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El. knyga: Development of the Youth Athlete

(University of Exeter, UK)
  • Formatas: 268 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 15-Aug-2018
  • Leidėjas: Routledge
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781315453033
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: 268 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 15-Aug-2018
  • Leidėjas: Routledge
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781315453033
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Development of the Youth Athlete offers a single-authored, well-illustrated, evidence-based, and integrated analysis of the development and trainability of the morphological and physiological characteristics which influence sport performance in youth. The book critically analyses the development of the youth athlete in the context of current and future sport performance and long-term health and well-being. Development of the Youth Athlete identifies the principal controversies in youth sport and addresses them through sport-specific examples.

Presenting a rigorous assessment and interpretation of scientific data with an emphasis on underlying physiological mechanisms, the book focuses on the interactions between growth, maturation, and:

  • Sport-related fitness
  • Sport-specific trainability
  • Sport performance
  • Challenges in youth sport

Providing the only up-to-date, coherent critical discourse on youth athlete development currently available, Development of the Youth Athlete is essential reading for students, lecturers, sport medicine practitioners, researchers, scholars, and senior coaches with an interest in youth sport, exercise science, and sport medicine.

List of figures
xii
List of tables
xiv
List of abbreviations
xv
Introduction 1(4)
1 Growth, maturation, and youth sport
5(22)
Heritable traits
5(1)
Assessment and interpretation
6(1)
Growth status
6(1)
Maturity status
7(1)
Skeletal age
8(1)
Secondary sex characteristics
8(2)
Age at menarche
10(1)
Age at peak height velocity
11(1)
Body size, body shape, and body composition
12(1)
Stature
13(3)
Body mass
16(1)
Body shape
16(1)
Body composition
17(1)
Fat mass and fat free mass
17(2)
Bone
19(2)
Skeletal muscle
21(2)
References
23(4)
2 Exercise metabolism and youth sport
27(24)
Muscle metabolism during exercise
27(1)
Anaerobic metabolism
27(1)
Aerobic metabolism
28(1)
Invasive and non-invasive studies of exercise metabolism
29(1)
Invasive studies
29(1)
Muscle fibre type and size
30(1)
Muscle energy stores
31(1)
Muscle enzymes activity
32(1)
Muscle lactate production and blood lactate accumulation
33(1)
Non-invasive studies
34(1)
Maximal anaerobic and aerobic exercise
34(1)
Resistance to fatigue
35(1)
Substrate utilisation
35(2)
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies
37(4)
Pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics
41(1)
Synthesis of data from invasive and non-invasive studies
42(1)
Anaerobic and aerobic metabolism in youth sport
43(1)
Track athletics
44(2)
Football
46(1)
References
47(4)
3 Hormones, energy, nutrition, and youth sport
51(21)
Hormones and the youth athlete
51(1)
Hormones, growth, maturation, and energy availability
51(1)
Hormones and exercise
52(1)
Growth hormone-insulin like growth factor-1 axis
52(1)
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
53(1)
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
53(1)
Adipocytokines and ghrelin
53(1)
Hormones and sport training
54(1)
Growth hormone-insulin like growth factor-1 axis
54(1)
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
54(1)
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
55(1)
Adipocytokines and ghrelin
55(1)
Hormones as performance-enhancing drugs
56(1)
Nutritional status and energy availability
57(1)
Macronutricnts
57(1)
Carbohydrate
57(1)
Fat
58(1)
Protein
59(1)
Micronutrients
60(1)
Iron
60(1)
Calcium and vitamin D
60(1)
Fluids
61(1)
Performance-enhancing dietary supplements
62(1)
Energy availability
63(1)
Relative energy deficiency in sport
64(2)
References
66(6)
4 Growth, maturation, and youth athletes
72(22)
Growth and maturation characteristics of youth athletes
72(1)
Team sports
72(2)
Individual sports
74(1)
Sport training
75(1)
Training of Young Athletes (TOYA) project
75(3)
A case study of gymnastics
78(1)
The sport
78(1)
Physiological and metabolic demands
78(1)
Physiological monitoring
79(1)
The environment
80(1)
Selection, drop-out, cutting, and retention
80(1)
Energy availability
80(2)
Nutritional status
82(1)
Overtraining syndrome
82(1)
Injuries
83(2)
Safeguarding
85(1)
Healthy athlete development
86(1)
The question
87(1)
Does intensive training inhibit growth or delay maturation?
87(1)
The evidence
87(1)
The verdict
88(1)
The outcome
89(1)
References
89(5)
5 Youth sport-related motor performance
94(21)
Motor development
94(1)
Early specialisation in sport
95(1)
Development of sport-related motor performances
96(1)
Running (sprinting)
97(2)
Mechanisms
99(1)
Jumping
100(1)
Mechanisms
101(1)
Throwing
102(1)
Mechanisms
103(1)
Trainability of sport-related motor skills
103(1)
Flexibility and agility
