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El. knyga: Death of the Chesapeake: A History of the Military's Role in Polluting the Bay

  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 17-May-2013
  • Leidėjas: Wiley-Scrivener
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118756515
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Death of the Chesapeake: A History of the Military's Role in Polluting the BayDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 17-May-2013
  • Leidėjas: Wiley-Scrivener
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118756515
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This unique book focuses attention on the failure of current efforts to cleanup the Chesapeake Bay and suggests an approach often used in cleaning up environmentally damaged sites

While military munitions sources contribute significantly to the pollution and degradation of Chesapeake Bay, they have been completely overlooked in many of the efforts to restore the Bay. Death of the Chesapeake explores this important aspect of the nation's environmental health. The book also recognizes for the first time that efforts to restore the Bay have failed because of the violation of a fundamental precept of environmental cleanup; that is, to sample the site and see what's there. The Bay itself has never been sampled.

Thus, this book presents a view of the environmental condition of Chesapeake Bay that is totally unique. It covers a part of the history of the Bay that is not widely known, including how the Bay was formed. It presents a mixture of science, military history, and novel solutions to the Bay's degradation. In so doing, the author examines the military use of the Bay and reveals the extent that munitions dumpsites containing nitrogen and phosphorus as well as chemical warfare material are affecting the environment. The book concludes with the author's own cleanup plan, which, if implemented, would go a long way toward restoring health to the Bay. The book is supplemented with many photographs and maps.

Recenzijos

Summing Up: Recommended.  Academic and large public library collections in the Chesapeake Bay area.  (Choice, 1 March 2014)

 

