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El. knyga: Digisprudence: Code as Law Rebooted

  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Serija: Future Law
  • Išleidimo metai: 31-Dec-2021
  • Leidėjas: Edinburgh University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781474485340
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  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Serija: Future Law
  • Išleidimo metai: 31-Dec-2021
  • Leidėjas: Edinburgh University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781474485340
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Whenever you use a smartphone, website, or IoT device, your behaviour is determined to a great extent by a designer. Their software code defines from the outset what is possible, with very little scope to interpret the meaning of those 'rules' or to contest them. How can this kind of control be acceptable in a democracy? If we expect legislators to respect values of legitimacy when they create the legal rules that govern our lives, shouldn't we expect the same from the designers whose code has a much more direct rule over us In this book Laurence Diver combines insight from legal theory, philosophy of technology, and programming practice to develop a new theoretical and practical approach to the design of legitimate software. The book critically engages with the rule(s) of code, arguing that, like laws, these should exhibit certain formal characteristics if they are to be acceptable in a democracy. The resulting digisprudential affordances translate ideas of legitimacy from legal philosophy into the world of code design, to be realised through the 'constitutional' role played by programming languages, integrated development environments (IDEs), and agile development practice. The text interweaves theory and practice throughout, including many insights into real-world technologies, as well as case studies on blockchain applications and the Internet of Things.
List of Illustrations
xi
Acknowledgements xii
1 Introduction
1(42)
1.1 The Structure of the Argument
2(2)
1.2 Rebooting `Code as Law'
4(15)
a Code and/or Data?
7(2)
b Regulation
9(1)
c Legitimacy
10(1)
d Code is both More, and Less, than Law
11(2)
Design and Regulation
13(2)
Computational Legalism
15(2)
Digital Rights Management
17(2)
1.3 Aspiring to Legitimacy in Code
19(3)
a From Operation to Production
20(1)
Fuller's Internal Morality of Law
20(1)
Wintgens's Legisprudence
21(1)
b Towards Digisprudence: Legitimate `Code as Law'
22(1)
1.4 `Code as Law', Code versus Law, or Something Else?
22(10)
a Cyberlibertarianism
23(2)
b Why Not `Compliance by Design'?
25(4)
Other Notions of `by Design'
29(1)
c Normative Relationships in Code and Law
30(2)
The Programmer of the Programmer
32(1)
1.5 In the Real World
32(7)
a Blockchain Applications
32(1)
Blockchain Design
33(2)
`Smart Contracts'?
35(2)
b The Internet of Things
37(2)
1.6 Conclusion
39(4)
PART I COMPUTATIONAL LEGALISM AND THE RULE(S) OF CODE
2 A Design Perspective: Code is More than Law
43(26)
2.1 Affordance
44(5)
a Real and Perceived Affordance
46(2)
Signifiers
48(1)
2.2 Infusing Code with Normativity
49(18)
a Disaf Fordance
50(2)
b Postphenomenology and Code's Mediation of Reality
52(1)
c Code Mediating Perception
53(1)
d Code Mediating Action
54(5)
Affordance and Technological Mediation
59(1)
e A Spectrum of Technological Normativity
60(3)
Constitutive and Regulative Normativity
63(2)
f Technological Constitutionalism
65(2)
2.3 Conclusion
67(2)
3 A Legal Philosophy Perspective: Code is Less than Law
69(42)
3.1 What is Legalism?
70(9)
a Solipsism and Positivism
73(2)
b Legalism According to Legisprudence
75(4)
3.2 Computational Legalism
79(28)
a Ruleishness
80(1)
Mindless Execution
81(2)
Hard Edges
83(1)
Limited Ontology
83(3)
The Absence of Interpretation
86(1)
b Representationalism
87(1)
Does Code Contain Rules per set
87(4)
Constitutive and Regulative Rules
91(4)
Rules for Humans; Rules for Machines
95(1)
c Immediacy
96(1)
Default Configurations
97(2)
Pervasiveness
99(1)
Immutability
100(2)
d Opacity
102(2)
Code as a-legal `Positivism'
104(1)
e The Veiling of Code's Production
105(2)
3.3 Conclusion
107(4)
PART II WHAT MAKES A GOOD RULE?