104(1)
Flexibility
105(1)
Trainability
106(1)
Agility
107(2)
Trainability
109(1)
References
110(5)
6 Muscle strength
115(22)
Muscle strength
115(1)
Heritabiiity
115(1)
Assessment and interpretation
115(2)
Development
117
Age
111(8)
Body size
119(1)
Maturity status
120(2)
Mechanisms
122(2)
Resistance training
124(1)
Safety
125(1)
Resistance training guidelines
125(2)
Muscle strength gains
127(2)
Persistence of post-training muscle strength gains
129(1)
Mechanisms
129(2)
References
131(6)
7 High-intensity exercise
137(22)
Heritabiiity
137(1)
Maximal intensity exercise
137(1)
Assessment and interpretation
138(3)
Development
141(1)
Age
141(1)
Body size
142(1)
Maturity status
143(1)
Mechanisms
143(1)
Trainability
144(1)
Intermittent high-intensity exercise
145(1)
Cycling studies
145(1)
Running studies
146(1)
Running compared with cycling
146(2)
Mechanisms
148(1)
High-intensity interval training
149(1)
Physiological components of youth sport performance
150(1)
Aerobic fitness
150(1)
Explosive strength
151(1)
Sport-specific tests and competitive performance
151(1)
Sport-specific tests
151(1)
Competitive sport performance
152(1)
Synthesis
153(1)
References
153(6)
8 Maximal and peak oxygen uptake
159(29)
Assessment and interpretation
159(1)
Maximal or peak oxygen uptake
159(2)
Ergometry
161(1)
Field tests
162(1)
Development
163(1)
Age
163(3)
Body size
166(1)
Scaling for body size
167(3)
Maturity status
170(1)
Mechanisms
171(2)
Trainability
173(1)
Methodological issues
174(1)
Heritabiiity
174(1)
Constant-intensity exercise training
175(1)
Type of exercise
175(1)
Length of programme
175(1)
Frequency and duration
175(1)
Intensity
176(1)
High-intensity interval training
176(1)
Mixed programmes
176
Exercise prescription
111(66)
Expected gains
177(1)
Sport-specific training
177(1)
Age, sex, and maturity status
178(1)
Maturational threshold
179(1)
Mechanisms
180(1)
References
181(7)
9 Submaximal indicators of aerobic fitness and sport performance
188(27)
Physiological responses to progressive exercise
188(1)
Progressive exercise test protocols
188(1)
Pulmonary responses
189(1)
Cardiovascular responses
190(3)
Blood lactate accumulation
193(2)
Blood lactate and gas exchange thresholds
195(1)
Blood lactate thresholds
195(1)
Lactate threshold
195(1)
Lactate reference values
196(1)
Maximal lactate steady state
196(2)
Trainability
198(1)
Mechanisms
198(1)
Gas exchange thresholds
198(1)
Assessment and interpretation
199(1)
Development
200(1)
Trainability
201(1)
Mechanisms
201(1)
Critical power
201(2)
Assessment and interpretation
203(1)
Development
203(1)
Running economy
204(1)
Assessment and interpretation
204(1)
Development
205(1)
Mechanisms
206(1)
Trainability
206(1)
Mechanisms
207(1)
References
207(8)
10 Pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics
215(20)
Oxygen uptake kinetics responses to step changes in exercise intensity
215(1)
Exercise domains
215
Exercise phases
211(7)
Assessment and interpretation
218(1)
Temporal resolution
219(1)
Signal-to-noise ratio
219(2)
Exercise in specified domains
221(1)
Data modelling
222(1)
Development
222(1)
Age
222(1)
Phase I
223(1)
Phase II
223(1)
Phase III
224(1)
Recovery from exercise (off-kinetics)
225(1)
Mechanisms
225(1)
Muscle oxygen delivery
225
Muscle metabolism
221(1)
Muscle fibre recruitment
221(7)
Trainability
228(3)
Challenges
231(1)
References
231(4)
11 Chronological age-group sport
235(7)
Chronological age-group competition
235(1)
Chronological age-group sport and maturity status
235(1)
Relative age effect
236(4)
Chronological age falsification
240(1)
Chronological age verification
241(1)
Final comment
242(1)
References 242(2)
Index 244
Neil Armstrong is Professor of Paediatric Physiology, the Founding Director of the Childrens Health and Exercise Research Centre, and was the Inaugural Provost of the University of Exeter, UK. He won the only Queen's Anniversary Prize (QAP) to be awarded for research in sport medicine. The QAP was presented by HM the Queen at Buckingham Palace for world class work which is of outstanding quality and importance to the nation. His research and its impact have been disseminated through over 600 scientific publications and invited presentations in 45 countries. In addition to his earned PhD and DSc, Neil has received honorary doctorates from Universities in both Europe and North America. Uniquely, he has twice chaired the Sport Science Panel in the UK Research Assessment Exercise and chaired both the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences and the Physical Education Association of the UK (PEAUK). He currently chairs the Board of the European Group of Pediatric Work Physiology and serves as a member of the IOCs expert group on sport, health, and exercise in youth. He was the first scientist to be awarded Fellowship of the American (FACSM), European (FECSS), and British (FBASES) Colleges/Societies of Sport Medicine/Science and other Fellowships received have included the Royal Society of Arts, the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal Society of Health, the Higher Education Academy, the PEAUK, and the National Academy of Kinesiology (USA).