Atnaujinkite slapukų nuostatas

El. knyga: Danish: An Essential Grammar 2nd edition [Taylor & Francis e-book]

(Freelance translator, UK), (University College London, UK)
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Taylor & Francis e-book
  • Kaina: 180,03 €*
  • * this price gives unlimited concurrent access for unlimited time
  • Standartinė kaina: 257,19 €
  • Sutaupote 30%
Danish: An Essential Grammar 2nd editionDidesnis paveikslėlis
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Taylor & Francis e-booksMore info about Taylor & Francis e-books
Partnerių interneto svetainė: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203878002
Danish: An Essential Grammar is a reference guide to the most important aspects of current Danish as it is used by native speakers.

It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language, focusing on those areas of Danish that pose particular problems for English speakers but at the same time providing a broad general account of the language.

The Grammar is the ideal source of reference for the learner of Danish in the early and middle stages. It is suitable for independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types.

This new edition has been fully updated to reflect changes in current language use and recent cultural developments. Features include:











clear, jargon-free explanations





many tables and diagrams for extra clarity





separate glossary of linguistic and grammatical terms





detailed index with key Danish and English words
Preface to the first edition xvi
Preface to the second edition xviii
Symbols and abbreviations used in the text xx
Chapter 1 Pronunciation and spelling
1
1.1 Vowel sounds
1(5)
1.1.1 Vowels and their pronunciation
1(3)
1.1.2 Vowel length and spelling
4(1)
1.1.3 Diphthongs
5(1)
1.2 Consonant sounds
6(6)
1.2.1 Stops: p, t, k
6(1)
1.2.2 Stops: b, d, g
7(2)
1.2.3 s, c, sc, x, z
9(1)
1.2.4 f, h, j, sj, sh, ch
10(1)
1.2.5 l, n, ng, nk, r, v, w
10(1)
1.2.6 Syllable loss and vowel merger
11(1)
1.2.7 Pronunciation of some frequent words
12(1)
1.3 The glottal stop
12(4)
1.3.1 The glottal stop (stød)
12(1)
1.3.2 General rules for `stød'
13(1)
1.3.3 Inflected forms -- `stød' variations
14(2)
1.4 Stress
16(7)
1.4.1 Stress -- introduction
16(1)
1.4.2 Stressed in the clause
17(1)
1.4.3 Unstressed in the clause
18(1)
1.4.4 Two-word stress
19(1)
1.4.5 Stressed and unstressed syllables
20(1)
1.4.6 Stressed prefixes
21(1)
1.4.7 Stressed suffixes
21(1)
1.4.8 Unstressed prefixes
21(1)
1.4.9 Unstressed suffixes
22(1)
Chapter 2 Nouns
23(21)
2.1 Gender
23(4)
2.1.1 Gender rules
24(3)
2.2 Plurals and declensions
27(9)
2.2.1 Plurals -- introduction
27(1)
2.2.2 Predicting plurals
28(1)
2.2.3 Plurals in -(e)r (en gade -- gader; et billede -- billeder)
29(1)
2.2.4 Plurals in -e (en dag -- dage; et hus -- huse)
30(1)
2.2.5 Zero-plural (en sko -- sko; et ar -- ar)
30(1)
2.2.6 Plurals with a vowel change (en tand -- tænder)
31(1)
2.2.7 Plurals of nouns in -el, -en, -er (en søster -- søstre)
32(1)
2.2.8 Nouns doubling the final consonant
32(1)
