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El. knyga: Design of Hydroelectric Power Plants Step by Step [Taylor & Francis e-book]

  • Formatas: 628 pages, 86 Tables, black and white; 15 Line drawings, color; 74 Line drawings, black and white; 440 Halftones, color; 28 Halftones, black and white; 455 Illustrations, color; 102 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 21-Sep-2021
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003161325
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  • Taylor & Francis e-book
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Design of Hydroelectric Power Plants Step by StepDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 628 pages, 86 Tables, black and white; 15 Line drawings, color; 74 Line drawings, black and white; 440 Halftones, color; 28 Halftones, black and white; 455 Illustrations, color; 102 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 21-Sep-2021
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003161325
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Taylor & Francis e-booksMore info about Taylor & Francis e-books
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"This book is a simple manual containing the practical step-by-step for designing hydroelectric plants, including legislation, with a general view of the project"--

The design of a hydroelectric plant, along with an installation of transformation of potential energy of water into electricity, is an activity that is not standardized. Each new project is an interesting engineering challenge, and teams need to work in different conditions of each site, integrated to design a functional, economical and environmentally sustainable project. The development of a project, here understood as the plant itself, the reservoir, the maneuver substation and the associated transmission line, is a multidisciplinary activity that encompasses areas of civil engineering, geology, mechanical and electrical engineering, environmental engineering, economic engineering, construction and assembly, and the engineering of operation and maintenance of civil works and electromechanical equipment. The book is organized to facilitate the performance of professional life of the new generations of engineers who will join the Electric Sector, or in other sectors that demand the knowledge regarding hydraulic structures. The book is a simple manual providing the practical step-by-step procedure for designing hydroelectric plants, including legislation, with a general view of the project.



This book is a simple manual containing the practical step-by-step for designing hydroelectric plants, including legislation, with a general view of the project.

About the author xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
Acronyms xxi
Symbols xxvii
Greek symbols xxxi
1 Hydroelectric powerplants 1(24)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 The history
2(4)
1.3 Hydroelectric plants - outstanding events
6(2)
1.4 Hydroelectric powerplants in Brazil
8(11)
1.5 Energy transformation
19(1)
1.6 Component structures of a hydroelectric
20(1)
1.7 Largest hydroelectrics in the world
21(4)
2 Planning hydropower generation 25(14)
2.1 Catchment areas and multiple uses of water
25(3)
2.2 Generation expansion planning
28(1)
2.3 Phases of studies
29(7)
2.3.1 Inventory hydroelectric studies
32(2)
2.3.2 Integrated environmental assessment
34(1)
2.3.3 Basic project of mini plants
34(1)
2.3.4 Basic project of small plants
34(1)
2.3.5 Feasibility studies
35(1)
2.3.6 Environmental impact studies
35(1)
2.3.7 Consolidated basic engineering project
35(1)
2.3.8 Environmental basic project
36(1)
2.3.9 Detailed project
36(1)
2.4 Budget and evaluation of plant's attractiveness
36(3)
2.4.1 Standard budget
37(1)
2.4.2 Budgets after privatization
37(1)
2.4.3 Assessment of plant's attractiveness
38(1)
3 Types of power plants and layouts 39(14)
3.1 Introduction
39(1)
3.2 Types of power plants
39(2)
3.2.1 Function of the type of operation
39(1)
3.2.2 Function of type of use
40(1)
3.2.3 Function of the head
41(1)
