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District Heating Guide [Minkštas viršelis]

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  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 374 pages, illustrations
  • Išleidimo metai: 17-Jan-2014
  • Leidėjas: Ashrae
  • ISBN-10: 193650443X
  • ISBN-13: 9781936504435
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
District Heating GuideDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 374 pages, illustrations
  • Išleidimo metai: 17-Jan-2014
  • Leidėjas: Ashrae
  • ISBN-10: 193650443X
  • ISBN-13: 9781936504435
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781936504435.html
Raktažodžiai:
"Guidance for district heating system planning, design, operation, and maintenance for inexperienced designers and complete reference for those immersed in district heating industry; includes terminology for district heating"--
Acknowledgments xv
Acronyms xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction
Purpose and Scope
1(1)
District Heating Background
1(1)
Applicability
2(1)
Components
2(1)
Benefits
3(2)
Environmental Benefits
3(1)
Economic Benefits
4(1)
Initial Capital Investment
5(1)
Concept Planning
5(1)
Design
5(1)
Construction
5(1)
Consumer Interconnection
6(1)
Typical Applications
6(1)
References
6
Chapter 2 Planning and System Selection
Planning Overview
1(2)
Establish and Clarify the Owner's Scope
3(1)
Development of the Database
4(2)
Sources of Data for Existing Systems
4(1)
Heating Load
4(1)
Demand Diversity
5(1)
Heat Load Density and Piping Costs
5(1)
Alternative Development
6(8)
Codes and Standards
6(1)
Local and Institutional Constraints
7(1)
Choice of Heating Medium
7(3)
Integrated Processes
10(1)
Central Plant Siting
10(1)
Heat Distribution Systems
11(1)
Construction Considerations and Cost
11(1)
Consumer Interconnection
12(1)
Energy Costs
13(1)
Operation and Maintenance Costs
13(1)
Economic Analysis and User Rates
14(1)
Master Planning Conclusions
14(2)
Alternative Development for Heat Supply
16(5)
Methods of Heat Generation
16(1)
Conventional Heat-Only Boiler Plants
16(3)
District Heat Supply from Cogeneration Steam-Turbine-Based Stations
19(2)
Retrofit of Single-Purpose Electric Generating Steam Turbine to District Heat Supply
21(18)
Overview
21(1)
Configuration and Control of Steam Turbine Retrofits for District Heating
22(4)
Cycle Efficiencies
26(1)
Examples of Power Plants Retrofitted to Cogeneration
27(7)
District Heating/Cogeneration from Stationary Gas Turbines
34(3)
Reciprocating-Engine-Based Cogeneration/District Heating Systems
37(1)
Large Heat Pumps
37(2)
Integration of Heating, Cooling, and Electric Generation
39(4)
Centralized Chilled-Water Generation by Thermal Energy
40(1)
Centralized Chilled-Water Generation by Electric Energy
41(2)
Decentralized Chilled-Water Generation by Thermal Energy
43(1)
Geothermal District Heating---Direct Use
43(3)
U.S. Experience
44(2)
European Experience
46(1)
References
46(2)
Bibliography
48
Chapter 3 Central Plant Design for Steam and Hot Water
Introduction
1(2)
Higher Thermal Efficiency
1(1)
Use of Multiple Fuels
2(1)
Environmental Benefits
2(1)
Operating Personnel
2(1)
Insurance
2(1)
Usable Space
2(1)
Equipment Maintenance
2(1)
Use of Cogeneration
2(1)
Central Plant Advantages
3(1)
Central Plant Disadvantages
3(1)
Heating Loads
4(1)
Central Plant Heating Medium
4(2)
Heat Capacity
5(1)
Pipe Sizes
5(1)
Condensate Return System
5(1)
Pressure and Temperature Requirements
5(1)
Boilers Pressure and Temperature
6(1)
Construction Materials
6(1)
Selection Parameters
6(1)
Efficiency
7(1)
Combustion Efficiency
7(1)
Overall (or Thermal) Efficiency
7(1)
Seasonal Efficiency
7(1)
Performance Codes and Standards
8(1)
Commercial Heating Boilers
8(1)
Central Plant Design for Steam
8(23)
Typical System Arrangements
8(2)
Selection Criteria
10(1)
Construction Cost Estimate
11(1)
Feasibility Analysis
12(1)
Environmental Regulations
12(1)
Water Supply
12(1)
Site Development
13(1)
Plant Access
14(1)
Plant Structures
15(2)
Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems
17(1)
Drainage
18(1)
Plant Safety
18(1)
Central Plant Security
19(1)
Steam Generators
19(1)
Boiler Design and Type
20(1)
Boiler Construction Options
20(1)
Available Fuels
21(1)
Combustion Technology Selection
21(2)
Burners
23(1)
Boiler Control
24(1)
Primary Air
25(1)
Economizer
25(1)
Water Treatment and Makeup
25(1)
Sound and Vibration
26(1)
Seismic Issues
26(1)
Breeching
26(1)
Plant Stack
27(1)
Fuel Train
28(1)
Oil Supply System
28(1)
Piping
29(1)
Combustion Air
29(1)
Maintenance and Operation
30(1)
Commissioning
30(1)
Central Plant Design for Medium- and High-Temperature Water
31(15)
Introduction
31(1)
HTW Plant Arrangement
32(1)
Basic System
33(1)
Design Considerations
33(1)
Direct-Fired HTW Generators
34(7)
Direct-Contact Heaters (Cascades)
41(1)
System Circulating Pumps
41(3)
Controls
44(2)
Water Treatment
46(1)
Heat Storage
46(1)
Safety Considerations
46(1)
Other Design Considerations
46(1)
Central Plant Design for Low-Temperature Water
46(19)
Typical System Arrangements
47(2)
Energy Sources
49(1)
System Temperatures
50(2)
Heat Exchangers
52(1)
Thermal Storage
52(1)
Auxiliaries
52(1)
Expansion Tanks and System Pressurization
52(3)
Pumping System
55(1)
Pump Curves and Water Temperature for Constant-Speed Systems
55(2)
Parallel Pumping
57(2)
Series Pumping
59(1)
Multiple-Pump Systems
59(1)
Standby Pump Provision
59(1)
Variable-Speed Pumping Application
60(1)
Pump Connections
61(1)
Flow Design Considerations
62(1)
Design Guidelines
63(1)
Makeup and Fill-Water Systems
64(1)
Other System Components
64(1)
Emission Control and Instrumentation
65(7)
Pollutants and Control Techniques
65(1)
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
65(2)
Sulfur Oxides (SOx)
67(1)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
67(1)
Particulate Matter (PM)
67(1)
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)/Hydrocarbons (HCs)
67(1)
Calculation of Annual Emissions for District Heating Boilers
68(1)
Current Emission Standards
69(1)
Compliance Solutions
69(3)
Instrumentation and Controls for District Heating Plants
72(21)
General
72(2)
Instrumentation
74(5)
District Heating Plant Controls
79(1)
Boiler Controls
80(2)
Non-Boiler Controls
82(1)
Control Panels
83(2)
Energy Management and Control Systems
85(2)
Control Variables
87(1)
Controls for Boilers
88(1)
Boilers Supervisory Control Strategies and Optimization
89(1)
Supply Water and Supply Pressure Reset for Boilers
90(1)
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) System
91(2)
References
93
Chapter 4 Distribution Systems
Hydraulic Considerations
1(3)
Objectives of Hydraulic Design
1(1)
Water Hammer
1(1)
Pressure Losses
2(1)
Pipe Sizing
2(1)
Diversity of Demand
2(1)
Network Calculations
3(1)
Condensate Drainage and Return
3(1)
Distribution System Construction
4(2)
Aboveground System
6(1)
Underground Systems
7(20)
Site-Fabricated Underground Systems
11(5)
Prefabricated Conduit Systems
16(11)
Geotechnical Trenching and Backfilling
27(2)
Piping Materials and Standards
29(1)
Supply Pipes for Steam and Hot Water
29(1)
Condensate Return Pipes
29(1)
Pipe Expansion and Flexibility
29(9)
Pipe Bends and Loops
31(3)
Cold Springing of Pipe
34(1)
Computer-Aided Design
35(1)
Analyzing Existing Piping Configurations
35(1)
Expansion Joints and Expansion Compensating Devices
36(2)
Cathodic Protection of Direct Buried Conduits
38(2)
Sacrificial Anode Systems
38(1)
Impressed Current Systems
39(1)
Design, Maintenance, and Testing
39(1)
Leak Detection
40(1)
WSL Conduit Systems
40(1)
DDT-Type Conduit Systems
40(1)
Valve Vaults and Entry Pits
40(9)
Valve Vault Penetrations
41(1)
Ponding Water
42(2)
Crowding of Components
44(1)
High Humidity
44(1)
High Temperatures
44(1)
Deep Burial
45(1)
Freezing Conditions
45(1)
Safety and Access
45(1)
Vault Construction
46(1)
Vault Covers and Venting
47(1)
Construction of Systems without Valve Vaults
48(1)
References
49
Chapter 5 Consumer Interconnection
Introduction
1(1)
Connection Types
1(3)
Direct Connection
1(2)
Indirect Connection
3(1)
Components
4(4)
Heat Exchangers
4(3)
Flow Control Devices
7(1)
Instrumentation
7(1)
Controller
8(1)
Pressure Control Devices
8(1)
Heating Connections
8(5)
Steam Connections
8(2)
Hot-Water Connections
10(3)
Building Conversion to District Heating
13(1)
Temperature Differential Control
13(1)
Metering
13(3)
References
16
Chapter 6 Heat Transfer Calculations for Piping Systems
Thermal Design Conditions
1(1)
Soil Thermal Properties
2(3)
Soil Thermal Conductivity
2(1)
Temperature Effects on Soil Thermal Conductivity and Frost Depth
3(1)
Specific Heat of Soils
4(1)
Undisturbed Soil Temperatures
5(6)
Heat Transfer at Ground Surface
7(4)
Insulation Types and Thermal Properties
11(1)
Steady-State Heat Loss/Heat Gain Calculations for Systems
12(26)
Single Buried Uninsulated Pipe
15(2)
Single Buried Insulated Pipe
17(1)
Single Buried Pipe in Conduit with Air Space
18(2)
Single Buried Pipe with Composite Insulation
20(6)
Two Pipes Buried in Common Conduit with Air Space
26(2)
Two Buried Pipes or Conduits
28(2)
Pipes in Buried Trenches or Tunnels
30(4)
Pipes in Shallow Trenches
34(1)
Pipes in Loose Fill Insulation
35(2)
Buried Pipes with Other Geometries
37(1)
Pipes in Air
38(1)
Economical Thickness for Pipe Insulation
38(4)
Calculating Temperatures of System Components and Surrounding Soil Temperatures
42(7)
Line Source of Heat
43(1)
Spherical Source of Heat
44(1)
Superposition
45(1)
Spherical Heat Leak
45(2)
Spherical Heat Leak with Superimposed Parallel Line Source of Heat
47(2)
Thermal Impacts on Utilities Adjacent to Buried Heat Distribution Systems
49(1)
References
49
Chapter 7 Thermal Storage
Introduction
1(2)
What is Thermal Storage?
