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Descriptive Grammar of Bangla [Kietas viršelis]

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  • Formatas: Hardback, 354 pages, aukštis x plotis: 240x170 mm, weight: 714 g, 1 Illustrations, black and white; 74 Tables, black and white
  • Serija: Mouton-CASL Grammar Series [MCASL]
  • Išleidimo metai: 27-May-2015
  • Leidėjas: De Gruyter Mouton
  • ISBN-10: 1614513023
  • ISBN-13: 9781614513025
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Descriptive Grammar of BanglaDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Hardback, 354 pages, aukštis x plotis: 240x170 mm, weight: 714 g, 1 Illustrations, black and white; 74 Tables, black and white
  • Serija: Mouton-CASL Grammar Series [MCASL]
  • Išleidimo metai: 27-May-2015
  • Leidėjas: De Gruyter Mouton
  • ISBN-10: 1614513023
  • ISBN-13: 9781614513025
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781614513025.html
Raktažodžiai:
Bangla is spoken as the majority language in Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal in India, and as a minority language in several other Indian states. With almost 200 million native speakers, it ranks among the top ten languages in the world in number of speakers. Based on both primary and secondary materials, the CASL Bangla grammar provides comprehensive coverage of the phonology, orthography, morphology, and syntax of Bangla. Plentiful examples of naturally-occurring sentences provide native orthography, Romanization, and morpheme-by-morpheme glossing along with free translations. Unlike many Romanizations of Bangla, our system eschews Sanskritic influence and instead reflects actual Bangla phonology. We also offer comparative information of use to linguists, highlighting features of Bangla shared with the South Asian sprachbund, such as light verb constructions, as well as those that differentiate Bangla from its Indo-Aryan relatives; for example, its unique NP structure. Written in an accessible style from a theory-neutral perspective, this work will be of use to linguistic researchers, language scholars, and students of Bangla. A formal grammar focusing on the morphology is an available companion work.
Foreword vii
Series Editors' Preface ix
Preface xi
1 About this Grammar 1(4)
1.1 Overview
1(1)
1.2 Scope of this book
1(1)
1.3 Tables and examples
1(1)
1.3.1 Order of elements in a gloss
2(1)
1.4 Abbreviations and symbols
2(3)
2 The Bangla Language 5(8)
2.1 Population of speakers
5(1)
2.2 History and classification
5(4)
2.3 Dialectal variation
9(1)
2.4 The Bangla script
10(3)
3 Phonology and Orthography 13(28)
3.1 Introduction
13(1)
3.2 Bangla phonemes
14(4)
3.2.1 Vowels
14(2)
3.2.2 Consonants
16(2)
3.3 Other phonology
18(7)
3.3.1 Phonotactics
18(6)
3.3.1.1 Vowels
18(5)
3.3.1.1.1 Occurrence constraints and height neutralization
19(1)
3.3.1.1.2 Anticipatory assimilation
19(3)
3.3.1.1.3 Progressive assimilation
22(1)
3.3.1.1.4 Sanskritic vowel mutation
23(1)
3.3.1.2 Consonants
23(1)
3.3.1.3 Syllable structure
24(1)
3.3.2 Prosody
24(1)
3.4 Romanized transcription and Bangla orthography
25(9)
3.4.1 Introduction: our transcription system
25(1)
3.4.2 Orthography of Bangla vowels
26(3)
3.4.2.1 Vowel length in the orthography
26(1)