2.2.9 Plurals of loanwords
33(1)
2.2.10 Count and non-count nouns
34(1)
2.2.11 Nouns with no plural form
34(1)
2.2.12 Nouns with no singular form
35(1)
2.2.13 Nouns expressing quantity
35(1)
2.2.14 Differences in number
35(1)
2.3 The genitive
36(2)
2.3.1 Adding the genitive ending -s
36(1)
2.3.2 Proper nouns and the genitive ending
36(1)
2.3.3 Nouns ending in -s, -x or -z in the singular
37(1)
2.3.4 Old genitive case endings
37(1)
2.3.5 The genitive -s in noun phrases
37(1)
2.3.6 Differences in use in English and Danish
37(1)
2.3.7 The -s genitive
38(1)
2.3.8 Special uses of the -s genitive
38(1)
2.4 Articles
38(6)
2.4.1 Articles -- form
38(2)
2.4.2 Article use -- introduction
40(1)
2.4.3 Article use -- end article in Danish, no article in English
41(1)
2.4.4 Article use -- no article in Danish, definite article in English
42(1)
2.4.5 Article use -- no article in Danish, indefinite article in English
42(1)
2.4.6 Article use -- end article in Danish, possessive pronoun in English
43(1)
Chapter 3 Adjectives
44(20)
3.1 Adjectives in outline
44(1)
3.2 Indefinite declension
45(8)
3.2.1 Indefinite form -- regular
45(1)
3.2.2 Indefinite form -- neuter same as common gender
46(1)
3.2.3 Variations in plural/definite
47(1)
3.2.4 Indefinite form -- special cases
48(1)
3.2.5 Adjectives doubling the final consonant in the plural/definite
49(1)
3.2.6 Indeclinable adjectives
49(1)
3.2.7 Indefinite constructions
50(1)
3.2.8 Agreement and lack of agreement
51(2)
3.3 Definite declension
53(4)
3.3.1 Definite constructions
53(1)
3.3.2 Adjectival nouns
54(2)
3.3.3 `The English' and other nationality words
56(1)
3.4 Comparison
57(7)
3.4.1 Different methods of comparison
57(1)
3.4.2 Comparison with -ere, -est
58(1)
3.4.3 Comparison with vowel change and -(e)re, -(e)st
59(1)
3.4.4 Irregular comparison
59(1)
3.4.5 Comparison with mere, mest
60(1)
3.4.6 Similarity, dissimilarity and reinforcement
61(1)
3.4.7 Inflection of the superlative
62(1)
3.4.8 The absolute comparative and absolute superlative
63(1)
Chapter 4 Numerals
64(7)
4.1 Cardinal and ordinal numbers
64(2)
4.1.1 Numbers above 20
65(1)
4.1.2 Writing thousands
65(1)
4.1.3 Numerals 50--100
65(1)
4.1.4 Alternative forms
66(1)
4.1.5 En
66(1)
4.1.6 Hundrede, tusinde
66(1)
4.2 Major uses of cardinal and ordinal numbers
66(3)
4.2.1 Telephone numbers
66(1)
4.2.2 Dates
67(1)
4.2.3 Temperature
67(1)
4.2.4 Money
68(1)
4.2.5 Stykker
68(1)
4.2.6 Fractions, decimals
68(1)
4.2.7 Others
69(1)
4.3 Time by the clock
69(2)
4.3.1 The time
69(1)
4.3.2 `Half past'
70(1)
Chapter 5 Pronouns
71(26)
5.1 Personal and reflexive pronouns
71(4)
5.1.1 Personal and reflexive pronouns -- form
71(1)
5.1.2 Use of personal pronouns
72(1)
5.1.3 Uses of det
73(2)
5.1.4 Reflexive pronouns
75(1)
5.2 Reciprocal pronouns
75(1)
5.3 Possessive pronouns
76(5)
5.3.1 Non-reflexive and reflexive possessives: hans or sin?
78(3)
5.4 Demonstrative pronouns
81(3)
5.4.1 Proximity
81(1)
5.4.2 Her/der with demonstratives
82(1)
5.4.3 Position
82(1)
5.4.4 Demonstratives with relative clause
82(1)
5.4.5 The demonstrative is also used to direct attention to a following at-clause