Preface xiii
Special Recognition for Those Who Enlightened the Author on Underwater Issues or on the Chesapeake Bay Itself xv
List of Acronyms
xvii
Introduction xix
1 The Formation of the Bay and Its Drainage Area
1(6)
References
5(2)
2 Nutrient Dynamics, Depletion, and Replenishment
7(8)
2.1 Nutrient Loads and Oxygen Depletion
7(1)
2.2 Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Munitions
8(1)
2.3 Munitions Disposal Areas
9(1)
2.4 Chemical Weapons Disposal in the Bay
10(1)
2.5 Total Yearly Contaminant Loads from Federal Facilities Entering the Chesapeake Bay
11(1)
2.6 Sewage Contamination by Military Facilities
11(4)
References
12(3)
3 Safety Issues with Old Munitions
15(14)
3.1 Old Explosives Can Spontaneously Detonate
17(12)
3.1.1 Underwater Munitions Can Migrate
19(4)
3.1.2 Density
23(1)
3.1.3 Wide Area Assessments [ 8]
23(1)
3.1.4 Human Death from Underwater UXO Detonations
23(1)
3.1.5 Human Death or Injury from Chemical Underwater UXO
24(1)
3.1.6 Human Chronic Illness from Munitions Constituents in Seafood
25(1)
3.1.7 Real Estate Impacts
26(1)
References
27(2)
4 Artillery Shells in the Bay
29(10)
4.1 Bloodsworth Island Range
29(4)
4.1.1 Baltimore Anchorages
32(1)
4.1.2 Fort Armistead
32(1)
4.1.3 Proximity-Fuze Testing
32(1)
4.2 Seacoast Artillery
33(2)
4.2.1 Fort Smallwood (1896-1928)
33(1)
4.2.2 Fort Monroe, VA
34(1)
4.3 Fort Meade
35(1)
4.4 Naval Research Laboratory - Chesapeake Bay Detachment
36(1)
4.5 Aberdeen Proving Ground
36(3)
References
37(2)
5 Bombs in the Bay
39(16)
5.1 Langley AFB
40(3)
5.2 Tangier Island
43(2)
5.3 Atlantic Test Ranges, Patuxent River, Maryland
45(4)
5.4 Plum Tree Island
49(2)
5.4.1 Other Targets
49(1)
5.4.2 Combination Bombing and Artillery Ranges
50(1)
5.5 Ragged Point
51(1)
5.6 Hebron Bomber Airport (Intersection of Route 50 & Route 347)
52(1)
5.7 Accidental Bombing of Wittman, MD
52(3)
References
54(1)
6 Mines and Torpedoes in the Bay
55(6)
6.1 The Disappearing Droids of Chesapeake Bay
56(1)
6.2 Patuxent Naval Mine Warfare Test Station
57(4)
References
59(2)
7 Military Munitions and Explosives Factories
61(4)
7.1 Triumph Industries
61(2)
7.2 US Penniman Shell Loading Plant
63(1)
7.3 Chestertown, MD, Munitions Plant
64(1)
References
64(1)
8 Contamination from Military Constituents Leading to Environmental and Human Health Concerns
65(14)
8.1 Potential Health Effects of the Munitions Constituents Closely Associated with Military Munitions
66(1)
8.2 Perchlorates
67(4)
8.3 Lead
71(1)
8.4 Explosive Contaminants
72(4)
8.4.1 Health Effects of Nitrates
73(2)
8.4.2 Environmental Damage from Leaking Toxins
75(1)
8.5 Sampling for Military Contaminants
76(3)
References
76(3)
9 Chemical Weapons Sites on Chesapeake Bay or in the Watershed
79(28)
9.1 Aberdeen Proving Ground
79(12)
9.1.1 Training Ranges
82(1)
9.1.2 General Ordnance Expended
83(1)
9.1.3 Specific Contaminants
84(2)
9.1.4 Carroll Island Study Area
86(1)
9.1.4.1 Background
87(1)
9.1.4.2 Findings to Date
88(1)
9.1.4.3 Remedial Actions
88(1)
9.1.5 White Phosphorus
89(2)
9.2 Pooles Island
91(1)
9.3 Berlin, MD
91(1)
9.4 American University Experiment Station
92(5)
9.5 Patuxent River Chemical Incineration
97(1)
9.6 Langley
97(1)
9.7 Naval Research Laboratory - Chesapeake Bay Detachment
97(5)
9.7.1 Dumpsite Containing 150 Tons of Lewisite Near NRL [ 9]
98(4)
9.8 Washington Navy Yard
102(1)
9.9 Tidewater Community College - Suffolk
103(1)
9.10 Other Hampton Rhodes, Norfolk, Virginia Beach Sites
103(4)
References
104(3)
10 Military Facilities Grouped by Specific Areas or on Specific Rivers
107(30)
10.1 Potomac River
107(12)
10.1.1 Various Military Facilities
107(1)
10.1.2 Old Navy Radio Station
108(1)
10.1.3 Washington Arsenal
109(1)
10.1.4 Naval Air Station
109(1)
10.1.5 Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head
110(1)
10.1.5.1 Stump Neck Annex
111(1)
10.1.6 Dahlgren
111(7)
10.1.7 Newtowne Neck State Park
118(1)
10.2 Anacostia River
119(9)
10.2.1 The Washington Navy Yard on the Anacostia River
119(5)
10.2.1.1 Ordnance
124(2)
10.2.2 Experimental Battery
126(2)
10.3 Severn River
128(1)
10.4 Norfolk (Hampton Rhodes Area)
128(9)
10.4.1 Fort Wool
130(2)
10.4.2 James River
132(1)
10.4.2.1 Nansemond Ordnance Depot
132(2)
10.4.2.2 Fort Story
134(1)
References
134(3)
11 Radioactive Contamination
137(4)
References
139(2)
12 PCB and Other Ship Contamination
141(8)
12.1 Navy Use of Polychlorinated Biphenyls
141(8)
References
147(2)
13 Environmental Justice
149(4)
References
151(2)
14 Cleaning Up the Bay's Munitons
153(6)
Conclusion
157(1)
References
158(1)
Appendix I Executive Order and Comments 159(8)
Appendix II Laws Protecting The Chesapeake Bay and Other Bodies of Water 167(5)
Appendix III Military Facilities In The Norfolk, Virginia Area Coast Guard Restrictions Due To Military Operations 172(5)
Appendix IV Listing of Related Defense and Chesapeake Bay Research 177(1)
Appendix V Title 33 - Navigation And Navigable Waters 178(2)
Appendix VI Federal Facilities Superfund Sites 180(3)
Appendix VII 1994 Tri Data 183(1)
Appendix VIII Installations Within The Chesapeake Bay Watershed 184(3)
Appendix IX Fish Advisories 187(2)
Bibliography 189(10)
Subject and Site Index 199
Richard D. Albright, a chemical weapons and ordnance expert, has a bachelor's from the University of Michigan, a master of science in environmental health from George Washington University and doctorates from Wayne State and an online university. A former Army officer, he wrote a science bestseller, Cleanup of Chemical and Explosive Munitions, now in its second edition; has testified before Congress, state government, and in federal courts on environmental issues. His work has been featured in Washingtonian magazine, The Washington Post, The News-Herald (Northeast Ohio), The Press of Atlantic City, The New York Times and The Kansas City Star. He has worked for 20 years to restore the Chesapeake Bay and sailed the Bay for 40 years. He won the Cafritz prize for his work cleaning up a chemical weapons site.
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