3.4.2.2 Vowel letters and vowel diacritics
26(1)
3.4.2.3 The vowel letter and the inherent vowel
27(2)
3.4.2.4 The vowel letter and its diacritic
29(1)
3.4.3 Orthography of Bangla consonants
29(13)
3.4.3.1 Nasals
29(1)
3.4.3.2 Sibilants
29(1)
3.4.3.3 Consonant conjuncts
30(3)
3.4.3.4
33(1)
3.4.3.5
34(1)
3.5 Our transcription system
34(7)
4 Bangla as a South Asian Language 41(12)
4.1 Typological convergence
42(6)
4.1.1 Phonology
42(1)
4.1.2 Complex predicates
43(4)
4.1.2.1 Conjunct verbs
44(2)
4.1.2.2 Compound verbs
46(1)
4.1.3 Oblique case-marked subjects
47(1)
4.1.4 Reduplication & onomatopoeia
47(1)
4.1.5 Quotatives
48(1)
4.2 Typological divergence
48(5)
4.2.1 Phonology
48(2)
4.2.2 Ergativity
50(1)
4.2.3 Classifiers
50(3)
5 Nouns 53(28)
5.1 Nominal categories
53(1)
5.2 Nominal inflection
53(7)
5.2.1 Nominal markers
54(3)
5.2.2 Noun paradigms
57(3)
5.2.3 A note on orthography of case markers
60(1)
5.3 Allomorphy in noun inflection
60(8)
5.3.1 Nominative marker allomorphy
61(2)
5.3.1.1 Singular
61(1)
5.3.1.2 Plural
61(2)
5.3.2 Genitive marker allomorphy
63(3)
5.3.2.1 Singular
63(2)
5.3.2.2 Plural
65(1)
5.3.3 Objective marker allomorphy
66(1)
5.3.3.1 Singular
66(1)
5.3.3.2 Plural
66(1)
5.3.4 Locative marker allomorphy
67(1)
5.4 Use of case and number markers
68(10)
5.4.1 Nominative
68(2)
5.4.1.1 Nominative case proper
68(1)
5.4.1.2 Unmarked nouns
69(1)
5.4.2 Objective
70(2)
5.4.3 Genitive
72(3)
5.4.4 Locative
75(1)
5.4.5 Plural number
76(2)
5.5 Noun derivation
78(3)
5.5.1 Deriving nouns from adjectives
78(1)
5.5.2 Deriving nouns from nouns
79(2)
6 Pronouns and Other Pro-forms 81(30)
6.1 Introduction
81(1)
6.2 Pronominal morphology
82(5)
6.2.1 Pronominal stems
82(1)
6.2.2 Pronominal case-marking suffixes
82(3)
6.2.3 Rules of stem allomorphy
85(2)
6.3 Personal pronouns (including demonstratives)
87(8)
6.3.1 First person pronouns
87(1)
6.3.2 Second person pronouns
87(3)
6.3.3 Third person pronouns
90(5)
6.4 Relative and correlative pronouns
95(4)
6.5 Demonstrative pronouns
99(1)
6.6 Reflexive pronouns
100(3)
6.7 Interrogative pronouns
103(2)
6.8 Indefinite pro-forms
105(6)
6.8.1 Indefinite pronouns and pro-forms
105(3)
6.8.2 Quantifying pro-forms
108(3)
6.8.2.1 Declinable quantifying pro-forms
108(1)
6.8.2.2 Indeclinable quantifying pro-forms
109(2)
7 Noun Modifiers 111(40)
7.1 Introduction
111(1)
7.2 Adjectives
111(8)
7.2.1 About adjectives
111(1)
7.2.2 Comparison of adjectives
112(4)
7.2.2.1 Comparatives
112(3)
7.2.2.2 Superlatives
115(1)
7.2.3 Historically derived adjectives
116(5)
7.2.3.1 Adjectives derived from adverbs
116(1)
7.2.3.2 Adjectives derived from nouns
116(3)
7.2.3.3 Adjectives derived from verbs
119(1)
7.3 Noun modification via other parts of speech
119(2)
7.4 Determiners
121(30)
7.4.1 Demonstratives
121(2)
7.4.2 Quantifiers
123(12)
7.4.2.1 Number names
124(9)
7.4.2.1.1 Inventory and representation
124(5)
7.4.2.1.2 Expressions involving number names
129(4)
7.4.2.2 Other quantifiers
133(2)
7.4.2.2.1 Inventory
133(2)
7.4.2.2.2 Interrogative quantifiers
135(1)
7.4.2.2.3 Indefinite Quantifiers
135(1)
7.4.3 Classifiers
135(22)
7.4.3.1 Definition
135(1)
7.4.3.2 Inventory of classifiers
136(6)
7.4.3.2.1
136(1)
7.4.3.2.2
137(1)
7.4.3.2.3
138(2)
7.4.3.2.4
140(1)
7.4.3.2.5
140(1)
7.4.3.2.6
141(1)
7.4.3.2.7
