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1 | (10) |
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1.1 Major Renovation and Deep Energy Retrofit |
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6 | (1) |
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1.2 Deep Versus Shallow Energy Retrofit |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (2) |
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2 The Scope of DER and Investment Costs |
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11 | (18) |
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2.1 Development of the DER Scope from the Business Perspective |
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11 | (3) |
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2.2 Determination of Technical Concept and Investment Costs |
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14 | (5) |
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2.3 Determination of DER Investment Costs |
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19 | (2) |
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2.4 Investment Cost: Reduction Potential in DER Projects |
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21 | (1) |
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2.5 Optimization of Investment Scenario by Least-Cost Planning [ 9] |
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21 | (6) |
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27 | (2) |
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3 Evaluation of Cost-Effectiveness of DER Projects |
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29 | (48) |
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3.1 Cost Effectiveness Calculation in the Real Estate Sector |
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29 | (1) |
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3.2 Life-Cycle Cost Calculation |
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30 | (4) |
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3.3 Cost Effectiveness of DER Investments |
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34 | (5) |
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35 | (3) |
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3.3.2 Internal Rate of Return-IRR |
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38 | (1) |
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3.4 Multiple Benefits: Bankable LCC in DER |
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39 | (3) |
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3.4.1 Bankability and Risk Mitigation of Multiple Benefits |
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40 | (2) |
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3.5 Energy Savings in DER |
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42 | (5) |
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3.5.1 Additional Benefit for CHP: Grid Stabilization |
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46 | (1) |
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3.6 Avoided Maintenance and Repair Costs |
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47 | (11) |
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3.7 Operation Cost Reduction by Building Automation Systems (BAS) |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (1) |
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3.9 Synergy of Investment and Maintenance Cost Savings |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (2) |
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3.11 Impact of DER on Building Values |
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64 | (6) |
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3.11.1 International Regulation Framework |
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66 | (2) |
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3.11.2 Income Related Real Estate Evaluation: Gross Rental Method (GRM) and Discounted Cash-Flow Method |
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68 | (1) |
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3.11.3 DER and Green Building Values in Public and Non-public Sectors |
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68 | (2) |
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3.12 Increasing Available Floor Space |
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70 | (1) |
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3.13 Conclusions: Life Cycle Cost Analysis and Optimization |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (4) |
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4 Funding of DER Projects---Financial Instruments |
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77 | (16) |
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4.1 Financing Instruments |
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78 | (8) |
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4.1.1 Loan Financing, Credit Lines, Revolving Funds, Preferential Loans |
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80 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Soft Loans/Dedicated Credit Lines |
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80 | (3) |
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4.1.3 Project Finance, Non-recourse and Recourse Finance---Refinancing of ESCO |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (3) |
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4.2 Performance Based Financing Instruments |
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86 | (4) |
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4.2.1 Energy Performance Contracting |
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86 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Public ESCOs EPC for Deep Renovation in Public Buildings |
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88 | (1) |
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4.2.3 On-Bill Repayment (OBR) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (3) |
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93 | (18) |
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5.1 Business Models---Definitions and Introduction |
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93 | (5) |
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5.1.1 Appropriated Funding and Execution Model |
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94 | (2) |
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5.1.2 Fixed Payment Model and Utility Fixed Repayment Model |
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96 | (1) |
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5.1.3 On-Bill Repayment Program |
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97 | (1) |
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5.2 Energy (Saving) Performance Contracting (Private Funding) Model EPC/Energy Savings Performance Contract (ESPC) |
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98 | (5) |
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5.2.1 Blended Funding (Public and Private Combined Funding) |
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98 | (1) |
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5.2.2 U.S. Precedent for Combined Public and Private Funding |
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99 | (4) |
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5.3 Advanced DER EPC Business Model |
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103 | (3) |
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5.4 QA Tools for Investors |
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106 | (4) |
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5.4.1 Data Sources: Investment and Energy Performance |
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106 | (1) |
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5.4.2 The Investor Confidence Project (ICP) Approach |
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107 | (1) |
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5.4.3 SMESCo Business Model |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (1) |
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6 Conclusions and Outlook |
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111 | (4) |
Appendix: Best Practice DER Business Models |
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115 | (20) |
Bibliography |
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135 | |