83(1)
5.4.6 When referring to people, the genitive forms dennes, disses may be found in formal Danish
83(1)
5.4.7 Dennes (ds.) also means `inst.' (this month)
83(1)
5.4.8 Den is used independently of a person in proverbs, etc.
83(1)
5.4.9 The object form of de (when not followed by a noun) is dem
83(1)
5.4.10 Coordinated idiomatic phrases
83(1)
5.5 Relative pronouns
84(3)
5.5.1 Function
84(1)
5.5.2 Types of relative clause: restrictive and non-restrictive
84(2)
5.5.3 Der or som?
86(1)
5.6 Interrogative pronouns (hv-words)
87(1)
5.7 Indefinite pronouns
88(9)
5.7.1 Al, alt, alle
89(1)
5.7.2 Begge
90(1)
5.7.3 Hver, hvert, enhver
90(1)
5.7.4 Ingen, intet, ingenting
91(1)
5.7.5 Lidt, fa
91(1)
5.7.6 Man
92(1)
5.7.7 Megen, meget, mange
93(1)
5.7.8 Nogen, noget, nogle
94(3)
Chapter 6 Verbs
97(39)
6.1 Verb forms
97(18)
6.1.1 First conjugation
98(1)
6.1.2 Second conjugation
99(1)
6.1.3 Third conjugation
100(1)
6.1.4 Fourth conjugation
101(7)
6.1.5 Infinitive
108(2)
6.1.6 Past participle
110(3)
6.1.7 Present participle
113(2)
6.2 Tenses
115(6)
6.2.1 Present tense
115(1)
6.2.2 Past tense
116(1)
6.2.3 Perfect tense
117(1)
6.2.4 Past perfect tense
118(1)
6.2.5 Future tense
119(1)
6.2.6 Differences in the use of tenses
120(1)
6.3 Mood
121(7)
6.3.1 Modal verbs
121(3)
6.3.2 Imperative
124(1)
6.3.3 Subjunctive
124(1)
6.3.4 Main, auxiliary, transitive, intransitive and reflexive verbs
125(3)
6.4 s verbs and the passive
128(5)
6.4.1 s forms, deponent and reciprocal verbs
128(1)
6.4.2 The passive
129(4)
6.5 Compound verbs
133(3)
6.5.1 Inseparable compound verbs
133(1)
6.5.2 Separable compound verbs
134(2)
Chapter 7 Adverbs
136(9)
7.1 Adverbs -- form
136(2)
7.1.1 Simple adverbs
136(1)
7.1.2 Adverbs derived from other word classes
136(2)
7.2 Comparison of adverbs
138(1)
7.2.1 Adverbs derived from adjectives
138(1)
7.3 Use of adverbs
138(1)
7.3.1 Modification
138(1)
7.4 Function of adverbs
139(1)
7.4.1 Adverbs and adverbials
139(1)
7.4.2 Adjuncts, conjuncts and disjuncts
139(1)
7.5 Adverbs indicating motion and location
140(2)
7.5.1 The distinction between location and motion
140(1)
7.5.2 Forms of adverbs of location and motion
141(1)
7.6 Uptoners and downtoners
142(1)
7.6.1 Uptoners
142(1)
7.6.2 Downtoners
143(1)
7.7 Some difficult adverbs
143(2)
7.7.1 gerne, `willingly', `usually'
143(1)
7.7.2 Ikke, `not', `no'
143(1)
7.7.3 Langt, længe
144(1)
7.7.4 Modal adverbs (or discourse particles)
144(1)
Chapter 8 Prepositions
145(28)
8.1 Prepositions -- introduction
145(5)
8.1.1 Types of preposition
145(2)
8.1.2 Types of prepositional complement
147(1)
8.1.3 The position of prepositions
148(1)
8.1.4 Stressed and unstressed prepositions
149(1)
8.2 The most common Danish prepositions
150(14)
8.2.1 Af
151(1)
8.2.2 Efter
152(1)
8.2.3 For
153(1)
8.2.4 Fra
154(1)
8.2.5 I
155(1)
8.2.6 Med
156(1)
8.2.7 Mod
157(1)
8.2.8 Om
158(1)
8.2.9 Over
159(1)
8.2.10 Pa
159(2)
8.2.11 Til
161(1)
8.2.12 Under
162(1)
8.2.13 Ved
163(1)
8.3 Common English prepositions and their Danish equivalents -- summary
164(5)
8.3.1 Translating `at', `in', `on', etc., as expressions of time