142(1)
7.4.3.2.8
142(1)
7.4.3.3 Functions of classifiers
142(6)
7.4.3.4 Frozen classifiers
148(9)
7.4.3.4.1
148(1)
7.4.3.4.2
149(2)
8 Other Word Classes and Processes 151(30)
8.1 Interrogative words
151(4)
8.2 Adverbs
155(2)
8.3 Postpositions and prepositions
157(8)
8.3.1 Postpositions
157(8)
8.3.1.1 Postpositions requiring the genitive case
158(4)
8.3.1.2 Postpositions requiring no particular case
162(2)
8.3.1.3 Postpositions requiring the objective case
164(1)
8.3.1.4 Postpositions with optional genitive case
164(1)
8.3.2 Prepositions
165(1)
8.4 Conjunctions
165(5)
8.4.1 Coordinating conjunctions
166(3)
8.4.2 Subordinating conjunctions
169(1)
8.5 Particles or clitics
170(5)
8.5.1 The particle
171(1)
8.5.2 The particle
172(1)
8.5.3 The particle
173(1)
8.5.4 The particle
174(1)
8.5.5 The particle
174(1)
8.5.6 The particle
175(1)
8.5.7 The interrogative particle
175(1)
8.6 Reduplication
175(5)
8.6.1 Reduplication of whole words
176(2)
8.6.1.1 Repetition of verbs
176(1)
8.6.1.2 Repetition of other parts of speech
176(1)
8.6.1.3 Reduplicative expressives
177(1)
8.6.2 Partial reduplication
178(3)
8.6.2.1 Partial reduplication with initial consonant insertion
178(1)
8.6.2.2 Partial reduplication with final vowel change
179(1)
8.7 Lengthened consonants
180(1)
9 Verbs 181(68)
9.1 Inflectional features
181(4)
9.1.1 Verbal categories
181(1)
9.1.2 Personal, tense, and aspect suffixes
181(3)
9.1.3 Verbal stem allomorphy
184(1)
9.2 Verb conjugation classes
185(6)
9.2.1 Class 1: (C)VC-; V is not = to /a/
186(1)
9.2.2 Class 2: (C)aC-
186(1)
9.2.3 Class 3: (C)V-; V is not = to a
187(1)
9.2.4 Class 4: (C)a-
188(1)
9.2.5 Class 5: (C)c(i)- or (C)a(i)-
188(2)
9.2.6 Class 6: (C)VCa- or (C)Vwa-
190(1)
9.2.7 Class 7: (C)VCCa- or (C)VVCa- ("three-letter" verbs)
190(1)
9.3 Verb paradigms
191(27)
9.3.1 Simple present
191(3)
9.3.1.1 Morphology of the simple present
191(2)
9.3.1.2 Uses of the simple present
193(1)
9.3.2 Present imperative
194(2)
9.3.2.1 Morphology of the present imperative
194(2)
9.3.2.2 Uses of the present imperative
196(1)
9.3.3 Present imperfect
196(3)
9.3.3.1 Morphology of the present imperfect
196(2)
9.3.3.2 Uses of the present imperfect
198(1)
9.3.4 Present perfect
199(3)
9.3.4.1 Morphology of the present perfect
199(2)
9.3.4.2 Uses of the present perfect
201(1)
9.3.5 Simple future
202(3)
9.3.5.1 Morphology of the simple future
202(2)
9.3.5.2 Uses of the simple future
204(1)
9.3.6 Future imperative
205(2)
9.3.6.1 Morphology of the future imperative
205(2)
9.3.6.2 Uses of the future imperative
207(1)
9.3.7 Simple past
207(3)
9.3.7.1 Morphology of the simple past
207(2)
9.3.7.2 Uses of the simple past
209(1)
9.3.8 Conditional/past habitual
210(3)
9.3.8.1 Morphology of the conditional/past habitual
210(2)
9.3.8.2 Uses of the conditional/past habitual
212(1)
9.3.9 Past imperfect
213(2)
9.3.9.1 Morphology of the past imperfect
213(2)
9.3.9.2 Uses of the past imperfect
215(1)
9.3.10 Past perfect
215(3)
9.3.10.1 Morphology of the past perfect
215(2)
9.3.10.2 Uses of the past perfect
217(1)
9.4 Irregular verbs
218(5)
9.4.1 /ach-/ 'to be present, exist'
218(1)
9.4.2 /dewa/ 'to give'
219(1)
9.4.3 /newa/ 'to take'
220(1)
9.4.4 'not to be, not to exist'
220(1)
9.4.5 /jawa/ 'to go'
221(2)
9.4.6 /asa/ 'to come'
223(1)
