Preface |
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viii | |
A Word to Students |
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xii | |
1 Fundamentals |
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1 | (49) |
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2 | (3) |
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5 | (8) |
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13 | (7) |
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1.4 Division in the Integers |
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20 | (12) |
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32 | (9) |
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1.6 Mathematical Structures |
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41 | (9) |
2 Logic |
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50 | (28) |
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2.1 Propositions and Logical Operations |
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51 | (6) |
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2.2 Conditional Statements |
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57 | (5) |
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62 | (5) |
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2.4 Mathematical Induction |
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67 | (11) |
3 Counting |
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78 | (32) |
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79 | (4) |
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83 | (5) |
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88 | (3) |
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3.4 Elements of Probability |
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91 | (9) |
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100 | (10) |
4 Relations and Digraphs |
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110 | (58) |
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4.1 Product Sets and Partitions |
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111 | (4) |
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4.2 Relations and Digraphs |
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115 | (8) |
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4.3 Paths in Relations and Digraphs |
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123 | (6) |
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4.4 Properties of Relations |
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129 | (7) |
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4.5 Equivalence Relations |
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136 | (4) |
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4.6 Computer Representation of Relations and Digraphs |
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140 | (7) |
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4.7 Operations on Relations |
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147 | (10) |
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4.8 Transitive Closure and Warshall's Algorithm |
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157 | (11) |
5 Functions |
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168 | (32) |
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169 | (9) |
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5.2 Functions for Computer Science |
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178 | (5) |
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183 | (5) |
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5.4 Permutation Functions |
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188 | (12) |
6 Order Relations and Structures |
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200 | (54) |
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6.1 Partially Ordered Sets |
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201 | (10) |
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6.2 Extremal Elements of Partially Ordered Sets |
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211 | (5) |
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216 | (10) |
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6.4 Finite Boolean Algebras |
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226 | (7) |
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6.5 Functions on Boolean Algebras |
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233 | (4) |
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237 | (17) |
7 Trees |
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254 | (36) |
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254 | (5) |
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259 | (5) |
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264 | (9) |
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273 | (7) |
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7.5 Minimal Spanning Trees |
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280 | (10) |
8 Topics in Graph Theory |
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290 | (39) |
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291 | (5) |
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8.2 Euler Paths and Circuits |
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296 | (8) |
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8.3 Hamiltonian Paths and Circuits |
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304 | (3) |
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307 | (8) |
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315 | (5) |
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320 | (9) |
9 Semigroups and Groups |
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329 | (43) |
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9.1 Binary Operations Revisited |
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330 | (4) |
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334 | (7) |
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9.3 Products and Quotients of Semigroups |
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341 | (6) |
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347 | (11) |
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9.5 Products and Quotients of Groups |
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358 | (5) |
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9.6 Other Mathematical Structures |
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363 | (9) |
10 Languages and Finite-State Machines |
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372 | (44) |
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373 | (8) |
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10.2 Representations of Special Grammars and Languages |
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381 | (9) |
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10.3 Finite-State Machines |
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390 | (6) |
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10.4 Monoids, Machines, and Languages |
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396 | (5) |
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10.5 Machines and Regular Languages |
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401 | (6) |
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10.6 Simplification of Machines |
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407 | (9) |
11 Groups and Coding |
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416 | (27) |
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11.1 Coding of Binary Information and Error Detection |
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417 | (11) |
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11.2 Decoding and Error Correction |
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428 | (8) |
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11.3 Public Key Cryptology |
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436 | (7) |
Appendix A: Algorithms and Pseudocode |
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443 | (11) |
Appendix B: Additional Experiments in Discrete Mathematics |
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454 | (5) |
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises |
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459 | (38) |
Answers to Chapter Self-Tests |
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497 | |
Glossary |
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G-1 | |
Index |
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I-1 | |
Photo Credits |
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P-1 | |
0521016983 |
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List of Figures and Tables |
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ix | |
Acknowledgments |
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xiii | |
Abbreviations |
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xvii | |
1 THE POLITICS OF TAXATION |
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1 | (37) |
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The Problem in Perspective |
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5 | (4) |
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9 | (14) |
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23 | (9) |
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Plan of the Book: A "Nested" Approach to Comparative Analysis |
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32 | (6) |
2 THE TAX STATE IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE |
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38 | (30) |
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39 | (4) |
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Toward a Typology of the Tax State |
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43 | (17) |
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Measurement and Classification |
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60 | (7) |
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67 | (1) |
3 CRITICAL JUNCTURE: DEFINING NATIONAL POLITICAL COMMUNITY |
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68 | (38) |
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Cleavages: Race and Region |
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70 | (8) |
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Two Definitions of National Political Community |
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78 | (11) |
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Influence on Class Relations |
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89 | (15) |
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104 | (2) |
4 THE RISE OF THE MODERN TAX STATE IN BRAZIL AND SOUTH AFRICA |
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106 | (67) |
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Legacies of Pre-Modern Taxation |
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107 | (6) |
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The Context of 20th-Century State-Building |
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113 | (4) |
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Patterns of Taxation and State Development (1900-1975) |
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117 | (5) |
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Three Episodes of Politics and Taxation |
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122 | (45) |
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Implications: Weathering Economic and Political Crises (1975-1990) |
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167 | (4) |
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171 | (2) |
5 SHADOWS OF THE PAST: TAX REFORM IN AN ERA OF GLOBALIZATION AND DEMOCRATIZATION |
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173 | (64) |
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Pressures for Tax Reform from Home and Abroad |
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177 | (8) |
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The Reconstruction of Racial and Regional Identities |
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185 | (10) |
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Class Relations and Political Strategies |
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195 | (18) |
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Patterns of Tax Reform Compared |
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213 | (22) |
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235 | (2) |
6 POLITICAL COMMUNITY AND TAXATION BEYOND BRAZIL AND SOUTH AFRICA |
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237 | (34) |
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238 | (1) |
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Estimating the Impact of National Political Community on Taxation |
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239 | (25) |
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264 | (5) |
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269 | (2) |
7 CONCLUSION |
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271 | (13) |
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The Influence of Identity Politics and Political Community |
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274 | (3) |
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Implications for Brazil and South Africa in the 21st Century |
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277 | (7) |
APPENDIX COMPARATIVE-HISTORICAL ANALYSIS |
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284 | (7) |
References |
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291 | (18) |
Index |
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309 | |