Preface |
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ix | |
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1 An Overview of Dietary Supplements and Functional Foods |
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1 | (52) |
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The evolving rationale for supplement use |
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1 | (7) |
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Adequacy and the prevention of deficiency diseases |
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1 | (2) |
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Diet as a means to prevent chronic, age and wealth-related diseases |
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3 | (2) |
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Supplements versus dietary change for the prevention of chronic disease |
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5 | (2) |
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Dietary supplements and natural remedies as a safer alternative to modern medicine? |
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7 | (1) |
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Defining dietary supplements |
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8 | (1) |
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Legal regulation of dietary supplements (the UK and EU perspective) |
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9 | (9) |
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9 | (2) |
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Non-medicinal supplements |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (3) |
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Vitamin and mineral supplements |
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15 | (3) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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The market for supplements |
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20 | (2) |
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Reasons for taking supplements |
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22 | (5) |
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To compensate for a perceived or potential inadequacy in the diet |
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22 | (2) |
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To compensate for some perceived increase in need or defective handling of a nutrient |
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24 | (1) |
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To treat or prevent non-deficiency diseases |
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25 | (1) |
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To improve athletic performance |
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26 | (1) |
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Do supplements and functional foods work? Testing their effectiveness and safety |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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The two main investigative approaches |
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28 | (21) |
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The observational approach |
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28 | (6) |
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The experimental approach |
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34 | (15) |
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49 | (4) |
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2 An Overview of Micronutrient Adequacy |
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53 | (30) |
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Introduction and scope of the chapter |
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53 | (1) |
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Judging the adequacy of micronutrient intakes |
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53 | (7) |
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A note about American standards |
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56 | (1) |
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Recommended daily allowances on food labels |
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57 | (1) |
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Measuring an individual's micronutrient status using clinical or biochemical observations |
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58 | (2) |
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Micronutrient adequacy of the UK population |
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60 | (21) |
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Young and middle-aged adults |
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62 | (7) |
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69 | (3) |
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72 | (3) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (3) |
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79 | (2) |
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81 | (2) |
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3 The Individual Vitamins |
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83 | (36) |
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83 | (16) |
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83 | (6) |
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Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) |
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89 | (7) |
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96 | (1) |
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Vitamin K (phylloquinone) |
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97 | (2) |
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The water-soluble vitamins |
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99 | (20) |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (3) |
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106 | (2) |
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Folic acid (folate, folacin) |
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108 | (5) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) |
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115 | (4) |
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119 | (26) |
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122 | (4) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (2) |
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130 | (2) |
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132 | (4) |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (3) |
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5 Free Radicals and Antioxidants |
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145 | (16) |
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145 | (1) |
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The free radical or oxidant theory of disease |
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146 | (3) |
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Mechanisms for limiting free radical damage |
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149 | (3) |
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Diets with plentiful supplies of (antioxidant-rich) fruits and vegetables are associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases |
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152 | (7) |
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What evidence is there that antioxidant supplements are beneficial or at least harmless? |
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153 | (6) |
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Antioxidants and pre-eclampsia in pregnancy |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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Summing up the case for antioxidant supplements |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (26) |
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The nature of fats, oils and other lipids |
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161 | (2) |
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Why are we preoccupied with the balance of our dietary fats? |
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163 | (2) |
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Why are some fatty acids called `essential'? |
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165 | (6) |
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Essential fatty acids and eicosanoid production |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (7) |
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What are the suggested benefits of taking fish (liver) oil supplements? |
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172 | (2) |
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Fish oil supplements and heart disease: Evidence of effectiveness |
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174 | (2) |
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Evidence relating fish oils to inflammatory conditions such as arthritis |
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176 | (1) |
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Fish oils, brain and behaviour |
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177 | (1) |
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Evening primrose oil and other sources of GLA |
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178 | (2) |
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180 | (1) |
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Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) |
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181 | (4) |
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β-sitosterol and the phytosterols |
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185 | (2) |
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7 Non-Essential `Nutrients' that are Used as Dietary Supplements |
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187 | (26) |
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187 | (2) |
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Glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate |
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189 | (5) |
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Nature and functions of cartilage |
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190 | (1) |
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Supplement forms and origins |
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190 | (1) |
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Rationale for use and evidence of effectiveness |
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191 | (3) |
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s-Adenosyl-methionine (SAMe) |
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194 | (3) |
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194 | (1) |
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Rationale for use and evidence of efficacy |
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194 | (3) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (4) |
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Nature and synthesis of L-carnitine |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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Circumstances that may increase carnitine requirements |
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200 | (1) |
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Use of carnitine supplements |
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201 | (1) |
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Carnitine supplements: Conclusions |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (2) |
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Nature and origins of body creatine |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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Rationale and evidence for the use of creatine supplements |
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203 | (1) |
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Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) |
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204 | (5) |
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Nature and sources of coenzyme Q10 |
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204 | (2) |
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Functions of coenzyme Q10 |
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206 | (1) |
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Rationale and evidence for the use of coenzyme Q10 supplements |
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207 | (2) |
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209 | (2) |
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Nature and sources of body alpha-lipoic acid |
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209 | (1) |
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Functions of alpha-lipoic acid |
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210 | (1) |
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Rationale and evidence for the use of alpha-lipoic acid supplements |
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210 | (1) |
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Methylsulphonylmethane (MSM) |
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211 | (2) |
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Nature and sources of MSM |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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8 Natural Products and Extracts |
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213 | (50) |
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213 | (1) |
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Secondary plant metabolites |
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214 | (10) |
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216 | (1) |
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Phenolic compounds (phenols and polyphenols) |
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217 | (2) |
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Nitrogen-containing alkaloids |
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219 | (1) |
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Sulphur-containing plant secondary metabolites |
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220 | (1) |
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How might these secondary metabolites reduce the risk of chronic disease? |
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221 | (2) |
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Natural extracts as a source of drugs |
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223 | (1) |
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The individual plant and animal extracts |
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224 | (39) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (3) |
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229 | (2) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (4) |
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236 | (2) |
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238 | (4) |
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242 | (3) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (3) |
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250 | (2) |
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252 | (2) |
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St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) |
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254 | (6) |
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260 | (3) |
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263 | (26) |
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Introduction and scope of the chapter |
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263 | (2) |
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A note about `superfoods' |
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265 | (2) |
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Phytosterols and phytostanols |
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267 | (4) |
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271 | (6) |
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Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics |
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277 | (12) |
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Definitions and scale of usage |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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Breast milk and the `bifidus factor' |
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279 | (1) |
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What makes a good probiotic? |
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279 | (1) |
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Suggested benefits of probiotics |
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280 | (2) |
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Effect of probiotics on incidence and severity of diarrhoea |
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282 | (2) |
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Possible effects of probiotics on the risk of developing bowel cancer |
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284 | (2) |
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Probiotics and the prevention of childhood eczema |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
References |
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289 | (24) |
Index |
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313 | |