9.5 Non-finite forms
223(18)
9.5.1 Perfect participle
226(3)
9.5.1.1 Morphology of perfect participles
226(1)
9.5.1.2 Uses
226(3)
9.5.2 Imperfect participle
229(4)
9.5.2.1 Morphology of imperfect participles
229(1)
9.5.2.2 Uses
229(4)
9.5.3 Conditional participle
233(2)
9.5.3.1 Morphology of the conditional participle
234(1)
9.5.3.2 Uses
234(1)
9.5.4 Verbal noun
235(6)
9.5.4.1 Morphology of verbal nouns
236(1)
9.5.4.1.1 Common form
236(1)
9.5.4.1.2 Alternate form
236(1)
9.5.4.2 Uses
236(5)
9.6 Causatives
241(3)
9.6.1 Morphology of causatives
241(1)
9.6.2 Causatives of pseudo-causative verbs
241(1)
9.6.3 Triple causatives
242(2)
9.7 Negation
244(5)
9.7.1 RI /na/
244(3)
9.7.1.1 As a negator of verbs
244(2)
9.7.1.2 Other uses of /na/:
246(1)
9.7.2 /nei/ 'is not'
247(1)
9.7.3 /nc-/ 'not to be, not to exist' (the negative copula)
247(1)
9.7.4 /ni/ (the perfect negative)
247(1)
9.7.5 /nara/
248(1)
10 Syntax 249(54)
10.1 Word order and clause structure
249(8)
10.1.1 Scrambling
249(3)
10.1.2 The two be verbs
252(2)
10.1.2.1 /ach-/ 'be'
253(1)
10.1.3 Questions
254(3)
10.1.3.1 Question marker
254(1)
10.1.3.2 Wh-phrases
255(2)
10.1.3.2.1 Wh-phrase structure
256(1)
10.2 Noun phrase structure
257(9)
10.2.1 Word order
257(2)
10.2.1.1 Adjective placement
258(1)
10.2.2 Headless noun phrases
259(1)
10.2.3 Definiteness marking
260(1)
10.2.4 Quantifiers and classifiers
261(5)
10.2.4.1 Bare nouns
261(3)
10.2.4.1.1 Nouns with and without classifiers
261(3)
10.2.4.1.2 Floating quantifiers
264(1)
10.2.4.2 "The whole"
264(1)
10.2.4.3 Indefinite number
265(1)
10.2.5 Associative plurals
266(1)
10.3 Verbal phrase structure
266(14)
10.3.1 Valency
266(4)
10.3.1.1 Passives
267(1)
10.3.1.2 Causatives
268(2)
10.3.2 Light verb constructions
270(5)
10.3.2.1 Subjects and light verbs
271(1)
10.3.2.2 Scrambling
271(2)
10.3.2.3 Light verb inventory
273(2)
10.3.3 Conjunct verbs
275(2)
10.3.3.1 Uses of conjunct verbs
275(1)
10.3.3.2 Selection
276(1)
10.3.4 Imperfect participles
277(6)
10.3.4.1 Other uses of the imperfect participle
279(1)
10.4 Postpositions
280(3)
10.5 Subordinate clauses
283(10)
10.5.1 Perfect participles as subordinators
283(1)
10.5.2 Conditionals
284(2)
10.5.3 Relative and correlative clauses
286(4)
10.5.3.1 Modifying nouns
289(1)
10.5.4 Complement clauses
290(2)
10.5.5 Other subordinate clauses
292(1)
10.6 Non-canonical case-marking
293(7)
10.6.1 Oblique subjects vs. nominative subjects
294(1)
10.6.2 /laga/ 'to strike'
295(1)
10.6.3 Oblique and nominative pairs
295(3)
10.6.4 Expressing possession with an oblique subject
298(1)
10.6.5 Deontic modals
298(1)
10.6.6 Objective case
299(1)
10.7 Negation
300(3)
References Cited 303(4)
A The Digital Grammar 307(12)
A.1 Overview
307(1)
A.2 Audience
308(1)
A.3 More on uses of this grammar
309(4)
A.3.1 The grammar as a basis for computational tools
309(3)
A.3.1.1 Building a parser and generator
310(2)
A.3.2 The grammar as a description
312(1)
A.4 Spell correction
313(1)
A.5 Grammar adaptation
314(2)
A.5.1 Manual grammar building
314(1)
A.5.2 Automated grammar adaptation
315(1)
A.6 Formatting the grammar for viewing
316(3)
B Unicode Representation 319(4)
B.1 Diacritics
319(1)
B.2 Normalization
319(4)
Index 323
Anne Boyle David, University of Maryland Center for Advanced Study of Language, USA.