165(1)
8.3.2 Translating `at', `in', `on', etc., as expressions of place
166(3)
8.4 Prepositions in expressions of time -- summary
169(1)
8.5 Translating `of
170(3)
8.5.1 Danish renderings of English `of
170(3)
Chapter 9 Interjections
173(5)
9.1 Interjections
173(5)
9.1.1 Introduction
173(1)
9.1.2 Type 1: exclamations, expressions of feelings
173(2)
9.1.3 Type 2: formulaic words and expressions
175(3)
Chapter 10 Conjunctions
178(8)
10.1 Coordinating conjunctions
178(1)
10.1.1 Function
178(1)
10.1.2 Five coordinating conjunctions
178(1)
10.2 Subordinating conjunctions
179(3)
10.2.1 Function
179(1)
10.2.2 Subordinators
179(3)
10.3 Other subordinators
182(1)
10.3.1 Interrogative pronouns and adverbs (hv-words)
182(1)
10.3.2 Relative pronouns and adverbs
182(1)
10.4 Translating some difficult conjunctions
183(3)
10.4.1 `After'= efter at
183(1)
10.4.2 `As'='for'= for
183(1)
10.4.3 `As ... as' in comparisons = (lige) sa ... som
183(1)
10.4.4 `Before'= inden, for
183(1)
10.4.5 `Both' -- as a conjunction ('both A and B') = bade ... og
184(1)
10.4.6 `But' -- as a conjunction = men
184(1)
10.4.7 `If' -- as a general subordinates (= `whether') = om
184(1)
10.4.8 `That' -- as a subordinating conjunction = at
185(1)
Chapter 11 Word order and sentence structure
186(37)
11.1 Word classes and clause elements
186(1)
11.2 Clause and sentence types
186(2)
11.2.1 FV1/FV2
187(1)
11.2.2 Sentence types
187(1)
11.3 Clause elements
188(6)
11.3.1 Subjects
188(1)
11.3.2 Finite verbs
189(1)
11.3.3 Non-finite verbs
190(1)
11.3.4 Clausal adverbials
190(1)
11.3.5 Other adverbials
191(1)
11.3.6 Objects and complements
192(1)
11.3.7 The passive agent
193(1)
11.4 Phrases
194(10)
11.4.1 The noun phrase
194(5)
11.4.2 The verb phrase
199(2)
11.4.3 The adjective phrase
201(1)
11.4.4 The adverb phrase
202(1)
11.4.5 The prepositional phrase
203(1)
11.5 Main clause structure
204(2)
11.6 Link position
206(1)
11.7 Extra positions
206(1)
11.8 Moving elements in the main clause
207(4)
11.8.1 Topicalisation
207(2)
11.8.2 Light elements
209(1)
11.8.3 Position of ikke and negative elements
210(1)
11.8.4 Passive transformation
210(1)
11.9 Existential sentences
211(1)
11.10 Subordinate clause as an element in the main clause sentence
212(2)
11.10.1 Function of subordinate clause in the sentence
212(1)
11.10.2 Relative clause
213(1)
11.11 Main clause structure -- an extended positional schema
214(2)
11.12 Subordinate clause structure
216(2)
11.12.1 No F-position
216(1)
11.12.2 The subject position
217(1)
11.12.3 The conjunction
217(1)
11.12.4 Rules for subordinate clause order
217(1)
11.13 Independent clauses
218(1)
11.14 Cleft sentences
218(1)
11.15 Three types of subordinate clause with main clause structure
219(2)
11.15.1 At-clauses with a `topic'
219(1)
11.15.2 At-clauses with a finite verb -- clausal adverb order
220(1)
11.15.3 Conditional clauses with yes/no question order
220(1)
11.16 Major word order and sentence structure problems -- summary
221(2)
11.16.1 Main clause -- inversion
221(1)
11.16.2 Main clause -- adverb(ial)s (e.g. ikke, aldrig)
221(1)