1(1)
The Purpose of the Thermal Storage
1(1)
How Thermal Storage Works
2(1)
Benefits
3(1)
CHP Plants
3(1)
Heat Production Optimization
3(1)
Operation
4(7)
Principles of Operation
5(2)
Storage Tank Monitoring
7(1)
Charging---Directly Connected Heat Storage
8(1)
Discharging---Directly Connected Heat Storage
8(1)
Charging/Discharging---Pressurized and Decentralized Tank
9(1)
Water Quality
10(1)
Specific Design Issues
11(3)
Temperature
11(1)
Pressure
12(1)
Sizing
12(1)
Regulatory Requirements (Europe)
13(1)
Economics
14(1)
Net Present Value
14(1)
Seasonal Thermal Storage
14(1)
Examples of Thermal Storage
15(2)
Denmark
15(1)
Other Countries
16(1)
References
17(1)
Bibliography
17
Chapter 8 Operation and Maintenance
Introduction
1(1)
Workplace Safety
2(1)
Requirements
2(1)
Hazards
3(1)
System Security
3(1)
System Operation
3(1)
Water Treatment and Filtration
4(3)
Corrosion
4(1)
Corrosion Protection and Preventive Measures
5(1)
White Rust on Galvanized Steel Cooling Towers
6(1)
Scale Control
7(1)
Nonchemical Methods
8(1)
External Treatments
8(1)
Biological Growth Control
8(5)
Control Measures
9(3)
Legionnaires' Disease
12(1)
Suspended Solids and Depositation Control
13(2)
Mechanical Filtration
13(2)
Selection of Water Treatment Method
15(5)
Once Through Systems (Seawater or Surface-Water Cooling)
16(1)
Open Recirculating Systems (Cooling Towers)
16(1)
Closed Recirculating Systems (District Heating Distribution Systems)
17(1)
Medium- and High-Temperature Hot-Water Systems
17(1)
European Practice in Closed Distribution Systems
18(1)
Steam Systems
18(1)
Steam Distribution and Condensate Collection Systems
19(1)
Maintenance
20(6)
CMMS Functionality
22(4)
References
26
Appendix A 96-Hour Boiling Water Test
Tests of Complete System
1(1)
Apparatus and Specimens for Other than Wet Poured Systems
1(1)
Test Procedure for Other than Wet Poured Systems
2
Appendix B Climatic Constants
Equations
1(1)
Reference
2
Appendix C Case Studies
Case Study A District Energy/CHP System In Jamestown, New York
1(1)
Introduction
1(1)
System Description
1(5)
Central Energy Plant
1(2)
Transmission and Distribution Network
3(1)
Buildings
4(1)
Retrofitting Electrically Heated Buildings to Hot Water
5(1)
System Development
6(2)
Phased Implementation Philosophy
7(1)
Marketing
7(1)
Ownership
8(1)
System Economics
8(1)
Rates
8(1)
Financing
9(1)
System Benefits
9(1)
Customer Savings
9(1)
Environmental Advantages
9(1)
Demand-Side Management Application
9(1)
Future Expansion
10(1)
District Cooling System
10(1)
Conclusion
10(1)
References
11(1)
Case Study B Crotched Mountain Biomass District Heating System
12(1)
Introduction
12(1)
Background on the Crotched Mountain Facility
12(1)
Details of the Retrofit
12(6)
Fuel
12(1)
Central Plant
13(4)
Distribution System
17(1)
Building Interconnection and Loads
17(1)
Operational Experience
18(1)
Economic Benefits to the User
18(1)
Environmental Benefits
19(1)
Societal Benefits
19(1)
Contact Information
19(1)
References
19(1)
Case Study C District Heating Conversion From Steam To Hot Water At The Savannah Regional Hospital
20(1)
Abstract
20(1)
Introduction
20(1)
Original System Description
20(2)
System Problems
22(1)
Replacement Options
22(1)
Construction Program
23(1)
Revised Central Plant Requirements
23(2)
Energy Use Evaluation
25
Appendix D Terminology for District Heating
1