3.3 Types of layouts
41(6)
3.3.1 Dam layouts
42(1)
3.3.2 Canal drop layouts
42(5)
3.4 Notes on the spillway position in the layout
47(6)
4 Hydrological studies 53(28)
4.1 Introduction
53(1)
4.2 Hydrological studies
54(14)
4.2.1 Basin characterization
54(2)
4.2.1.1 Drainage area
54(1)
4.2.1.2 Shape of the basin
54(1)
4.2.1.3 Mean bed slope
55(1)
4.2.1.4 Time of concentration
55(1)
4.2.2 Hydrometeorology
56(1)
4.2.2.1 Temperature
57(1)
4.2.2.2 Relative humidity
57(1)
4.2.2.3 Precipitation
57(1)
4.2.2.4 Climate classification
57(1)
4.2.3 Fluviometric measurements
57(2)
4.2.4 Tailwater elevation curve
59(1)
4.2.5 Flow-duration curves
60(4)
4.2.6 Extreme flows
64(3)
4.2.6.1 Powerhouse design flow
67(1)
4.2.6.2 Diversion flows
67(1)
4.2.6.3 Risk analysis
67(1)
4.2.7 Minimum flows
67(1)
4.2.8 Regularization of discharges
67(1)
4.2.9 Determination of sanitary flow
68(1)
4.3 Curves quotax areax volume
68(1)
4.4 Reservoir flood routing
69(1)
4.5 Backwater studies
69(1)
4.6 Free board
70(4)
4.7 Reservoir filling studies
74(1)
4.8 Reservoir useful life studies
75(6)
5 Power output 81(10)
5.1 Available head
81(1)
5.2 Power output
81(2)
5.3 Turbine type selection
83(1)
5.4 Energy simulation
83(2)
5.5 Energy-economic dimensioning
85(1)
5.6 Number of generating units
85(2)
5.7 Determination of physical guarantee
87(4)
6 Geological and geotechnical studies 91(34)
6.1 Introduction
91(1)
6.2 Investigationslstudy phases
92(17)
6.3 Material parameters
109(3)
6.4 Foundation treatment methods
112(5)
6.5 Drainage systems
117(5)
6.5.1 Drainage system of earth and rockfill dams
117(5)
6.5.2 Drainage system of the concrete dams
122(1)
6.6 Instrumentation of foundations
122(1)
6.7 Construction materials
123(2)
7 Dams 125(46)
7.1 Types of dams
125(1)
7.2 Earth dams
125(13)
7.2.1 Design criteria and section type
127(3)
7.2.1.1 Principle of flow control
127(1)
7.2.1.2 Principle of stability
127(1)
7.2.1.3 Principle of compatibility of deformations of the various materials
127(3)
7.2.2 Percolation analysis
130(3)
7.2.2.1 Internal drainage system
132(1)
7.2.2.2 Transitions
132(1)
7.2.2.3 Foundation waterproofing
133(1)
7.2.3 Stability analyses
133(1)
7.2.4 Tension and strain analysis
134(4)
7.2.4.1 Deformability and displacements
135(3)
7.2.5 Slopes protection
138(1)
7.3 Rockfill dams
138(12)
7.3.1 Rockfill dam with clay core
140(3)
7.3.2 Concrete face rockfill dams
143(3)
7.3.3 Asphalt concrete face rockfill dams
146(3)
7.3.4 Asphalt core rockfill dams
149(1)
7.4 Concrete gravity dam
150(10)
7.4.1 Gravity dam - conventional concrete
150(5)
7.4.2 Gravity dam - roller compacted concrete (RCC)
155(5)
7.5 Concrete arch dam
160(11)
8 Spillways 171(68)
8.1 Types of spillways and selection criteria
171(4)
8.2 Hydraulic design
175(10)
8.2.1 Design of the tucurui spillway
182(3)
8.2.2 Physical model studies
185(1)
8.3 Energy dissipation
185(26)
8.3.1 Ski jump dissipators
187(10)
8.3.2 Hydraulic jump energy dissipators - stilling basins
197(11)
8.3.3 Efforts downstream of dissipators
208(1)
8.3.4 Erosion pit dimensions assessment
208(3)
8.4 Cavitation
211(12)
8.4.1 Conceptualization and characteristic parameters
211(1)
8.4.2 Cavitation caused by irregularities
212(1)
8.4.3 Protective measures specifications
213(5)
8.4.4 Cavitation cases
218(5)
8.5 Aeration
223(11)
8.6 Operating aspects in spillway monitoring
234(5)
9 Hydraulic conveyance design 239(70)
9.1 Introduction
239(1)
9.2 Power canal
239(2)
9.3 Intake
241(5)
9.3.1 Geometry
241(2)
9.3.2 Minimum submergence
243(1)
9.3.3 Ventilation duct
243(1)
9.3.4 Vibration in the trashracks
244(1)
9.3.5 Head losses
244(2)
9.4 Penstocks
246(23)
9.4.1 Head losses
246(2)
9.4.2 Economic diameter
248(10)
9.4.2.1 Annex support and anchor blocks
250(8)
9.4.3 Waterhammer
258(11)
9.4.3.1 Overpressure calculation due to instant closing
261(3)
9.4.3.2 Calculation of overpressure (h) due to gradual closure without surge tank
264(5)
9.5 Tunnel
269(13)
9.5.1 General design criteria
269(5)
9.5.1.1 Tunnel alignment
269(2)
9.5.1.2 Covering criteria
271(3)
9.5.2 Criteria for hydraulic tunnel dimensioning
274(4)
9.5.3 Design application
278(3)