11.16.3 Subordinate clause -- adverb(ial)s (e.g. ikke, aldrig)
222(1)
11.16.4 Objects, etc., with and without stress
222(1)
Chapter 12 Word formation
223(14)
12.1 Introduction
223(1)
12.1.1 Borrowing from other languages
223(1)
12.1.2 Compounding existing stems
223(1)
12.1.3 Affixation
223(1)
12.1.4 Abbreviation
223(1)
12.1.5 Change of form, meaning or word class
223(1)
12.2 Compounding
224(2)
12.2.1 First element/second element
224(1)
12.2.2 Compound nouns
224(2)
12.2.3 Compound adjectives
226(1)
12.3 Affixation
226(5)
12.3.1 Prefix and suffix
226(1)
12.3.2 Affixes and meaning
227(1)
12.3.3 Productive and non-productive affixes
227(1)
12.3.4 Prefixes
227(2)
12.3.5 Suffixes
229(2)
12.4 Abbreviation
231(1)
12.4.1 Clipping
231(1)
12.4.2 Blend (or telescope reduction)
231(1)
12.4.3 Acronym
232(1)
12.5 List of common abbreviations
232(5)
Chapter 13 Orthography
237(4)
13.1 The alphabet
237(1)
13.2 AA, A, aa, a
237(1)
13.3 Other diacritics
238(1)
13.3.1 Acute accent: e
238(1)
13.3.2 Grave accent: a
238(1)
13.4 Small or capital letters?
238(1)
13.4.1 Small initial letter
238(1)
13.4.2 Simple proper nouns
238(1)
13.4.3 Capitals in compound names
239(1)
13.4.4 Phrases
239(1)
13.5 Word division
239(2)
13.5.1 Division by elements
239(1)
13.5.2 Division by affix
240(1)
13.5.3 Division by inflectional ending
240(1)
13.5.4 One vowel on each line
240(1)
13.5.5 Division by number of syllables
240(1)
Chapter 14 Punctuation
241(9)
14.1 Punctuation marks
241(1)
14.2 The comma
241(4)
14.2.1 Obligatory use of the comma
242(2)
14.2.2 Optional use of the comma
244(1)
14.3 The full stop
245(1)
14.3.1 At the end of a sentence
245(1)
14.3.2 In some abbreviations
245(1)
14.3.3 In mathematical expressions
245(1)
14.4 The colon
245(1)
14.4.1 Before direct speech
245(1)
14.4.2 Before lists, examples, explanations and summaries
246(1)
14.5 The exclamation mark
246(1)
14.6 Direct speech
246(1)
14.6.1 Dash (tankestreg)
246(1)
14.6.2 Inverted commas
246(1)
14.6.3 Guillemet
247(1)
14.7 The apostrophe
247(1)
14.7.1 Not used for possessor
247(1)
14.7.2 Indicating genitive after -s, -x, -z
247(1)
14.7.3 Indicating an inflectional ending
247(1)
14.8 The hyphen
247(1)
14.8.1 As a replacement for og
247(1)
14.8.2 Between figures or names of places to indicate period, extent, distance, etc.
248(1)
14.8.3 To avoid repetition of the first or second element
248(1)
14.8.4 Where one of the elements is an abbreviation or a number
248(1)
14.9 The dash
248(2)
14.9.1 To indicate a pause before an unexpected conclusion to a statement
248(1)
14.9.2 As brackets around a parenthetical phrase, before additional information, etc.
249(1)
14.9.3 To indicate that something is unfinished
249(1)
Linguistic terms 250(7)
Latin, Danish and English linguistic terms 257(3)
Bibliography 260(2)
Index 262
Tom Lundskęr-Nielsen is Senior Lecturer in Danish at University College London, UK.

Philip Holmes is Reader Emeritus in Scandinavian Studies at the University of Hull, UK, and is now a freelance translator.
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9780203878002_pe.html
Raktažodžiai: