) |
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1.6.2 Coupling Photocatalysis With Other Advanced Oxidation Processes |
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29 | (1) |
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1.6.3 Ti02/H202 Photocatalysis |
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29 | (2) |
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1.6.4 Ti02/S2082~ Photocatalysis |
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31 | (1) |
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1.6.5 Ti02/03 Photocatalysis |
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32 | (1) |
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1.7 Conclusions and Future Trends |
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33 | (12) |
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List of Acronyms and Symbols |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (9) |
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Chapter 2 Membranes and Membrane Processes: Fundamentals |
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45 | (26) |
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Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman |
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45 | (2) |
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2.2 History of Membrane Technology |
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47 | (2) |
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2.3 Classification of Membranes |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (5) |
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50 | (3) |
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2.3.3 Membrane Morphology |
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53 | (1) |
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2.4 Fabrication of Polymeric Membranes |
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54 | (4) |
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58 | (5) |
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2.5.1 Examples of Pressure-Driven Membrane Operations |
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58 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Examples of Concentration-Driven Membrane Operations |
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59 | (2) |
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2.5.3 Examples of Partial Pressure---Driven Membrane Operations |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (2) |
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2.7 Conclusions and Future Trends |
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65 | (6) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (5) |
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Chapter 3 Materials and Design of Photocatalytic Membranes |
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71 | (26) |
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71 | (2) |
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3.2 Design of Photocatalytic Membrane |
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73 | (17) |
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3.2.1 Substrate of Photocatalytic Membrane |
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73 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Fabrication of Photocatalytic Membranes |
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75 | (7) |
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3.2.3 Types of Photocatalysts Coupled With Membranes |
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82 | (8) |
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3.3 Conclusions and Future Trends |
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90 | (7) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (4) |
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96 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 PMRs Utilizing Pressure-Driven Membrane Techniques |
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97 | (32) |
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4.1 Introduction: General Overview of Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors Utilizing Pressure-Driven Membrane Techniques |
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97 | (2) |
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4.2 Membrane Fouling in Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors |
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99 | (4) |
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4.3 Stability of Membranes in Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors |
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103 | (6) |
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4.4 Operating Variables Influencing Permeate Quality in Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors |
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109 | (4) |
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4.5 Examples of Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor Configurations and Designs |
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113 | (9) |
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4.6 Summary and Conclusions |
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122 | (7) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (5) |
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Chapter 5 PMRs Utilizing Non---Pressure-Driven Membrane Techniques |
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129 | (44) |
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129 | (3) |
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5.2 Photocatalysis Integrated With Pervaporation |
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132 | (20) |
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5.2.1 Principles of Pervaporation |
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132 | (3) |
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5.2.2 Membrane Reactor as a Unit Operation |
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135 | (8) |
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5.2.3 Applications of Pervaporation Photocatalytic Reactors |
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143 | (9) |
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5.3 Photocatalysis Integrated With Dialysis |
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152 | (4) |
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5.3.1 Principles of Dialysis |
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152 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Applications of Dialysis Photocatalytic Reactors |
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152 | (4) |
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5.4 Photocatalysis Integrated With Membrane Contactors |
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156 | (3) |
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5.4.1 Principles of Membrane Contactors |
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156 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Applications of Photocatalytic Reactors Integrated With Membrane Contactors |
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156 | (3) |
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5.5 Photocatalysis Integrated With Membrane Distillation |
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159 | (3) |
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5.5.1 Principles of Membrane Distillation |
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159 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Applications of Photocatalytic Reactors Integrated With Membrane Distillation |
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160 | (2) |
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5.6 Conclusions and Future Trends |
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162 | (11) |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (6) |
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Chapter 6 Performance of Reactors With PMs |
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173 | (16) |
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173 | (2) |
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6.2 Configurations and Designs of Reactors With Photocatalytic Membranes |
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175 | (3) |
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6.3 Fouling in Reactors With Photocatalytic Membranes |
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178 | (4) |
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179 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Fouling Control Strategies |
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180 | (2) |
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6.4 Overview of Applications of Reactors With Photocatalytic Membranes |
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182 | (3) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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6.5 Conclusion and Future Trends |
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185 | (4) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (1) |
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Chapter 7 PMRs in Photodegradation of Organic Contaminants: Water and Wastewater Treatment |
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189 | (20) |
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Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman |
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189 | (2) |
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7.2 Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors for Photodegradation of Organic Contaminants |
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191 | (12) |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (3) |
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196 | (6) |
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202 | (1) |
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7.3 Conclusions and Future Trends |
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203 | (6) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (3) |
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Chapter 8 PMRs in Photocatalytic Synthesis of Organic Compounds |
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209 | (24) |
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8.1 Introduction. General Overview of Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors in Photocatalytic Synthesis of Organic Compounds |
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209 | (2) |
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8.2 Operating Variables Influencing Product Quality in Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors |
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211 | (4) |
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8.2.1 Photocatalyst Concentration |
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212 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Substrate Concentration |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Wavelength and Light Intensity |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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8.2.6 Membrane Properties |
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214 | (1) |
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8.3 Partial Oxidation of Organic Compounds in Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors |
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215 | (5) |
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8.3.1 Benzene Hydroxylation to Phenol |
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215 | (2) |
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8.3.2 Conversion of Aromatic Alcohols Into the Corresponding Aldehydes and Ferulic Acid Into Vanillin |
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217 | (3) |
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8.4 Reduction Reactions in Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors |
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220 | (6) |
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8.4.1 Photocatalytic Hydrogenation of Ketones |
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220 | (2) |
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8.4.2 Photocatalytic Reduction of C02 to Methanol |
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222 | (3) |
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8.4.3 Photocatalytic Reduction of Nitrite to Ammonia |
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225 | (1) |
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8.5 Conclusions and Future Trends |
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226 | (7) |
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List of Acronyms and Symbols |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (6) |
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Chapter 9 How Far Are We From Large-Scale PMR Applications? |
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233 | (64) |
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9.1 Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors---Toward Technology Development |
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233 | (5) |
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9.2 Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor Technical Issues |
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238 | (29) |
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9.2.1 Categories of Technical Issues and Interrelations |
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238 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Assessment of Technical Issues |
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239 | (20) |
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9.2.3 Assessment of Operation Issues |
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259 | (4) |
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9.2.4 Performance Indicators |
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263 | (4) |
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267 | (3) |
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9.3.1 Equipment---Capital Expenses |
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267 | (2) |
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269 | (1) |
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9.4 Sustainability Assessment |
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270 | (5) |
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9.5 Conclusions and Future Trends |
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275 | (22) |
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275 | (3) |
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278 | (3) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (9) |
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291 | (6) |
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Chapter 10 Modeling Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors |
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297 | (20) |
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297 | (1) |
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10.2 Reactor Configurations |
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298 | (3) |
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10.2.1 Photocatalytic Reactors With Catalytic Membranes |
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298 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Photocatalytic Reactors With Sidestream Membranes |
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299 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Photocatalytic Reactors With Submerged Membranes |
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300 | (1) |
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10.2.4 Hybrid Photocatalysis---Membrane Distillation |
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300 | (1) |
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10.3 Reaction Kinetic Models |
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301 | (8) |
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10.3.1 First- and Zeroth-Order Reaction Kinetics |
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301 | (3) |
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10.3.2 Noninteger Reaction Kinetics |
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304 | (1) |
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10.3.3 Two-Step Reaction Kinetics |
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305 | (2) |
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10.3.4 Effects of Background Species |
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307 | (2) |
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10.4 Continuous Flow Reactor Models |
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309 | (8) |
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10.4.1 Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor Model with First-Order Kinetics |
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309 | (2) |
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10.4.2 Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor Model With Zeroth-Order Kinetics |
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311 | (1) |
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10.4.3 Numerical Methods for Complex Continuous Flow Reactors |
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311 | (3) |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (3) |
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Chapter 11 Economical Aspects in Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors |
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317 | (30) |
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317 | (7) |
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11.1.1 Membrane Concepts With Photocatalyst |
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320 | (4) |
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11.2 Cost Estimation for Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor System |
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324 | (18) |
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11.2.1 Cost Estimation for Photocatalytic Part |
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324 | (12) |
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11.2.2 Cost Estimation for Membrane Part |
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336 | (6) |
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11.3 Conclusions and Future Trends |
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342 | (5) |
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343 | (1) |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (3) |
Index |
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347 | |