9.5.4 Assumptions for tunnel lining dimensioning
281(1)
9.6 Surge Tanks
282(7)
9.6.1 Types of surge tanks
282(1)
9.6.2 Criteria used in inventory studies (Canambra)
283(1)
9.6.3 Canambra criteria
284(1)
9.6.4 Rotating masses inertia
284(2)
9.6.5 Interconnected system operation
286(2)
9.6.6 Surge tank need - summary
288(1)
9.6.7 Minimum dimensions of the surge tank
288(1)
9.7 Powerhouse
289(13)
9.7.1 Outdoor powerhouses
292(7)
9.7.1.1 Powerhouse at the foot of the dam
292(5)
9.7.1.2 Powerhouse as part of the dam
297(1)
9.7.1.3 Powerhouse downstream of the dam
297(2)
9.7.2 Underground powerhouses - examples
299(3)
9.8 Tailrace
302(7)
10 Mechanical equipment 309(52)
10.1 Gates and valves
309(21)
10.1.1 Preliminary considerations
309(1)
10.1.2 Gates
310(12)
10.1.2.1 Types of gates
311(1)
10.1.2.2 Gate classification
312(1)
10.1.2.3 Selection of the type of gates
312(1)
10.1.2.4 Usage limits
313(1)
10.1.2.5 Outlet discharge coefficients
314(4)
10.1.2.6 Discharge coefficients - spillways segment gates
318(4)
10.1.3 Valves
322(8)
10.2 Turbines
330(14)
10.2.1 Generalities
330(1)
10.2.1.1 Action turbines
331(1)
10.2.1.2 Reaction turbines
331(1)
10.2.2 Design conditions and data
331(4)
10.2.3 Turbine efficiency and plant efficiency
335(1)
10.2.4 Turbine equation
336(2)
10.2.5 Hydraulic similarity and speed number
338(1)
10.2.6 Specific numbers
339(1)
10.2.7 Operation out of design head
339(1)
10.2.8 Runaway speed
340(1)
10.2.9 Hydraulic thrust
341(1)
10.2.10 Suction height and cavitation
341(2)
10.2.11 Cavitation limits
343(1)
10.3 Pelton Turbines
344(2)
10.3.1 Application range
344(1)
10.3.2 Basic principle
345(1)
10.3.3 Dimensions
345(1)
10.3.4 Performance data
345(1)
10.4 Francis turbines
346(3)
10.4.1 Application range
346(1)
10.4.2 Basic principle
346(1)
10.4.3 Dimensions
346(2)
10.4.4 Performance data
348(1)
10.5 Kaplan turbines
349(3)
10.5.1 Application range
349(1)
10.5.2 Basic principle
350(1)
10.5.3 Dimensions
350(1)
10.5.4 Performance data
351(1)
10.6 Bulb turbines
352(2)
10.6.1 Application range
352(1)
10.6.2 Basic principle
353(1)
10.6.3 Dimensions
353(1)
10.6.4 Performance data
353(1)
10.7 Tubular turbines
354(1)
10.8 Straflo turbines
354(2)
10.9 Open flume turbine
356(1)
10.10 Turbine performance tests
357(2)
10.10.1 Performance guarantees
357(1)
10.10.2 Field test
358(1)
10.10.3 Model tests
358(1)
10.11 Turbine control
359(1)
10.12 Mechanical auxiliary equipment
360(1)
11 Electrical equipment: operation and maintenance 361(46)
11.1 Synchronous generator
361(18)
11.1.1 Synchronous machines
361(2)
11.1.2 The energy conversion
363(2)
11.1.3 Generator main elements
365(1)
11.1.4 Generator rated capacity
366(1)
11.1.5 Dimensioning factors
367(3)
11.1.6 Design principles
370(7)
11.1.6.1 The stator core
372(1)
11.1.6.2 The stator winding
373(1)
11.1.6.3 The poles and pole windings
373(1)
11.1.6.4 The bearings
373(2)
11.1.6.5 The cooling system
375(2)
11.1.7 Monitoring and instrumentation
377(1)
11.1.8 Transport of turbine-generator and assembly
377(2)
11.1.9 Tests
379(1)
11.2 Layout of the generating unit
379(9)
11.3 Main transformers
388(1)
11.4 Auxiliary electrical systems
389(2)
11.4.1 Alternating current system (AC)
390(1)
11.4.2 Direct current system (DC)
390(1)
11.5 Protection systems
391(5)
11.5.1 Protective relays
391(1)
11.5.2 Current protection criteria
391(1)
11.5.3 Protection of generating nits
392(1)
11.5.3.1 Electrical faults
392(1)
11.5.3.2 Mechanical faults
393(1)
11.5.4 Protection of elevator transformers
393(1)
11.5.5 Transmission line protection
394(1)
11.5.6 Breaker failure protection
395(1)
11.5.7 Substation bar protection
395(1)
11.6 Substation interconnection of the plant to the system
396(9)
11.6.1 Switchyard, or substation, equipment
396(1)
11.6.2 Other components and installations
397(1)
11.6.3 Switchyard types
397(1)
11.6.4 Equipment arrangements
397(1)
11.6.5 Maneuvering schemes
397(6)
11.6.5.1 Simple bar
398(1)
11.6.5.2 Main transfer bar, single breaker
398(1)
11.6.5.3 Double bar, single breaker
398(2)
11.6.5.4 Double bar, single circuit breaker with bypass disconnecting switches
400(1)