4 Criteria for Laws
111(24)
4.1 Normative Criteria for Law-Making: The Aspirations of Legality
111(21)
a Input and Output Legitimacy in Law
115(3)
b Fuller's Internal Morality of Law
118(3)
c Wintgens's Legisprudence
121(1)
What is Legisprudence?
121(1)
The Requirement of Justification
122(1)
Freedom and the Trade-Of F Model
123(2)
The Principle of Coherence (PC)
125(5)
The Principle of Alternativity (PA)
130(1)
The Principle of Temporality (PT)
131(1)
The Principle of Normative Density (PN)
132(1)
4.2 Conclusion
132(3)
5 Criteria for Code
135(24)
5.1 Input and Output Legitimacy in Code
136(4)
5.2 Output Legitimacy
140(5)
a Brownsword's `Technological Management'
140(2)
b Leenes's `Techno-regulation'
142(1)
c Koops's `Criteria for Normative Technology'
143(2)
5.3 Input Legitimacy
145(8)
a Hildebrandt's `Legal Protection by Design'
145(2)
b Applying Fuller to Code
147(1)
Brownsword
147(4)
Asscher
151(2)
5.4 Conclusion
153(6)
PART III LEGITIMATING CODE: THEORY AND PRACTICE
6 The Digisprudential Affordances
159(48)
6.1 Assessing Decisions, or Assessing Design?
160(1)
6.2 Mapping the Criteria
161(5)
a Contestability as an Overarching Affordance
163(1)
Affording Evidential Scrutiny to Courts
163(3)
6.3 From Characteristics to Affordances
166(39)
a Ruleishness
166(1)
Digisprudential Affordance: Choice
167(9)
Blockchain Applications
176(2)
The Internet of Things
178(1)
b Opacity
178(1)
Digisprudential Affordance: Transparency of Provenance
179(1)
Digisprudential Affordance: Transparency of Purpose
180(2)
Digisprudential Affordance: Transparency of Operation
182(2)
Blockchain Applications
184(1)
The Internet of Things
185(2)
c Immediacy
187(1)
Digisprudential Affordance: Delay
188(7)
Blockchain Applications
195(1)
The Internet of Things
196(1)
d Immutability
197(1)
Digisprudential Affordance: Oversight
198(2)
Blockchain Applications
200(3)
The Internet of Things
203(1)
e Pervasiveness
204(1)
6.4 Conclusion
205(2)
7 Operationalising Digisprudence
207(24)
7.1 The Programmer of the Programmer
208(3)
a From Primary and Secondary Rules to Primary and Secondary (Dis)affordances
209(2)
7.2 Agile Development
211(2)
7.3 Integrated Development Environments
213(3)
a Code Verification versus Legal Proof: Justice being Seen to be Done
215(1)
7.4 Code and Natural Language
216(13)
a The Interpretative Affordances of Programming Languages
217(2)
b The Linguistic Relativity of Programming Languages
219(2)
c Describing Code Isomorphically
221(1)
Behaviour-Driven Development
222(2)
Interpreting Code as a Visual Model
224(5)
7.5 Conclusion
229(2)
8 Rebooting Code as Law: Conclusions and Next Steps
231(10)
8.1 The Contemporary Relevance of Digisprudence
232(2)
8.2 Next Steps?
234(5)
a The Future of Compliance by Design
234(2)
b Design and Private Law
236(1)
c Legitimacy Impact Assessment'
237(2)
8.3 Concluding Thoughts
239(2)
Bibliography 241(19)
Index 260
Laurence Diver, Postdoctoral researcher in COHUBICOL (Counting as a Human Being in the Era of Computational Law) as part of the Research Group on Law, Science, Technology and Society, Free University of Brussels-VUB.