11.6.5.5 Double bar and transfer bar
401(1)
11.6.5.6 Double bar, one breaker and a half
401(1)
11.6.5.7 Double bar, double breaker
402(1)
11.6.6 Maneuvering scheme selection criteria
403(1)
11.6.7 Powerplant connection to electrical system
404(3)
11.6.7.1 Receiving substation
405(1)
11.6.7.2 Transmission line
405(1)
11.7 Operation and maintenance
405(2)
12 Construction planning 407(24)
12.1 Construction phases
407(2)
12.1.1 First phase diversion
407(1)
12.1.2 Second phase diversion
407(2)
12.2 River diversion design
409(9)
12.2.1 Discharges and risks
409(6)
12.2.2 Phases of river diversion
415(1)
12.2.3 River diversion dimensioning
416(1)
12.2.4 River diversion - execution
417(1)
12.2.5 Hydraulic models
418(1)
12.3 Construction planning
418(4)
12.4 Assembly or erection planning
422(1)
12.5 Accesses to the construction site
423(1)
12.6 Contracting procedures
423(8)
12.6.1 Classical modality
423(2)
12.6.2 Turn-Key
425(3)
12.6.3 Alliance
428(1)
12.6.4 Guaranteed maximum price
428(1)
12.6.5 Final considerations
429(2)
13 Risks and management of patrimony 431(36)
13.1 Introduction
431(1)
13.2 Dam breaks causes statistics
431(1)
13.3 Main accidents in the world
432(16)
13.3.1 Malpasset dam (Southeast France)
433(4)
13.3.2 Vajont dam (Italy)
437(1)
13.3.3 Teton dam (USA)
438(2)
13.3.3.1 US dam safety
439(1)
13.3.4 El Guapo dam (Venezuela)
440(1)
13.3.5 Lower San Fernando dam (USA)
440(3)
13.3.6 Sayano-Shushensk accident (Russia)
443(2)
13.3.7 Bieudron plant - breakdown of the penstock (Switzerland)
445(3)
13.4 Risks associated with hydroelectric plants
448(9)
13.4.1 Risks of dam breaks - submersion waves
448(7)
13.4.2 Dam breaks risk prevention - regulatory and legal aspects
455(1)
13.4.3 Flood risks
456(1)
13.4.4 Geological and geotechnical risks
456(1)
13.4.5 Risks related to the constructive aspects
457(1)
13.4.6 Risks related to penstocks
457(1)
13.4.7 Risks related to turbine start-up
457(1)
13.4.8 Risks during operation and maintenance
457(1)
13.5 Management of hydroelectric patrimony
457(8)
13.5.1 Context evolution
457(1)
13.5.2 The three issues of asset management in hydraulic production
458(1)
13.5.3 Risk management: key issues
458(1)
13.5.3.1 The technical questions
458(1)
13.5.3.2 The coordination of actions
458(1)
13.5.3.3 Decision support for measurement of issues posed
459(1)
13.5.3.4 principles governing the development of decision approaches
459(1)
13.5.4 Risk hierarchy
459(5)
13.5.4.1 Operations prioritization process
460(1)
13.5.4.2 Define unwanted events
460(1)
13.5.4.3 Evaluate occurrences
461(1)
13.5.4.4 The impacts per question
462(2)
13.5.5 A multicriteria decision support
464(1)
13.6 Conclusion
465(2)
References 467(6)
Glossary 473(24)
Appendix:
Chapter 3 Additional examples of layouts		 497(88)
Index 585
Geraldo Magela Pereira is a Civil Engineer, graduated from the Brasķlia University (July, 1974), with 45 years of experience in hydroelectric powerplants projects (HPPs). He has received a Masters Degree in Civil Engineering and Civil Defense Protection at the Fluminense Federal University, Niterói Rio de Janeiro State (2017). He has worked in the geotechnical and hydraulic areas, including studies on hydraulic models, arrangements and plan-coordination and direction of projects, in its various phases: Inventory Studies, and Feasibility Studies, along with Basic Projects and Executive Projects. He has also worked in the commercial area between 1998 and 2012, developing business for the implementation of projects in EPC Contracts. He published one paper in the XVI ICOLD of San Francisco (USA) in 1988, about the "Historic Food During the 2nd Phase of Tocantins River Diversion for the Construction of Tucuruķ HPP", Q. 63, R. 2, and several papers in Brazilian seminars of large dams. He also published three books in Portuguese language: Hydroelectric Power Plants Design Step by Step in 2015, Spillways Design Step by Step in 2016 and Accidents and Ruptures of Dams in 2018. He published the book Spillways Design Step by Step again in 2020 in English language.
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